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Since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the protection and preservation of human rights have become behavioral standards for governments towards their citizens, as well as criteria for shaping foreign relations. This shift has led to the use of both incentive-based diplomacy and coercive diplomatic tools, such as international sanctions. The global Magnitsky sanctions introduced in 2016 represent one of the most significant forms of human rights sanctions. This paper demonstrates that these sanctions target individuals and entities rather than imposing bans on entire country. While they are not without concerns and criticisms, their emergence highlights the growing importance of human rights and introduces a new generation of sanctions with significant implications for international law and human rights, as well as for international relations. In this regard, using the content analysis method, the legal study and the context in which the Magnitsky sanctions were formed are examined, along with the possibility of analyzing and examining the consequences of these sanctions on the target countries and the criticisms related to them.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the tools and mechanisms of the United Nations in the protection of human rights. International mechanisms can never replace national mechanisms and measures to implement human rights standards. First of all, human rights should be implemented at the national and local levels. The first responsibility of governments to realize human rights is about the people who live in the territory of those governments. However, with the internationalization of human rights and the recognition of this, the protection and excellence of human rights is not in the exclusive domain of governments. The international community can play its legitimate role regarding the compliance of the accepted international standards with any of the states or powerful agents. Therefore, although the methods of international control cannot replace the national facilities and methods of implementing human rights, but the facilities have a complementary role, the international mechanisms show the general desire of the international community to provide the conditions that the Universal Declaration and Covenants of Civil Rights and economic, social and cultural have stated: "Recognizing the inherent dignity and equal and inseparable rights of family members is human-based, freedom, justice and peace in the world". Both types of mechanisms have positive features as well as criticisms of their way of working. In the case of the Human Rights Commission, the main debates are about the political nature of the decisions, the main debates are about the "Commission and the influence of the political environment and the greater attention of Western countries to the issue of civil and political rights."

This article provides a critical examination of Michael Ignatieff’s "Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry," delving into its analysis of the philosophical and practical underpinnings of human rights. The paper aims to to evaluate Ignatieff’s assertion that human rights should be justified based on their tangible benefits rather than abstract moral theories. Using a critical-analytical approach, the study scrutinizes Ignatieff's emphasis on the political aspects of human rights and assesses his position in light of criticisms that highlight potential oversights in moral and practical considerations. The analysis explores how Ignatieff grapples with the challenges of nationalism and exceptionalism, advocating for a more balanced approach that reconciles theoretical justification with practical concerns. By integrating moral, political, and practical perspectives, the article endeavors to offer a comprehensive framework for comprehending and promoting human rights in contemporary global politics, underscoring their pivotal role in fostering justice and human dignity.

The incoherence of the institution of the European Union despite its expansion and fragmentation after the collapse of the bipolar system on the one hand and the European disintegration with the occurrence of Brexit 2 in the history of this union and the subsequent crisis (Covid 19) 3 and the process of globalization on the other hand cohesion and constructive role And its positiveness has been severely questioned in the joint administration by elite centers and think tanks.
This situation is such that today's important security issues as the center of gravity of this union in the continuation of the trend towards NATO or the creation of a pillar of European military security or the strengthening of unilateral authorities, considering the two regional crises of Ukraine and Gaza and Lebanon in The Middle East and the intensification of competition with China have become very important in the future of the international system.
In this regard, Europe's tendency towards extremism of nationalism in the future governance process, following the policies of the United States has weakened Europe's foundations of the Treaty of Westphalia4 and its obvious weakness in adopting dual policies and self-censorship against the realities of human rights and true democracy. Terrorism, especially state terrorism, has doubled the addiction to sanctions policies.
Therefore, the European Union has determined its relationship with the Islamic Republic of Iran according to the data mentioned above, with the parameters of need and superiority, despite the understanding of Iran's civilizational sphere from the wavelength path of economy and trade as a tool of pressure and authority. Nizami views nuclear power as a threat to international peace and security, and finally views human rights as the source of supremacy.
Undoubtedly, the continuation of such a process will not result in anything other than the continuation of hostile approaches against the Islamic Republic of Iran!

In this article, the health inequality among the vulnerable groups of the society as well as the policies adopted by the government to reduce this inequality have been examined. This research seeks to answer the question that to what extent the universal health coverage policies have been based on the implementation of the health justice policy in shaping the allocation of resources, especially to vulnerable groups such as women, children, and the underprivileged? Hypothesis is based on the proposition that the sociological and political factors of resource allocation for health reform in Iran are mostly based on existing inequalities in health care and the demand for social justice in this field. The findings indicate the fact that attention to vulnerable groups has been on the agenda of the macro-policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the field of health and treatment since the very beginning and has always caused the decision makers to allocate resources to resolve these inequalities and focus more on these vulnerable populations of the society. The result of the research shows that despite the reduction of inequalities, the health sector still needs to establish and expand the basic axes for the establishment of social justice in the field of health, including universal health insurance and the rotation of insurance coverage; for example, employer-oriented government-oriented insurance coverage; remote health care, including telemedicine and digital health, and at the end of the paradigm shift from the volume of providing health services to the value of providing health services. This article is a descriptive-analytical qualitative method, and the data was collected by scanning library resources and document analysis.

Today and in the third millennium in the global village, almost all the countries and nations of the world are familiar with every legal system with the high value of human rights standards and have confirmed its importance, but in practice they are either indifferent to complying with its standards or on the contrary They violate it explicitly or implicitly and they do not face the immediate reaction of the international community and the conscience of public opinion, due to the economic crises in the world and the growth of terrorism and the mysterious corona disease, the importance of the attention of the nations of the world to the violation of human rights has decreased. However, this indifference does not apply to everyone, and in these cases, the United Nations, as the beacon of the turbulent ocean of international law, is responsible for guiding the ship of human rights by establishing special and permanent international criminal courts, which is one of the most important These courts are the International Criminal Court that pays attention to human rights violations and defends human dignity. The purpose of this research is how the International Criminal Court supports human rights standards and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The main findings of the research prove that the court does not have enough legal and executive tools to effectively protect human rights and the proceedings are selective and not real.

Human rights are one of the important components that various international organizations seek to develop and promote. The United Nations General Assembly is one of these institutions. According to the course of organizational development in the United Nations General Assembly in human rights issues, which has been analyzed, the relevance of the issue related to the global expectations and demands for the development and formulation of human rights has been emphasized. Of course, this right to development is an indisputable human right by which the United Nations General Assembly participates in it on behalf of various governments, whereby all human rights and fundamental freedoms are fully respected regardless of the structure of the countries without the power component approach. can be realized and this clarification of the language of contemporary human rights. At the same time, this effective approach is a prelude so that all societies can benefit from economic, social, cultural and political development, and it also helps to ensure that human rights institutions are vital for the effective implementation of their roles and responsibilities. have it The type of research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and based on the library method.have it The type of research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and based on the library method.

Not only do Human Rights facilitate political functions through society, but also promote the legitimacy of political institutions. So Human rights get the right source of domestic and international conducting of the countries. It for being updated has a conceptual, contextual, and structural development in its historical trajectory. State indeed needs to be mentioned on what the global development resulted the good governance to improve its efficiency. The main question is what is related the security governance to Human rights. The hypothesis is that Human Rights by providing human security, sustainable development, and good governance make a proper setting for security governance. Improving accountability in the security sections and providing the people with monitoring increased the state's legitimacy and held it in trust. The security governance deems not to decline the capability of the security sections, rather it pursues self-regulation in managing the society in the right manner. As a result, the paper tries to show where means of self-regulating in the security section

The right to freedom of assembly is one of the most important human rights and the components of political participation of citizens to achieve economic, social and cultural rights in a democratic government. Human rights activists believe that the European Court of Human Rights has played an irreplaceable role in the gradual development of the conceptual and operational definition of rights. In this Paper, the researchers are trying to examine the different opinions of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the right to freedom of assembly; examine the procedure of the judges of this court. Therefore, the main question raised in this research is: "To what extent have the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights been effective in the development of the right to freedom of assembly?" And in the conclusion of this hypothesis of the authors, it has been confirmed that: "The European Court of Human Rights plays an influential role in the development of the right of associations, although gradually and slowly". The achievement of the research is based on the spirit and meaning of the theory of "idea equal to the legal and judicial approach", based on this idea has focused that it is possible to achieve a "common definition" of human rights through the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, and therefore has recommended to achieve it through the interpretations of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. This research is descriptive-analytical and follows a developmental goal.

Ethics is one of the most important categories that humanity has always needed in its life. The issue of this research is based on the relationship between ethics and civilization. To explain the relationship between these two variables, the ethical discourse of Imam Ali (AS) is used as a criterion and the question is raised that how ethics leads to the achievement of civilization based on the ethical discourse of Imam Ali (AS). It seems that, based on the ethical discourse of Imam Ali (AS), ethics provides the possibility of achieving civilization by ensuring the dignity of humans, and there is a mutually reinforcing relationship between ethics and civilization; that is, by achieving a level of civilization, society will achieve a higher level of ethics and will affect other areas such as human rights. Human dignity is not only a fundamental right in itself, but also constitutes the real foundation of fundamental rights. The achievement of the present research is that the basis and axis of Islamic ethics is the dignity of the self; because without paying attention to human dignity, any type of ethics and education loses its color. The moral discourse of Imam Ali (AS) supports the preservation of human dignity, and its indicators include justice in all dimensions, including political, economic, and social, equality in humanity, avoidance of oppression, responsibility, and acceptance of criticism.

The aim of this study is to examine the Yemen crisis from the perspective of the international community with a focus on the United Nations Charter. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that, regardless of the objectives of Saudi Arabia and its allied states in attacking Yemen, and independent of whether the aggression against Yemen was legal under the rule prohibiting the use of force in international relations—which is the cornerstone of the formation of the United Nations—and irrespective of whether the Yemen conflict is classified as international, all parties involved in the Yemen war are bound by the treaties to which they are signatories. Based on this framework, and relying on extensive and legally admissible evidence, it can be concluded that the forces attacking Yemen have repeatedly committed three international crimes: "war crimes", "crimes against humanity", and "genocide." The perpetrators of these crimes must be pursued, tried, and punished according to existing treaties by competent judicial authorities. Furthermore, Yemen’s courts and the courts of the signatory states of the four Geneva Conventions (1949) are considered the most appropriate judicial bodies, given their universal jurisdiction.

In the current era, novel technologies, especially blockchain, have the potential to bring significant transformations across social, economic, and political dimensions.This thesis investigates the role of blockchain technologyin establishing interactions between international law and international politics.The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze the applications of blockchain in improvinginteractions among international bodies, governments, and non-governmental organizations concerning human rights, international trade, and global security.The central research question is how blockchain can effectively contribute to these interactions.To achieve these objectives, a qualitative and analytical researchmethod was employed, including an examination of existing literature on blockchain and international law, as well as relevant case studies.The findings indicate that blockchain, by providing transparency, security, and high traceability,can help reduce the deficiencies in international legal systems while simultaneously enhancing diplomatic relations and trust at the international level.Furthermore, challenges such as legal, technical, and ethical issues inherent in implementing blockchain are also addressed.The conclusions drawn from this research demonstrate that blockchain technology can serve as an innovative tool significantly enhancing interactions between international law and international politics.Accordingly, policymakers and researchers should delve deeper into the existing challenges in this field and propose effective strategies for making the most of this novel technology.

One of the most important functions of political systems is to support and ensure human rights. However, the structure of some systems is such that it cannot realize this important goal. One example is Saudi Arabia, where, for several decades, one of the most significant its political challenges in both domestic and international arenas has been human rights issues. Therefore, examining the relationship between this political system and the state of human rights in the country seems essential. The main question of the research is: What is the role of the political system and structure of Saudi Arabia in violating the human rights of its citizens, particularly the right to self-determination? Through a descriptive-analytical method and by examining multiple documents related to Islamic human rights, global human rights, and other relevant documents, the hypothesis emphasizes that the Wahhabi ideological current, as the dominant thought framework of the political system, alongside the hereditary monarchy, an unjust judicial structure, and the absence of civil institutions in Saudi Arabia, deprives citizens of their most fundamental human rights, namely the right to self-determination and political freedoms. This situation leads to citizens' inability to access many other rights, such as the right to vote, the right to choose, the right to be elected, and the right to critique .

the relationship between citizens and the state has long been a concern for thinkers in the fields of public law and political philosophy. These thinkers have sought mechanisms to regulate the relationship between society and government in a way that preserves citizens' rights while ensuring that the government can effectively manage society. In this context, Islamic thinkers in the modern era have always contemplated how to leverage Islamic intellectual and civilizational capacities to address the challenges of the modern world. This article focuses on the effects of the principle of presumption of innocence on the codification of citizens' rights in Iranian law. The main hypothesis is that the principle of presumption of innocence, as a foundational principle in Shia jurisprudence, possesses significant potential for application in public law and for regulating the relationship between citizens and the state, beyond its role in private law. Research findings indicate that citizens' relations and the rights stemming from them, which are among the main political issues in the modern era, can be regulated through legislative mechanisms, utilizing the principle of presumption of innocence and its legal implications. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, with data collected through library research.

The globalization of communication technologies simultaneously offers multifaceted opportunities for human societies while posing significant threats to political powers. The undeniable revolution brought about by virtual social networks in the realm of communications is both an asset and a challenge. However, the boundless expansion, easy accessibility, and overall globalization of these networks in recent years have brought consequences that have posed unprecedented challenges to governments on an international level. On one hand, virtual social networks have provided the highest levels of communication between individuals by creating a platform for the free exchange of ideas and opinions, positioning themselves as tools in the service of democracy. On the other hand, by removing the monopoly on news and information control from governments, enabling rapid and instant dissemination, and emphasizing the protection of individual privacy, these networks have significantly limited governments’ authority to intervene and control them.In other words, governments are unable to fully dominate all aspects of communication technologies, which are inherently transnational. Even if such power existed, they would face critical questions about individual privacy, freedom of speech, and the expression of opinions. As a result, virtual communication spaces have shattered traditional frameworks of state control, monitoring, and restriction. The Iranian government is no exception to this phenomenon. Communication technologies have entered the lives of Iranians alongside other parts of the world, and every day, the number of Iranian users continues to grow.

Conceptual Framework:

In today’s world, the growth of new technologies and their accessibility in the realm of communications has led to a profound impact on the global village. The massive volume and high speed of information transfer have redefined the boundaries of exchange, not only between governments but also among individuals across the globe. This has led to the rapid spread of news related to internal crises, transnational tensions, terrorist attacks, political demands, and human rights violations on a global scale, generating spontaneous reactions both individually and collectively. Political decision-makers and actors are thus compelled to respond swiftly.While the diverse applications of information technology in social, economic, and professional life are undeniable, the challenge for governments lies in this new technological-political environment, where "democratized" security means that governments lose their exclusive control over information. In this sense, governments, which have traditionally acted autonomously within their national borders, now face intervention from global public opinion, whether from other governments, political actors, or individual citizens. This loss of control over the proliferation of information leaves states vulnerable. As a result, "the threat to the sovereignty of states posed by the information technology phenomenon in the 21st century appears even more serious than that posed by colonialism in the past."Human Rights Implications of Communication Technology Globalization for IranLike other societies, the increasing number of users and the multifaceted expansion of activities—including professional, economic, and political—pose new challenges for the Iranian government in terms of monitoring, controlling, and regulating these technologies. In recent years, the political and security challenges presented by these technologies have at times been very serious, as communication technologies have played a significant role in public mobilization and shaping public opinion.Decline in Political Participation: Some theorists argue that with increasing social interactions and the rise in political awareness, the likelihood of political participation also increases. However, Amir Siyahpoosh, in a study on social capital in Iran, has demonstrated that in Iran, higher levels of education and social welfare lead to a decrease in trust and political participation.The Role of Virtual Communication in Soft War during Social Movements: Like other societies, Iran has experienced unrest, protests, and movements involving groups that are in conflict with the government over ideological differences. These movements, while recognized as legitimate under the constitution and requiring permission from the Ministry of Interior, inherently reflect the citizens' right to freedom of speech. However, since the events following the 2009 elections, these movements are often analyzed through the lens of soft war, where media and communication networks serve as the primary tools.Erosion of National and Religious Identity: National identity is often threatened by the globalization of values, cultures, and lifestyles. Globalization, driven by virtual networks, promotes transnational and subnational identities, potentially weakening local cultures and values. This phenomenon explains why national identities adapt to other, more globally promoted identities.The issue of human rights in Iran, regardless of its nature, has become highly politicized. Today, virtual social networks serve as key tools for opposition groups, individuals, media, and foreign governments to advocate against Iran’s government. These actors use political events, economic problems, and peaceful protests to frame Iran’s human rights issues for global public opinion. Consequently, human rights have become a political weapon used to scrutinize Iran's actions, especially when it enacts restrictive measures on communication technologies, which are viewed as human rights violations.

Governments worldwide are facing serious challenges in the era of communication technology globalization, with their absolute power becoming increasingly fragile. The Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception. In Iran, human rights implications are particularly pronounced. On one hand, the Iranian political and judicial system does not permit the absolute freedom of speech and opinion within these virtual networks, especially when national security is threatened. On the other hand, the restrictive and censorial actions taken by the government are seen as human rights violations. The political status of Iran in the international arena, coupled with its human rights record, has transformed communication networks into a propaganda tool against the state. This dual situation results from both the restrictive policies implemented by the government and the biased utilization of human rights discourse to advance political agendas through communication technology.

The quantity and quality of “weapons” in warfare are among the most important strategic factors for achieving military objectives. Power, speed, and destructive capacity are key characteristics of the quantity and quality of weapons. The use of poison as a weapon can embody all of these characteristics. The dissemination of various poisons in the geographical space of the target leads to rapid outbreaks and has lasting harmful effects. The target of chemical weapons is indiscriminate, affecting military personnel, civilians, animals, and plants, and depending on the type of toxic gas and its impact on human and animal physiology and plant tissues, it can cause painful, lethal, and often untreatable effects. Although the perspective of warlords on the use of chemical weapons is positive, the reaction of experts in various fields, especially in law, is negative. The viewpoint of Shiʿa jurisprudence, as a legal thought based on Islamic Law regarding the use of chemical weapons, is noteworthy and significant; some Shiʿa jurisconsults consider it absolutely forbidden, some conditionally forbidden, and others regard it as merely disliked. The Statute of the International Criminal Court has taken a stance on the use of chemical weapons and has established various provisions regarding this matter. This research, drawing upon on a descriptive-analytical method, presents the existing viewpoints on the current issue and, while citing evidence, critiques and examines each of the arguments through a method of dialectical reasoning. The conducted research leads to the ruling of absolute prohibition on the use of chemical weapons.

Cultural influence serves as one of the tools of soft power in the realm of foreign policy, allowing countries to not only strengthen their cultural impact but also achieve their foreign policy objectives. In this context, the United States has endeavored to utilize this aspect of power for its national interests and goals. Therefore, this article aims to address the question: What have been the strategies of cultural influence in U.S. foreign policy? The findings indicate that the strategies of cultural influence in U.S. foreign policy are part of the country's efforts to achieve its geopolitical and economic objectives on a global scale. Educational programs and projects aimed at developing young leaders in various regions of the world, especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, have been used as tools for cultural influence and the dissemination of American values and interests.

The historical evidence indicates that water resources and water infrastructure have been utilized as tools, objectives, or weapons in conflicts, disputes, and wars throughout various periods on different scales—local, national, regional, and even global. Despite the development and implementation of international humanitarian laws over the past centuries, it has not been able to sufficiently address and protect essential non-military infrastructures, especially water resources and related facilities. Consequently, the existing laws appear inadequate, sometimes ineffective, or lacking in adequate and suitable enforcement guarantees. As a result, the presented data suggests a rising trend of abuse and conflicts related to water, indicating shortcomings in the legal frameworks.This article examines the role of violence against water resources and associated systems within the framework of international human rights laws, reviewing and highlighting some past attacks and abuses from ancient times to the present. It also explores weaknesses and deficiencies in the current systems and proposes solutions for improving international frameworks to safeguard vital water infrastructures, drawing on the insights of expert opinions.

The right to freedom is one of the most fundamental human rights and reflects the universal ideal of justice in a society where every human being can enjoy freedom and live an honorable life with peace, security and prosperity. This research, with an analytical method and a comparative approach, seeks to determine the position of freedom in the Qur'an and international documents in a comparative manner. International human rights documents, which were mostly compiled after the Second World War, are mainly based on the ideal of human freedom, and the most important of them is the Declaration of Human Rights (1948 AD).Regarding the relationship between freedom in the Holy Qur'an and the most important international human rights documents, a group believes in divergence and conflict, and some consider them convergent; But what is certain is the existence of similarities and problems between many human rights documents and the verses of the Holy Qur'an about freedom, and the Holy Qur'an contains many materials of the declaration of human rights and also the most important religious document about having the right to various freedoms for is human; Although it is not consistent with it in terms of principles.

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) elucidates the individual rights and freedoms enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It transforms them into a binding legal instrument and the cornerstone of international thought on promoting and protecting civil and political rights. Tunisia and Morocco, both Muslim-majority states party to the ICCPR, have enacted legislative reforms to advance human rights in the wake of the Arab Spring uprisings of 2010. This study focuses on four key areas—women’s rights, freedom of expression, freedom of religion and belief, and the criminal rights of defendants and offenders—to comparatively analyze the status of these indicators and associated legal dimensions in Tunisia and Morocco relative to these states’ commitments under the ICCPR and their respective constitutions during the period 2010-2020. This qualitative study, employing descriptive and comparative data analysis and a comprehensive review of relevant literature, delves into the legal and operational discrepancies between the foundational beliefs and cultural norms regarding human rights in the context of international legal obligations. The study assesses the impact of the Middle East’s post-2010 transformations on the tension between domestic constitutional provisions and the two states’ commitments to the ICCPR. Findings indicate several factors contribute to the gap between the states’ commitments to the ICCPR and their actual measures. These include alternative legal provisions enacted through domestic legislation, political considerations, the need to maintain power, the importance of attention to Islamic Sharia, cultural factors, societal characteristics, and a lack of adequate enforcement mechanisms.