جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « حملات سایبری » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

International law has generally been unable to precisely regulate the rules of cyber operations thus far. This is due to the complexity of cyberspace, the nature of the technology, and the need to adapt existing laws to technological developments. Many previous international rules, such as those related to armed attacks, war, or human rights, do not directly apply to cyber operations. Instead, some general principles and concepts may apply cyber operations. Therefore, there are no precise rules regarding cyber operations, and many existing international concepts and rules may not be readily applicable to cyber operations. This is a significant challenge in the field of international law, which has led to the need to develop new rules and standards for this domain as technology progresses and cyber operations continue to grow. One of these concepts is the conduct of cyber operations and cyber-attacks by one state against another under the principle of legitimate self-defense. This research, while identifying cyber-attacks, examined the question of whether, from the perspective of international law, cyber-attacks against a country in a state of acute self-defense, where the very existence of the state is at risk, are permissible or prohibited. The research conducted is descriptive-analytical, the author hypothesized that states may use this type of attack in self-defense due to the specific characteristics of cyber operations, including high and irreparable destructive power.

Today, many critical infrastructures in the fields of energy, health, transportation (sea, air, land and even outer space) and telecommunications are highly dependent on computer systems and internet networks, Such a platform has changed the concepts of armed attacks and force as hostile states conduct their hostile operations in cyberspace, In some cases, these attacks destroy the infrastructure of a country, and the destructive effects of such actions will be far more than military operations, Therefore, the importance of developing international mechanisms is an inevitable necessity, The question is, based on which propositions do the current rules governing international relations make it possible to deal with subversive operations? And does international law have the capacity to identify cyber attacks as an example of resorting to force or not? It seems that the answer to the questions depends on the analysis of the existing international realities, Until now, binding international rules have not been established in this field, and governments only respond to these operations based on the principle of legitimate defense, However, there is no rule in the issue of compensation for damages and dividing the boundary between legitimate and illegitimate actions and it is difficult to identify cyber attacks as an example of force, In this article, the author tries to analyze a logical and descriptive interpretation of the rules of international law, the application of the said rules, focusing on the instrumental, goal-oriented and effect-oriented approach in the cyber space.

Cyber attacks against computer systems that provide essential services are subject to Article 739 of the Islamic Penal Code (Article 11 of the Computer Crimes Law). According to the article, the committed is sentenced to only three to ten years of imprisonment; While the occurrence of Cyberattacks against computer systems that provide essential services such as medical services, water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, transportation, etc., endanger security, comfort, and public safety. Therefore, only the legislator's confinement to determine the discretionary punishment and the non-determination of the hudud punishment for it is criticizable. For this purpose, based on a library and descriptive-analytical method, and reviewing the jurisprudential principles and legal conditions of the two hudud titles "Moharebeh" and "Corruption on earth", the present study tries to analyze and evaluate the possibility of extending Article 279 of the Islamic Penal Code (Moharebeh) And Article 286 of the Islamic Penal Code (Corruption on earth) to cyberattacks against computer systems subject to Article 739 of the Islamic Penal Code to determine which of the two hudud mentioned In the Islamic Penal Code, the committed be punished. Finally, this article concludes that immaterial and intangible cyber weapons cannot be extended to what famous jurists and legislators have taken from the word weapon, hence the title "Moharebeh" cannot be extended to cyber attacks, but the title "Corruption on earth" can be extended according to the conditions stipulated in the Islamic Penal Code.

Cyber attacks are a global problem that now pose great threats to the world security. Every day we see cyber attacks around the world in such a way that currently no part of the world is immune to these attacks. Capacities and potentials that The cyberspace has brought about human society has led countries to exploit these capacities and potentials for their own political and economic purposes that this has disrupted global cybersecurity. The only thing that can help solve this problem in the world is the cooperation of States at the international level to strengthen their cyber security. In this study , the question which arises is that What is the need for states to work together to strengthen their cyber security? Using the descriptive – analytical method , this question has been answered that because all aspect of human life has got dependent on cyber technologies and such a level of dependence leads to the abuse of some states in carrying out cyber attacks on the vital infrastructures of states , it is necessary that in order to strengthen cyber security , states should cooperate globally.

A cyber attack is a criminal act that may cause loss of life or damage to computer systems. In Iranian criminal law, especially the law on computer crimes, the term “cyber attack” is not used. Therefore, in the current situation, cyber attack is inspected as cybercrime. The present study considered that the computer crimes law’s primary purpose is to protect citizens’ data and computer systems and is by nature a normal, national, and unorganized crime. Thus, the present study did not put the cyber attack on the agenda of cybercrime. This exclusion is because the purpose of criminalizing a cyber attack is to protect data and computer systems related to national security. Moreover, given that a cyber attack is often committed by one country against another, it is transnational and organizational, which harms a country’s security. Therefore, the present study descriptively-analytically considered the concept of cyber attack different from the concept of cybercrime in three aspects: nature, the purpose of criminology, and descriptions of the subject. Furthermore, theoretically and based on the principles of criminology (i.e. the principle of harm, public interest, necessity, the proportionality of crime, and punishment), cyber attack is independently criminalized. As a result, it is required to consider strategies, approaches, and international cooperation to, in addition to current cybercrime, independently criminalize cyber attacks and guarantee executions according to the type and severity of the attacks and the possible or inflicted damage.

The Internet and social media have altered the nature of communication between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the US, introducing new modes of action and reaction in their conflict. This study aims to find an answer to this question: What new strategies do Iran and the United States use to confront one another in cyberspace? To answer this question, we used a descriptive-analytical method to test the hypothesis and collected our data through a desk research and note-taking method, and then analyzed statements from the theory of authoritarian power. The findings revealed that the US and Iran disagreement about regional issues, the unresolved political conflicts between the two countries, the escalation of international sanctions against Iran, and, most significantly, the US withdrawal from BARJAM (Iran nuclear deal) and assassination of the commander of IRGC- Quds has increased the prominence of cyberspace as a stage for hostility between the two states. As a result, the US and Iran have used the potential of cyberspace as a tool to exert power and have tried to impose their demands, based on their level of competence and expertise in the field of cyber technologies, and through the use of a variety of tactics. Their goal in taking such actions is clearly to force each other to accept their will or change their behavior and ideologies.

In the current age Net is an alternative of place in criminology, and violation of international law. Cyber space is new phenomena both in the scope of technology and in non-useful functions. Cyber-attacks and its sorts can cause physical damage and loss of life, because of this; it can be under the responsibility obligations of states. International responsibility of states (for example draft article of responsibility of state in internationally wrongful act) is one of the most important elements in the law of cyber-attacks. The first issue in the cyber-attack is the term of “force” and “attack”. Cyber-attack can be under the term of attack in international law. According to this concept, the main question is “do and to what extend cyber-attacks are attributable to conduct of state? To answer this question first we have to know the concepts of attack. Then which commentaries of article 2 (para 4) of United Nations Charter are useful to cyber-attack, finally the dilemma of recognition and attribution of root of attack is so important to applying of the law of responsibility of state.

In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, we aimed to investigate the cyber attacks of terrorist groups from the perspective of international law and with a view to the performance of the United Nations. Due to the fact that cyber attacks are not mentioned in any of the international law documents, the need to investigate these attacks by terrorist groups as a new means and method of warfare in the current era is strongly felt. The importance of this becomes more apparent when the irreparable effects of these attacks on critical civilian infrastructure are examined. If terrorist groupsUsing the Internet to carry out cyber attacks and these attacks have a minimum level of severity and create effects in the form of injury, death, damage or destruction, it is considered as an armed conflict, so what measures should the United Nations take for Dealing with cyber attacks by terrorist groups? The United Nations, by issuing resolutions and the work of various groups, is trying to create security in the cyber space by not giving the internet to terrorist groups by governments and preventing cyber attacks by these groups.It is raised.

Cyber security has become a major problem in the world, and ASEAN has taken urgent steps to address cybersecurity. Security measures and other efforts to combat cyber incidents at the regional and national levels demonstrate ASEAN's awareness of the importance of a robust cyber approach that can be achieved by examining cyber security indicators with defense issues. Defense against innovative cyber-attacks, strategies against cyber security threats, government policies and protection of privacy, protection of computer infrastructure in government and legal and ethical issues in cyberspace are the objectives of this research with a descriptive-analytical approach. It comes to mind that the ASEAN countries have based their cyber security study axes on achieving a robust cyber approach, and how much research has been done on these indicators so far? The findings show that there has been limited research on cybersecurity research indicators, particularly government policies and privacy protection in some ASEAN countries, which is directly related to the increase in cybercrime.

Equipped with advanced cyber technologies, the ISIS terrorist group is one of the sects that has advanced its goals, propagated ideology, attracted audiences and carried out terrorist operations. Cyber ​​terrorism is a new form of terrorism that can achieve its goals without posing a threat to other perpetrators of terrorism. Many of the group's activities in cyberspace are objective examples of cyber terrorism. The group has suffered serious setbacks in recent months with the loss of its geographical territory; But he is thinking of launching a cyber caliphate. Some believe that in the future, this group will become a virtual organization that, by losing its financial and oil resources, will use hackers to make money and carry out terrorist operations to steal money and credit from individuals and banks. The main purpose of this article is to examine the threats of cyber terrorism and to analyze the movements of ISIL in cyberspace. To this end, after examining the concepts of cyber terrorism, cyber attacks and cyber weapons, we will examine ISIL's actions in cyberspace and analyze the reasons for revealing the cyber operations of the United States from a strategic perspective. The results of this study show that, like traditional wars, the US cyber war against this terrorist group is the best opportunity to demonstrate US cyber capabilities and a deterrent to countries that have cyber conflicts with the US due to the isolation of this self-proclaimed government worldwide.

Although the United States of America, as the main developer of cyberspace, is considered a leading country in this field, it does not mean that the immunity of IT networks from sabotage and cyber attacks has been guaranteed. Incidentally, the comprehensive development of the Internet in their society and the excessive dependence of U.S critical infrastructures on IT have exposed it to a variety of vulnerability and cyber threats. They are all relied on the Internet from the banking and financial network to public utilities and social networks, and if it is disrupted, they will stopped.
This article discusses the stages that the cyber threat passed from the political agenda to the security agenda in the different United States administrations, and we will explain the steps that have been taken to secure cybersecurity from a marginal issue under the public Infrastructure issue to the top United States security threats.
In this article we will introduce the institutions involved in United States cybersecurity to reveal two fundamental attitudes toward cyberspace in the United States security system. The differences between the United States Congress and the White House to secure cyberspace and governmental control over it, this is a clear example of the security issue of the Copenhagen School, which will be investigated with all of its bugs and benefits.
In fact, the United States has been the scene of struggle between cybersecurity theory and cyberself-runnig theory for twenty years. We will discuss this issue and its cyber security effects in the event of the overcome of each one in the conclusion.

In the information age, cyber-attacks represent a novel type regarding use of force and they can lead to create massive damages to the critical infrastructure of a government, property and loss of human lives and thus by violation of article 2, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Charter, they take into consideration as illegal use of force. But the issue is that today the legitimacy of cyber-attacks is evaluated from the non-use of force approach set forth in article 2, paragraph 4 of the charter, and in order to have an illegal intervention, cyber warfare researchers claim that cyber-attacks must lead to physical damages, but the problem is that many cyber-attacks do not result in physical damages and thus do not fall within the scope of the prohibition laid down in article 2, paragraph 4, of the charter, and according to this approach, victim states are  not able to defend themselves. But this article seeks to show that cyber-attacks, which force governments to take actions that are able to decide freely on them under the principle of sovereignty, violates the principle of non-interference in internal affairs of states and for the victim state, the right to take countermeasures is created.

Throughout history human life has changed and improved. Along with this developments and changes the way of the war has also changed. Cyber war is one of the most important transformations. By modifying the type of battles، weapons also have changed. With the development of virtual space، governments have set their eyes on cyberspace. State and non-state actors in cyberspace are working together but with no clear identity. In this context، computer attacks are increasing، however، there are no regulations to investigate cybercrimes. Attacks are increasing in cyberspace and they influence not only political conflicts but also impact negatively on the economy of civilians. As these attacks are capable of hitting civilians، so the application of international humanitarian law is mandatoryin this area.

Today governments face a threat by cyber attacks capable of disrupting communicative, economic and vital services that cause severe damages and losses. It has been years that Islamic republic of Iran benefits from cyberspace in different military and civilian sectors. Sensitive national centers such as nuclear facilities and Ministry of Oil have been targeted by individuals, groups and governments. Therefore this article tries to answer how these cyber attacks may pose security threats to Islamic republic of Iran. Finally appropriate solutions for growing security of cyberspace against cyber attacks will be provided.

Stuxnet was addressed by experts in 2010 due to its functions and complexities. This malware was designed to target special computers in Iran. Although Stuxnet was released via the internet in the world, its destructive effects were limited to certain control systems targeted in Iran. Decoding this malware revealed that it had been designed and used as a weapon against Iran’s nuclear facilities to disrupt gas operation of centrifuges in the process of uranium enrichment. Due to purposes and effects of this malware, many compared it with an armed attack.