داعش

West Africa has been the scene of new international developments. With the start of coups against previous governments that were dependent on France since 2010, new developments have taken place in this region. Russia, with the aim of harming French interests in the three countries of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, fully supported the military coups in these countries. Finally, with Russia playing a key role in the three African countries, France’s withdrawal from these countries occurred in a domino effect. These events paved the way for cooperation between countries such as Russia, China, Turkey, and Iran with the three West African countries. Therefore, before any direct political, economic, and security cooperation, it is necessary and essential to understand the internal developments of these three countries. Since, geopolitically, the three countries share a common border and all three have had common social, political, economic, and security crises, an attempt has been made to analyze and evaluate all three countries in this study. The West African region, especially the countries of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, is like a powder keg that is exploding every day and at any moment. These countries suffer many human losses due to the activities of extremist groups. In a word, it can be said that this region is one of the most unstable regions in the world. Political, economic and social unrest has dimmed the prospects for peace, stability and development in this region. The countries of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger are facing multiple crises. These countries suffer from poverty and unemployment, a young population, ethnic and tribal conflicts, fragile states, population growth (within 10 years, the population of this region will double) and food shortages. This painful reality has created a favorable environment for terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS in the region. Takfiri terrorist groups have created terrorist networks throughout this region; so that this region has become one of the most turbulent regions of the African continent in recent years.

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors of human resources reluctance to continue cooperation in the intelligence protection organization of the armed forces and attempts to answer the question of what are the factors of the reluctance of human resources to continue cooperation in the intelligence protection organizations of the armed forces. The type of research is applied and the research method is descriptive - analytical. In addition to library study and intelligence sources, 15 elites and experts in the field of collection, who are in charge of human resources management, were interviewed in order to collect information. Using the data-based method (grounded theory), their opinions have been analyzed. The research results led to the identification of three causes, some are related to the human factor (source) and some related to the agent handler that both directly and some indirectly effects on the reluctance of the resources to continue their cooperation. These factors are fully examined in analysis section and are prioritized in conclusion section.

Since the start of the internal unrest in Arab countries, known as the Islamic Awakening or Arab Spring, the United States has been trying to use fundamentalist Takfiri groups to reshape the region's political and security landscape to its advantage. These groups have chosen cities as their primary targets for several reasons, including the use of civilian cover and the robustness of buildings to protect themselves from the firepower of the resistance front. Given the persistent threat of Takfiri ideology to the Islamic world, we embarked on this study titled "Combat Tactics of Takfiri Groups in Urban Warfare in Syria and Iraq." Our goal is to identify the urban warfare tactics used by Takfiri groups in Syria and Iraq. We posed the research question: what are the combat tactics of Takfiri groups in urban warfare in these countries? This applied research employs a descriptive-analytical (survey) method, utilizing both descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data. Our findings indicate that Takfiri groups prioritize irregular operations over regular ones. This is natural given the urban environment, which necessitates irregular operations, and the operational asymmetry between these groups and the resistance front.

The conflict involving the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and its urban branch, the Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement (YDGH), in Kurdish cities of Turkey has, for several weeks, destabilized national sovereignty in these regions and stripped governmental forces of their security control. The social ramifications of this conflict echo crises faced by several Muslim-majority countries in the Middle East.This study, while addressing the primary question of how Turkey's foreign policy confronts the PKK and its impact on the strategic security considerations of the Islamic Republic of Iran, explores the social and political developments within the Kurdish community. Additionally, it examines the approaches of the PKK and Kurdish political movements in Turkey. Methodologically, this research is descriptive-analytical. Data were collected through documentation and referencing credible sources such as books, articles, and reports, as well as field observations and the researchers' experiences.The findings indicate that by creating insecurity and altering the conditions in Iraq and Syria, Turkey has not only jeopardized the Iran-Iraq-Syria energy transit route to the Mediterranean but has also cast a shadow over the North-South transit corridor with the achievements in Karabakh.

The objective of this study was to examine the cultural factors countering ISIS's influence on the regional relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research is classified as applied in terms of its purpose, descriptive in nature, and exploratory mixed-method in terms of its variables. The statistical sample comprised experts and officials responsible for foreign relations, takfiri groups, and ISIS, who were active in policymaking and research centers in 2022. In the quantitative section, 335 participants were randomly selected through stratified sampling from among active members in the fields of foreign relations and regional terrorism. The qualitative findings were analyzed using thematic analysis with MAXQDA 10 software, while the quantitative section was analyzed using structural equation modeling via LISREL software. The quantitative findings confirmed all the qualitative components based on the structural equation model. Cultural factors, with a coefficient of 0.210, were found to significantly impact ISIS's influence on the regional relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

During the ups and downs history of Islam, there were groups, schools of thought and people who considered their opponents from other Islamic sects and religions to be takfir and excluded them from the religion of Islam under false pretenses and considered their blood, property and honor permissible. This destructive phenomenon, which the Khawarij were the masters of; During the last two centuries, it has been manifested in the extreme movements of Salafi-Takfiri, and in the shadow of recent developments in the region, they have found a suitable opportunity to implement their thoughts and ideas with the support of their supporters. Therefore, the mentioned research answers this question: "What are the formation grounds of Salafi-Takfiri currents in the Islamic world?" The current research, with analytical-descriptive method, while referring to the historical background of Takfiri currents in the Islamic world, considers the fields of formation of Salafi Takfiri currents as ideological, regional, international, geographical, political and sociological.

The Syrian crisis and the rise and spread of ISIS attracted the attention of the world and transformed the Middle East region in a way that was not imagined before 2011. So that it created different transformations in the internal arena of Syria and it was designated as an arena for the countries of the world to strive to secure national interests. From this point of view, the present article tries to answer the question that according to the problem of state-nation building in Syria, what factors have caused the penetration and expansion of the ISIS terrorist group? (Statement of the problem). The current research tries to qualitatively and with a descriptive-analytical approach, the factors of influence and spread of extremist terrorism of ISIS by insisting on the theoretical framework of the bankrupt state in Syria, by using information collection, including books, articles and internet data. put check (method). It seems that the influence and expansion of ISIS in Syria was due to the incomplete political structure, economic crisis, loss of legitimacy of the government and systemic pressures. Thus, there is a direct connection between the phenomenon of terrorism and the bankrupt government, which means that one of the factors of the rise and spread of ISIS was the weak performance of the Syrian government in the political, economic, social and cultural fields (findings).

After the military defeats and the loss of the occupied territories, ISIS suffered a fundamental disturbance in the center of gravity of its power, and in this situation, it considered the media as a suitable platform for advancing governance. Accordingly, while moving his rule from the real space to the virtual space, he made the media the center of gravity of his power. This shifting of the center of gravity of governance has led to the revival of ISIS by attracting new forces through the management of their exclusionary perception and identification with the power of the media and finally, turning the attracted audience into a lone wolf and terrorist acts in Shiraz, Kerman, Moscow and other areas. The world has become The following article, with a qualitative approach and the foundation's data strategy, has tried to calculate the components and indicators of the power of ISIS in the center of gravity of the media; For this purpose, from the statistical population, all ISIS media productions in the four formats of photos, text, video and audio from Dabiq and Rumiyah publications from 2011 to 2016. As well as the images, posters, epic hymns and texts that ISIS has published in cyberspace from 2016 to 2024, the data has been entered into the Maxqda 2020 software to the extent of theoretical saturation, and the perceptual-identity components of ISIS's power in the center of gravity have been determined. In the post-brokerage era, the media is included in 9 components and 44 indicators.

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate a profound understanding of the media strategies of the Takfiri movement in increasing support and instilling fear against enemies, and to recognize the patterns of ideology promotion and recruitment in mental imagery. The research with a descriptive-post-event method with an analytical approach and using library and documentary sources tries to answer the question of intellectual and epistemological characteristics by observing the media channels of Takfiri movements, how can it reveal the strategies and effects of their movement? The statistical sample of the research includes content themes, discourse, social effects and fan attraction of Dabiq, Rumiyah, Al-Naba, Voice of Khorasan, "Amaq Al-Akhbariyeh" website and "Ilam" news website, which were published from 2014 to 2023. The findings indicate that the media, for the promotion of ideology, are a key tool for the Takfiri movement in the patterns of content themes, language, social effects, and supporter recruitment. Takfiris use the media trick of the political and social conditions of the region and people's dissatisfaction with the rulers of Islamic countries and the disillusionment of the Muslim residents of Western countries due to the feeling of violation of the right of citizenship to strengthen their social base. To prove their existence, they use the media highlighting of the operations to show the crisis in the borders of the opposition

One of the most essential success factors of military and security organizations, especially in crises, is command. Martyer Soleimani was one of the successful national and resistance axis commanders who, with her command style, where able to bring great victories to the resistance axis and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The mane goal of this research is to present a jihadi command and leadership model based on the soleimani martyr style in the fight against ISIS in Iraq. This research is applied and developmental in terms of type. The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical community was made up of experts, experts and commanders of the Resistance Movement who had close and long history of cooperation with Martyr Alavi and presence in the Resistance Movement. To collect and complete the research literature and present the conceptual model, the method of library studies was used, and to collect the information of the research model, the method of field research and interview was used. After collecting and categorizing the text of the interviews, they were entered into the Maxqda 2020 software through thematic analysis method. After determining the propositions related to the text of the interviews and by citing and using them, the basic themes were determined and by using the 2020 Maxqda software, while specifying the meaningful, important and relevant units, the basic themes were determined, which includes 370 basic themes. The primary themes were then placed in the process of organizing themes, which reached 11 themes, and by categorizing the organizing themes according to the research topic, the overarching themes were determined into four themes and based on the overarching themes (dimensions), organizer (component) and basic themes. (index), the final research model was presented.

After twenty years, the Taliban regained power for the second time in 2021. The Islamic Emirate must inevitably engage with regional organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) to sustain its governance. Central Asian countries, which are gathered under the umbrella of the SCO, have an influential role in the political developments of Afghanistan. The main question is what impact does the security interaction between the Taliban and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have on the economy and politics of the Taliban government? The research hypothesis is that the security interaction between the Taliban and the (SCO), through the fight against ISIS as a regional consensus, leads to security, political, and economic convergence between the Taliban and the organization. The findings indicate that the anti-ISIS policy of the Taliban and their fight against drug trafficking provide a basis for security cooperation with the organization. Moreover, the political alignment with China and Russia, who are among the main actors of the organization, stands the Taliban in the anti-unilateralism camp against the United States. The present research has utilized the explanatory method and library-based data collection approach.

Neo-Salafis and jihadist extremists in the Middle East have always caused damage to Islamic countries and religion in various ways by adhering to loosely based but violent interpretations of religion. Their terrorist actions are still going on while they gain strength and influence by using propaganda methods. One of the ways to weaken and eliminate this crisis center in the region is to know the ways, tools and propaganda techniques of these groups and to deal with it. Based on this, the current research is focused on this issue and the main research question is, what techniques do these groups use to attract their audience and what is the effect of the movies on the audience? In order to investigate this issue and answer the question, The article has selected and analyzed a number of the most famous and most visited propaganda films of the terrorist group ISIS during the peak of its activity, using analytical and descriptive methods. Finally, the research findings show that this group, in the production of its advertising films, uses the tools, methods and techniques of modern filmmaking in the world, as well as the elements and techniques of the postmodern approach in cinema and communication, especially its creativity in making action scenes, extraordinary images of killings and mechanisms. Psychologists have continuously used them in the direction of their goals. These films have helped the ISIS to create fear and recruitment by increasing the audience and incorporating various techniques known in the field of postmodern marketing.

The failure of ISIS' Jihad Fatah strategy caused a new terrorist strategy to be placed on the agenda of Islamic fundamentalists, based on which a new organizational structure is formulated according to the intelligence elites of the rivals. This issue has caused the speeding up of attacks, the secret nature of these attacks, the use of virtual layers of internet communication, membership and internet operations, and the ability of security organizations to deal with these groups has greatly decreased. In recent years, extremism, fundamentalism, and terrorism have spread throughout the ideological spectrum with a "post-organizational" process, and in this process, with the increase of online activities, the membership and support of specific groups have become more ambiguous, and the growth of transnational movements has flowed more fluidly. Terrorist attacks are carried out by people who have no clear connection with identified organizations; But a similar method and common ideology can be seen in all of them. With the assumption that extremism will spread in the form of "post-organizationalism" in the coming years, this article aims to answer the question of what are the components, variables and structure of modern terrorism based on post-organizationalism. The purpose of this article is to analyze the strategies and virtual functions of post-organizational fundamentalism as the fourth generation of Islamic fundamentalism using the explanatory method.

The present study aims to investigate the lived experiences of native members of Daesh (ISIS) in Iraq and the process that transformed them from ordinary citizens into members of the extremist group. This issue is examined from the perspective of narratives provided by former Daesh prisoners held in Iraqi government prisons. Participants in this research consist of all Daesh members incarcerated in Iraqi prisons, selected through convenience sampling for interviews. The compilation of these interviews is published in the book "From Frankfurt to Raqqa" and serves as the primary data source for this study. Data analysis employs the narrative analysis method, representing the experiential accounts of Daesh members across four distinct situations: "Life before joining Daesh," "Changing circumstances," "Life under the Daesh banner," and "Captivity." Consequently, while religious factors cannot be entirely disregarded, the primary driver behind Daesh's formation lies in social and non-religious contexts. The resemblance between such extremist organizations and non-religious groups like the Mujahideen-e Khalq (MEK), PJAK, Komala, and others, along with the conspicuous presence of Western figures as commanders and leaders, diminishes the religious dimensions and highlights social factors such as poverty and a sense of discrimination alongside political-security contexts.

One of the phenomena that can be seen throughout the history of Islam is the phenomenon of Takfir(Excommunication). From the Khawarij in the first century A.H to people like Ibn Taymiyyah and later Muhammad Ibn Abd al Wahhab to movements like Al-Qaeda and ISIS under the title of Salafi and Takfiri groups, despite the fact that they appeared at different times, it seems that commonalities and similarities between their beliefs and actions can be Found. These commonalities are the subject of discussion in this article and the goal is to examine and extract the similarities and commonalities between these movements using a library findings including a review of existing historical and verbal reports and documents. What is obtained from the comparison of these two groups and the examination of sources and documents is that these two are similar and agree in beliefs such as formalism, rejection of esoteric interpretation(ta'wil), taqiyyah(Precautionary Dissimulation), recourse and calling them polytheism and excommunication of other Muslims, which is caused by rigidity, petrification and misunderstanding and its roots go back to ignorance and incomplete understanding of religion and perhaps some satanic soul faculties.

The study of the survival of terrorist organizations and the variables involved in it is a new dimension in the study of terrorism.Among these, the intelligence activities of these organizations as the pulse of their lives, is of great importance in these studies.As a terrorist organization, from the very beginning of its existence, ISIS had a powerful and expert intelligence and counter-intelligence organization that had all aspects of its activities under its vast aristocracy.But this aristocracy was associated with external pressures, developments, and requirements that changed the organizational form and the way it operated.Accordingly, the present study in dealing with ISIS as a social entity, seeks to answer why and how ISIL's intelligence actions, by adopting a sociological institutional framework.Based on the findings of the present study, it shows that ISIS's intelligence action is initially imitative and has shifted from the nature of intelligence to ideological cover. Hands out of the control and nobility of the organization were clustered.In the present study, the data collection tools are library and interviews with elites are informed and the data analysis method is descriptive-analytical.

As a terrorist group, ISIS has provoked the reaction of many countries in the world with its inhumane behavior and has forced them to adopt countermeasures. The purpose of this article is to compare the strategy of Iran and the United States in dealing with ISIS. The main question is, what are the similarities and differences between the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America in the face of ISIS? Our hypothesis is that the different and conflicting goals of Iran and the United States and the different nature of ISIS threats to these two countries have led them to adopt different strategies; The US strategy against ISIS has been based on maintaining the existing international and regional order, and Iran's strategy has been based on changing the existing international and regional order. Data collection is done by library method and based on comparative method four military-security, political-diplomatic, economic-financial and cultural-social approaches to deal with ISIS as a terrorist group are evaluated, and based on this, the strategies and tactics of the two countries are examined and analyzed. The results of the study show that Iran and the United States, while taking some similar measures against ISIS, have pursued different strategies in accordance with their goals and interests and those of their regional allies.

Collective behavior is one of the social phenomena through which emerging social groups have challenged political systems. ISIS is one of these terrorist groups whose behavior can be examined in this framework. This group has been captured by propaganda and false awareness of leaders who promote violent collective behavior such as violence, terror, panic, panic, madness and rumors by using new means of communication such as satellite, internet and social networks. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to analyze the dramatic collective behaviors of ISIS based on the theory of Agburn and Nimkoff' (problem). The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and data collection is done through the review of books, articles and internet resources (Method). The results of this study show that ISIS through collective violent behavior such as beheading, crucifixion, burying alive, burning prisoners, mass executions, selling girls and women as sex slaves, shooting and beheading ethnic-religious minorities and foreign journalists, the destruction of ancient monuments and holy places and spreading rumors as a tool of soft war has fueled the increase of anxiety, worry and terror in the societies and in this way has challenged the political systems (findings).

Salafi-jihadi groups are among the extreme Islamist currents that adhere to a specific interpretation of Islam. Considering the increasing importance of gender violence in jihadist Salafi groups that claim to be Islamic, understanding the operational and symbolic role of women is very important to deal with the threat of these groups at the global level. Women are not only disproportionately victimized in modern conflicts, but also play an important role in the tactical operations of Salafi-jihadi groups. Salafi-jihadi groups' attitudes towards the role of women have evolved from support activities in the front lines to active participation on the battlefield. This evolution has reached from preparing weapons, providing food for fighters, nursing the wounded and spreading the jihadi ideology to recruiting new members, to the real participation of women in jihadi operations on the battlefield or carrying out suicide bombing operations. These developments are in conflict with the ideological principles of these groups; Therefore, we are faced with this main question: what is the attitude of jihadist Salafi groups towards the role of women in jihad? The findings of the research show that the attitude of these groups towards the role of women is changing from a traditional role to an active and radical role. This change in some cases depends on different conditions and strategies. The author is trying to analyze the details of the change in the role of women in jihadist Salafi groups and also the contradictions in this field with descriptive-analytical method.

One of the policies of the western world and its allies in order to hit the axis of resistance under the leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been the establishment and support of the ISIS terrorist group. The present article, using the approach of the axis of resistance, seeks to analyze the role of the Iran in the defeat of the ISIS terrorist group. For this purpose, it has been tried to use the combined method . Based on this, at the beginning, using exploratory studies, the factors that have been effective in the role of Iran in defeating this terrorist group have been investigated and the mechanisms of the Iran to defeat ISIS have been analyzed. In the next step, a statistical sample of 30 university experts was selected by non-random sampling method and the findings of this research were presented to them through a questionnaire and the data were analyzed through spss software. The findings of the research show that by adopting strategies such as alliances with governments and various political and religious groups, more communication with the Kurdistan region of Iraq, using effective military-security forces in Iraq and Syria, The popular forces and Shiite militias have played a key role in countering the actions of ISIS.