دموکراسی توافقی

Social changes have a prominent role and influence in creating change and evolution in human societies. Based on systemic approaches, change and transformation in each of the social sub-systems will lead to change and transformation in other social sub-systems. Considering that the Iraqi society is one of the most dynamic societies in West Asia, which has witnessed extensive and profound changes and developments during the last two decades; This article has set its research goal to investigate social developments in Iraq in the middle of the 2021 elections and the upcoming elections, which will most likely be held in 2025. In this article, in order to achieve the research goal, data has been collected by referring to library and online sources and has been discussed and analyzed in a descriptiveanalytical way. The findings of the article show that demographic trends have led to the emergence of a certain class of voters who have no political experience from Saddam's dictatorship, and on the other hand, under the influence of fake narratives, nostalgic feelings have been created in them towards the ruling period of the Baath Party. "Decreasing political participation" and "distrust in government institutions" are two other developments that have led to the reduction of the Iraqi government's social capital. In addition, the inefficiency of the political system based on consensual democracy has caused the tendency of the majority of people to non-identity politics in Iraq. In recent years, under the influence of the strategies and actions of international institutions and foreign actors, especially the United States of America, the field of women has experienced major changes that will continue with greater momentum in the future. Finally, considering that the relationship between the government and the society in Iraq has been exposed to collapse due to the inefficiency and weakness of the government, institutionalized corruption and economic crises, these developments will have an impact on the nature, process and results of the upcoming parliamentary elections in Iraq.

One of the best ways to achieve political stability in multicultural societies is by consensus democracy known as the "division of power." In this type of democracy, by using the four principles of the parliamentary coalition, autonomy, veto right, and proportional representation, it is tried to create political stability in the country and facilitate the circulation of elites in decision-making by sharing different strata and groups in power. Iraq and Lebanon are multicultural societies with ethnic, linguistic, religious, and cultural diversity. The Lebanese population consists of three major groups: Shiites, Sunnis, and Maronite Christians, and Iraq includes three major groups: Shiites, Sunnis, and Kurds. For more than half a century now, in Lebanon, and for nearly two decades, in Iraq, an agreed-upon consensus democracy has been implemented within the framework of their constitution. The mosaic texture of both and the creation of a relatively heterogeneous and heterogeneous society have led to the manifestation of political power based on this democracy and in the form of the pillars of the political system divided between them. Now, considering the shortcomings of the government process - nation-building and non-institutionalization of civil and participatory political culture and the lack or weakness of the party system and NGOs of the two countries, the question of the article focuses on the application of this democracy based on cultural-social diversity and compare their opportunities and challenges. In response, the hypothesis is formulated that consensus democracy is an option that is institutionally-politically capable of achieving relative security and stability by preparing the necessary platform for the participation of multiple ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups. The tribal context and the traditional sectarian tendencies of these countries and the continuation of social divisions are among the effective challenges in the fragility of this democracy. In this article, using both the institutional approach and the comparative method in examining the subject, this result was obtained.Given the multiculturalism of the two countries and the diversity of social divisions in them, consensus democracy is a good option for the political participation of various groups in the decisions of the two countries and has been able to focus on Parliament created relative but fragile stability. The traditional and tribal culture of the two countries, the problem of national identity, cultural barriers to civil society and non-governmental organizations, and the shortcomings of the nation-state-building process have made it difficult to realize the theme of this kind of democracy in practice.It is in the form of a modern dish but with traditional and undemocratic content. In other words, the shape and form of the political system derived from democracy are an agreement commensurate with the multiplicity and cultural diversity in these two countries. However, its content and theme are challenged and conflicted due to the low level of awareness and intellectual maturity of the society and the lack of political pluralism, and it does not have sufficient strength and consistency to create national security and social solidarity.And that is why both the smooth and peaceful transfer of power and the sustainable development and human security in these two countries face serious obstacles and problems, and from time to time we see violent behavior and turmoil or severe political crisis in which national sovereignty and endangers their independence and territorial integrity.The way out of this vulnerable and insecure situation is to train awareness and responsible citizens who have the ability to work together and work in groups and are tolerance and tolerant of opposing ideas, as well as political activism in a peaceful atmosphere away from monotony and self-centeredness. Clarification of economic and political relations, the institutionalization of governing norms and regulations, and the realization of civil institutions and non-governmental organizations are other requirements that can strengthen the foundations of consensus democracy in these countries by eliminating the roots of corruption and discrimination and facilitating citizens' political participation. Non-intervention of foreign powers is another important factor that can provide political independence and national sovereignty, the field of self-confidence of social forces and their interaction in these two countries, and their further role in the dynamics of political and social changes.

Nation-state establishment is a process wherein a country makes an attempt to gain and maintain its autonomy, sovereignty, and independence through the development of its power and institutional capacity. Such a goal can be achieved by gaining territorial saturation, national solidarity and political stability. This process has not reached a successful condition in most West Asian countries, and the governments and for some reasons, the nations do not match properly. An essential reason for these cases relates to the improper creation of these countries and their emergence from Post-World War I treaties, resulting in so many problems and challenges for these countries. The question arising here relates to the problems and challenges that nation-state building process has caused in West Asian countries. The hypothesis of this research involves the fact that various internal and external challenges such as ethnic, religious and racial variations, lack of a stable structure and solidarity of national identity, lack of democratic structures and having no resolution for territorial disputes with neighboring countries, and foreign intervention in the affaires of these countries have caused these problems. Moreover, no inclusive plan and model has been presented to accomplish the process of state-nation building and solving the problems and crises in the region. This research is aimed at providing a general analytical model for explaining the process and the challenges facing the nation-state building process in the region. This is a descriptive-explanatory research whose data are collected by reviewing the documents through library technique.

After the fall of Saddam, active participation of the Shiites and Kurds along with the minimal and passive participation of the Sunnis led to the formation of a new structure based on democratic principles. At a time when it was thought that Iraq will find peace by eliminating one of the biggest dictators of history, the country experienced political and security crises emerging one after another. It disrupted democratic process of state-building and dragged Iraqi government into the abyss of despair. Using exploratory method, library tools and interviews, the paper is to answer the question "what are the obstacles to the process of state-building in Iraq?" In order to answer the question, it was hypothesized that “social gaps activated by ethno-sectarian distribution of the population in Iraq and the lack of infrastructure required for democratization, as well as the tribal and nomadic structure of the country, obstructed state-building process in Iraq”. Besides confirming the hypothesis, the results showed that consensus democracy as a dominated pattern of political system, not only exacerbated social gaps but also led to the ineffectiveness of the political system of Iraq and it is one of the barriers to state-building in the country.