دیپلماسی

"Debt trap" is a title that refers to a form of diplomacy in which one international entity grants another entity (usually a legitimate government) heavy loans. These types of loans are generally granted to countries that are expected to not be able to repay the said loans. China is one of the actors that uses this type of diplomacy. How China's debt trap diplomacy has deepened financial and political crises in the third world is the title of the question on which this research is written. The proposed hypothesis indicates that China needs to penetrate the countries that supply natural resources in order to develop financial markets and also to expand its strategic depth. By granting heavy loans to less developed countries and influencing the economic structure and political structure of these countries, this country is experiencing a new type of exploitation that has become a legal form and in the long term deepens financial and political crises in the third world countries.

Hybrid warfare is an important phenomenon in international relations, involving a combination of hard, semi-hard, and soft tools to achieve strategic goals. In this context, modern diplomacy plays a fundamental and complex role. Given the importance of Iran's position in the region, understanding the effects and functions of modern diplomacy in the context of hybrid warfare seems essential for analyzing US policies. Therefore, the main question of this research is how modern diplomacy is used as a tool to combine hard and soft power in the US hybrid war against Iran (2015-2023) and what are its effects? The research method is descriptive-explanatory and the findings show that the US uses tools such as public diplomacy through institutions such as NAAC and the Advisory Council, second-track diplomacy with three approaches of compromise, deterrence, and war, military diplomacy, coercive diplomacy, and cyber diplomacy through platforms such as Twitter and Instagram.

Considering the complex and multifaceted challenges in diplomacy and international negotiations, this research examines the role of a deeper understanding of human psychology in enhancing international negotiations. The hypothesis of the research is that a better understanding of human motivations, emotions, and behaviors can lead to significant improvements in the quality of negotiations and achieving sustainable agreements. Qualitative analysis of successful and unsuccessful negotiation case studies shows that factors such as empathy, recognition of hidden motivations, and awareness of cultural challenges can facilitate or weaken obstacles. The findings of this research, based on a descriptive-analytical approach, indicate that negotiations in which the psychological understanding of the parties is taken into account have a higher success rate compared to those that neglect this aspect. This research based on the theoretical framework of constructivism emphasizes the necessity of paying attention to psychology in diplomatic processes and suggests that strengthening interpersonal skills, cultural and social characteristics, and negotiation models among diplomats can serve as a key factor in improving international relations and addressing global challenges.

Today, there is a deep belief that man, as a political animal, is motivated by emotions and internal functions of the brain and makes decisions within the framework of these emotions. From this point of view, psychology can be more effective than any other field in international relations as a window to understand politics. In the meantime, diplomacy, as the knowledge of the communication between representatives of countries and the beating heart of international politics in order to resolve disputes, needs to be equipped with psychology more than any other aspect of this field. In this regard, this article, with the aim of exploring the role and function of political psychology in diplomacy, seeks to answer the question; How and why can political psychology help diplomats in the process of diplomacy? Using the descriptive-analytical method and based on documentary studies, this hypothesis was tested that the actions of all people in the world are directed by their perceptual-personal treasury and mental expectations. Therefore, the mind as an active mirror shapes the phenomena and concepts, and the diplomat, by mastering psychology and personality cult, can reflect what he wants in this mirror to a large extent.

Conflict is a natural phenomenon in human social life, yet the tools for managing it have not been uniform across historical periods. Prior to the Treaty of Westphalia, conflicts were resolved through subjugation and the exercise of force. However, the religious Thirty Years' War demonstrated that force no longer retained its former effectiveness. From that point onwards, the balance of power and diplomacy emerged in European relations. This article seeks to elucidate the components and processes that can be used to evaluate the role and position of diplomacy in resolving Europe's conflicts and crises. The findings indicate that, following the Renaissance, a set of factors, trends, and events accumulated over centuries, resulting in the prioritization of diplomacy over force. An interplay of national and structural trends influenced the shift of Europeans' conflict resolution tools from force to diplomacy. Europeans gradually learned the connection between survival and diplomacy. The structural imperatives and constraints that manifested in the emergence of the balance of power system, coupled with a shared historical memory, a common lived experience, a relatively shared identity and culture, a common enemy, and relatively shared values ​​and beliefs, as well as numerous other factors, such as the belief in solutions that yield maximum benefits at minimal cost, accumulated in Europe over centuries. They led to a heightened desire and determination among Europeans to prioritize peaceful approaches. This research, conducted using a descriptive-explanatory approach within a historical sociology framework, underscores the historical processes that led to the prominence of diplomacy in Europe.

Diplomacy is one of the basic concepts in political science, which has many branches today One of them is water diplomacy Considering the water shortage crisis, it plays an important role in the direction of relations between countries, especially in the field of shared water resources. Aras River is the largest border river in the country with a length of 475 kilometers and has economic, social, environmental, and security benefits. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical method, is looking for an answer to the question of how the water diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is evaluated with an emphasis on the implementation of common sovereignty in the case of the Aras River. The research findings show that due to the importance of water diplomacy for managing shared waters with neighbors, maximizing efficient water diplomacy with an emphasis on a unified view of common interests and an integrated management of the water area is essential. Making the water diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran more active with Turkey, the Republic of Azerbaijan, and Armenia in many areas related to the Aras River such as the environment, especially with Armenia and also with Turkey in the field of managing the construction of dams on the Aras River can be effective.

Check it:With Pirozi, the Islamic coup in Iran, the issue of Palestine, and the protection of Bahrain, there is an effective presence in Iraq and Syria, with my identity, there is an axis of resistance. This is a question that has been raised. This is an axis of resistance that is coming to diplomacy in Jahan. And the region of any Islamic republic in Berber, west of Dashta Est? (Question) Hypothesis: Where is the building of the Islamic Republic of Iran directed by it? There is an axis of resistance in the region That is, America as a result of Arabistan and Israel. Strengthening Islamic republican diplomacy in Jahan and the May Bashid region With the aim of determining the impact of strengthening the axis of resistance to foreign diplomatic relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iran ( What are the results of this investigation because the Islamic Republic of Iran has become a Tunisian state, with the emergence of a Shiite coup and a monastic axis of resistance that has become a form of America’s influence and security systems There is nothing wrong with the West and America in the Dunbal area. It's hard and loud, and it's shaking. (Yafa ha)

Environmental threats, as security threats, are among the emerging issues that have become one of the major issues of international security today, and the "environmental diplomacy" tool is used to resolve such threats. The current research, by applying a qualitative method based on collecting information in a library method (documents) and also using an analytical-descriptive method to analyze information and data, aims to answer the question that environmental diplomacy is based on what mechanisms in peace building and Does it play a role in solving emerging security threats that are environmental in nature? The findings of the research have shown that the above-mentioned diplomacy with mechanisms such as: deepening relations and encouraging cross-border and international cooperation, strengthening relations based on convergence between governments and international actors, standardization in environmental issues, determining methods of peaceful settlement of disputes, strengthening existing structures international in the field of environment and increasing the power of technical and informational maneuver of countries in dealing with environmental phenomena, in an effort to resolve emerging security threats and realize peace and environmental security. Among the mentioned mechanisms, "convergence" by establishing common security and environmental concerns between countries, creating balance in their foreign relations and creating unity and solidarity among them, is the highest manifestation and goal of the aforementioned diplomacy, which plays a fundamental and important role.

Cultural influence serves as one of the tools of soft power in the realm of foreign policy, allowing countries to not only strengthen their cultural impact but also achieve their foreign policy objectives. In this context, the United States has endeavored to utilize this aspect of power for its national interests and goals. Therefore, this article aims to address the question: What have been the strategies of cultural influence in U.S. foreign policy? The findings indicate that the strategies of cultural influence in U.S. foreign policy are part of the country's efforts to achieve its geopolitical and economic objectives on a global scale. Educational programs and projects aimed at developing young leaders in various regions of the world, especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, have been used as tools for cultural influence and the dissemination of American values and interests.

Extensive efforts have been made in the direction of nuclear diplomacy between Iran and the 5+1, which ultimately led to the JCPOA agreement. In this article, while examining the post-JCPOA era, using the theory of deterrence, the analysis of Iran's policies towards the United States of America will be discussed and a suitable solution will be presented. Also, in the article leading to the different strategies of the parties, the consequence of each strategy is expressed quantitatively for its correct and easy understanding. In this article, the main question is; From the perspective of deterrence theory, the foreign policy strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the post-JCPOA era can be analyzed and evaluated based on what approach and components? The main hypothesis; Iran's foreign policy in the post-JCPOA era is based on America's offensive strategy in the framework of a realistic deterrent defensive approach based on Iran's relationship with neighboring countries and strengthening the axis of resistance and rational calculation in order to reduce costs and increase benefits. The main objective; The review and analysis of the foreign policy strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the post JCPOA era towards the United States of America is from the perspective of deterrence theory. In this research, a library method was used to collect sources and a descriptive analytical method was used to analyze the materials.

The establishment of the "New Development Bank" launched in 2015 can undoubtedly be considered the first result of years of dialogue and critical discussions at the BRICS summits in order to act and innovate in the international political economy environment. In the form of its goals and principles, the said bank intends to provide financial resources and technical assistance for emerging economies with a new framework. In this regard, the aim of this research is to answer the question, "what is the rational basis, motivation and priorities of the new development bank to play a role in the international economic-financial system in the light of the principles and goals of BRICS?" The research method in this article is based on the descriptive, interpretive and conceptual approach in the international political economy system. As a preliminary answer, it can be said that based on the rationality of evolutionary innovation (with the power-right-duty-effect dynamic model) in the mainstream order, the new development bank will solve the problems of the developing world, urgent and crisis-prone priorities (including climate change) in the global south, and plays a special role and creates attractiveness.

Attacking the advancements and defensive capabilities is one of the key targets in the cognitive warfare waged by enemies against the Islamic Republic of Iran. To better understand cognitive warfare in this area, the question arises: How do enemies conduct cognitive assaults on Iran’s defensive capabilities, and what methods can be used to neutralize this warfare? The hypothesis suggests that by thoroughly explaining how the weakness of Iran’s defensive capabilities in the contemporary era has led to various crises, and how the Islamic Republic, by strengthening its defense, has prevented the recurrence of such crises, one can neutralize the enemy’s cognitive warfare against Iran’s defense advancements. Considering globalization as a result of the communication revolution and its consequences as the theoretical approach to explain the turn toward cognitive warfare, as well as employing a historical approach, the results indicate that the enemies, through cognitive warfare aimed at undermining Iran’s defense progress, seek to delegitimize these advancements. They attempt to create a dichotomy between defense progress and addressing people's livelihoods and advancing diplomacy. By doing so, they aim to legitimize their military options against Iran and hinder the formation of a strong Iran and its role in the new international order. Meanwhile, the Islamic Republic, by achieving endogenous, deterrent, and strategic defense capabilities, has not only neutralized the enemies' military threats and provided a proper response to one of Iran’s major challenges but has also supported diplomatic missions. Moreover, by saving on defense costs, Iran has facilitated economic relations with some regional countries, exported certain defense equipment, and thereby contributed to improving the livelihood of the Iranian people.

As a form of non-verbal communication, fashion entails several elements, such as clothing, accessories, hairstyles, and makeup, and conveys several implicit messages. The communication of messages in this manner is referred to as fashion diplomacy. With the development and expansion of digital media and the possibility of overcoming space and time limitations, fashion diplomacy can surpass traditional verbal communication tools in terms of its impact on both general and specific audiences, encompassing both public and private diplomacy. This study focuses on the implications of adherence or non-adherence to the diplomatic dress code by foreign officials during their meetings with Iranian officials between 2010 and 2019. The fashion's role in message communication is analyzed using the theoretical perspectives of Michael R. Solomon and Roland Barthes on fashion encoding and decoding. A qualitative descriptive-analytical approach is adopted to examine the dress code of foreign officials during diplomatic meetings with Iranian officials. The study involves analyzing qualitative data, specifically photos, and decoding the dressing choices portrayed in the media. The resulting analysis sheds light on the semiotics of fashion in these diplomatic visits. A thorough analysis of the theoretical and practical implications of fashion's role in message communication has led this study to a notable conclusion. During the aforementioned period of diplomatic meetings between Iranian and foreign officials, implicit messages were conveyed through fashion choices. The messages under scrutiny can be classified into four discrete forms: backing off, pretending/hypocrisy, insult/disrespect, and respect/intimacy.

.AbstractUsing the framework of international relations theories has always been one of the ways to explain and describe international events. The agreement known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) - regardless of the quality of its implementation - has been one of the turning points of diplomacy in recent years, when the great powers under the title of the Five Plus One (permanent members of the Security Council plus Germany) succeeded in bringing the Iranian nuclear file to a conclusion. The importance of the issue, the length of the negotiations, its regional and global complexities, the presence of a regional country among the great powers, and other components indicate the importance of the issue and its uniqueness, and examining it from different perspectives can be the subject of various studies.In this study, the author has tried to answer the question using the framework of neoliberal institutionalism theory whether this theory has the ability to analyze the development of the JCPOA? The research hypothesis also indicates that the JCPOA is explained based on the assumptions of neoliberal institutionalism. Therefore, in the end, it is concluded that this theory has the ability to explain and explain the development and formation of the JCPOA well. The research method was descriptive-analytical, using various library and electronic resources

The new structure of investment treaties can act as an alternative dispute resolution system whereby investors can directly hold host countries accountable for property rights violations through international arbitration, And to manage and resolve disputes between investors and governments using technical legal methods instead of political disputes with diplomacy and arbitration strategies.  Therefore, the present research was considered with the aim of investigating the role of investment treaties in the de-politicization of investor-government disputes with the strategy of diplomacy and arbitration. Therefore, the research question implies the role of investment treaties in the de-politicization of investor-government disputes from the point of view of diplomacy and arbitration. The hypothesis of the research is that investment treaties have been effective in de-politicizing investor-government disputes from the point of view of diplomacy and arbitration.  In this regard, 110 cases of disputes were studied and analyzed between 2017 and 2022 in developing countries.  The results showed that the often hidden world of informal investment diplomacy raises broader questions about the effects of legalization, diplomacy, and corporate power as investors confront conflicts in the developing world.  Therefore, powerful governments rarely use threats or explicit sanctions in investment disputes. This indicates an important change in investment diplomacy from the period when the system of investment treaties was revealed. Governments also strategically choose when to intervene in conflicts, rather than when forced to do so by private pressure. Therefore, the non-interference of governments and the politicization of disputes and controversies in bilateral or multilateral investment treaties and a greater tendency towards active international arbitrations and diplomacy agreed upon by investors, which is specified in contracts and treaties, are recommended as a practical policy proposal.

Examining the opinions and thoughts of the country's leaders is the guideline of macro policies and shows their attitude towards the policies and determines the priorities of those countries. In the political structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the role and position of leadership is of great importance, and according to the principle of the 110th constitution, determining the general policies of the system and monitoring its good implementation are among these responsibilities. According to this role; It is necessary to analyze the statements, decrees, interviews and speeches of the supreme leader in relation to defense diplomacy. In this article, an attempt will be made to investigate this point with the method of thematic analysis, what is the position of the components of dynamic defense diplomacy in the thought of leadership? The research results show that 12 elements can be counted in the statements, decrees, interviews and leadership speeches, which are generally categorized in the form of two discursive and structural axes.