روش شناسی

Among all theories, wisdom Sadraei's theory has a special place. The wide range of components and the multitude of concepts in it have made this theory powerful and versatile. The purpose of this article is to present a new methodology based on wisdom Sadraei. Since each theory identifies or recommends a specific method based on its epistemological and epistemological foundations, the present research tries to understand and how to apply this theory by highlighting the main concepts of Sadra's philosophy and placing other concepts and components under them. To present various philosophical, social, legal and political issues in the framework of a new methodology. Although the choice of one method among other methods is selective and optional, but the choice of each method is not correct for any subject and cannot be without reason and basis, therefore Sadra'i theory in most cases does not seek to reject other theories but seeks to modify them. In this article, a qualitative research method was used, and the method of data collection is a survey and the method of data analysis is descriptive and analytical. What differentiates this article is the use of the latest ideas of Mutalaeh professors and commentators of the Sadrai school in this field.

The role of science in building civilization is not hidden from anyone, and in this, humanities are the software for creating civilization; Therefore, on the one hand, the realization of modern Islamic civilization is dependent on Islamic human sciences, and on the other hand, it is rooted in rationality and wisdom; Therefore, the role of civilization of these sciences is subject to and conditioned by its all-round rationality. It means comprehensive rationality of science, authenticity and credibility at the level of propositions, theories and epistemic systems (disciplines) and the criteria of each are different. Validity at the level of propositions is of the epistemological validity, from which it is referred to the epistemology of propositions; But at the level of theory and disciplines, which is part of scientific authority, in addition to epistemological criteria and rules, it also has other criteria and indicators that philosophy of science and sociology of science are responsible for. This article tries to examine the criteria of validity and rationality of these sciences in the mentioned three levels with a rational and narrative method, especially the verses of the Holy Quran. From the findings of the article, we can refer to the types of validity criteria at the mentioned levels and their differences, as well as some methodological results, such as methodological realism, methodological pluralism, the logic of justifying propositions and theories, and the like.

In connection with the ontology of Martyr Soleimani's strategies in the Islamic world, different views are presented. On the one hand, the supporters of the Neo-conservative system believe: Martyr Soleimani's strategies are due to Iran's expansionism to penetrate the Islamic world. The other side of this bipolarity, which is being published by native thinkers in the Islamic world, is based on the principle that the strategies of Martyr Soleimani are not for influence; Rather, it is for the unity of the Islamic world against the Neo-conservatism system (problem); (Study Plan). This article follows the descriptive-analytical method (Method). The Oppression Front (the system of domination) has tried to reverse this Islamic-Iranian method and the most important tool to achieve this goal is to draw the attention of the Islamic world to the ontological issues of Shahid Soleimani's strategies (providing a distorted interpretation of the strategies). Therefore, the most important thing for indigenous thinkers is to make the syntax of these strategies more visible (Findings).

The field of international relations in the field of theorizing includes a wide range of theories. From the traditional range of theories of international relations to the late theories and reflectionism, which has been a reaction to the traditional and ruling theories in international relations. One of the most important developments in the field of international relations theories is the emergence of meta-theoretical issues in this field. meta-theoretical debates in international relations have been raised since the end of the 20th century, especially in the last international relations debates, which was the debate between rationalists and reflective theories, and this debate is more philosophical in nature, and the field of philosophy of science has been used to examine and evaluate other theories. meta-theory actually examines, analyzes and describes the theory. In other words, meta-theory deals with the ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions of a theory. One of the recent and reflective theories in the field of international relations is the theory of feminism. Most of the proponents of this theory are inspired by poststructuralism. Feminists also question the dimensions of ontology, epistemology and methodology of traditional theories of international relations, especially realism, and consider them insufficient to analyze the realities of today's world. The purpose of this research is to investigate and familiarize with the ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions of the theory of feminism and to what extent these dimensions can give us a more accurate and better understanding in the field of international relations and world politics issues.

"Scientific criticism" is the analysis and evaluation of the merits and shortcomings of a scientific work, and based on this, in the upcoming article, we will discuss the scientific criticism of the "judgmental model of Islamic social sciences" and the evaluation of its merits and shortcomings. Things like: attention to theorizing, attention to the issue of religious science, multiplication in the Sadra'i philosophical tradition and ijtihad tradition, attention to methodological aspects, attention to theorizing and updating the model are mentioned under the strengths and also the weaknesses to two The categories of structural and content weaknesses are divided such as: lack of comprehensive definition and demarcation of concepts, lack of systematization of model ratio with classification of sciences, structural jumps, the way social sciences are perceived, conceptual confusion, criteria of epistemological theory, and methodological issues. In this research, we used the analytical-critical method and finally it was emphasized that methodical (methodological) criticisms are always ahead of content criticisms because they talk about how the scientific structure of a research is formed and until a methodical framework is set, there is no way It will not be open to the entry of a scientific thought, point of view, or theory.

Fuzzy logic as a new tool in the analysis of political and social phenomena is a concept and approach that has recently entered political science. This approach has introduced other new concepts such as uncertainty, relativity, degree of truth, feasibility (vs. probability) etc. into these sciences. This article, which has been written with a descriptive analytical method, while explaining the concept and what is logical in the science of science, searching in this field to why and how to apply the steps and skills necessary to perform such an analysis in the field of political science with analysts of phenomena Political and social. The results show that the logic of social and political developments is not linear, and different variables always play a role in events, and since socio-political phenomena are voluntary human affairs and the uncertainty and involvement of many variables play a role in such affairs and phenomena; Fuzzy logic, despite its characteristics such as uncertainty, relativity and multiplicity of variables, is a suitable theoretical foundation for the analysis of political and social phenomena, which can explain these affairs and processes in terms of infrastructure on the one hand, and on the other hand, provide a logical framework for achieving It provided correct results in political analysis.

The expansion of human knowledge and understanding about the characteristics and unknown points of phenomena is a result of methodological approaches. Therefore, one of the important categories that needs special attention in the field of urban security studies is based on research methodology. This is a methodological question that leads the researcher to how to study urban security. Therefore, the role of methodology as a link or flow of knowledge between two elements of epistemology (factor of knowledge) and ontology (object of knowledge) is very important in the field of urban security studies. Therefore, two central questions are emphasized in the research process. What are the types of research methodology frameworks in urban security studies? And what are the characteristics of the methodological framework of urban security studies? In order to answer the central questions of the research, the literature review method has been used, focusing on two methodological and theoretical review approaches. In response to the first question, the researchers propose a conceptual, technical and operational framework. Also, in explaining the features of the methodological framework of urban security studies, they propose theory – grounded, flexibility, feasibility and redundancy. In this framework, quantitative, qualitative and mixed research methodologies are related to philosophical propositions or research paradigms in a holistic, comprehensive and integrated way.

This article seeks to examine some of the works of Mohamed Abed al-Jaberi, a contemporary Moroccan thinker, on his methodology in formulating a system of theory called the development of the Arab intellect.The belief that the method is changeable and does not involve the presupposition of specific and rigid content; It is shown as the core of Abed Al-Jabri's methodology.Structuralism is Jaberi's most important theoretical approach in the field of method, which dominates throughout his work.At this stage, the text with cultural, political, economic and social contexts, historical margins, time of its creation, production environment, environmental culture, factors affecting its production, interpretations, influences, possibilities that it has taken or created and characters around it The issues are being reconsidered.Algebraic uses of Western schools such as generalization, application of psychoanalytic approach, hermeneutic aspect of historical interpretations and localization of concepts are considered.In methodology, Jabri makes a new and unique practical claim by separating the ideological elements of Islamic heritage from the epistemological elements. Thus, bias prevention solutions are another area of study in this article.The application of structuralism, while expanding the possibilities of historical research, has also caused stagnation and even the imposition of abstract and unrealistic structures on the historical text.The separation of Ibn Rushd's Maghribi philosophy from Ibn Sina's Eastern philosophy is his most important theoretical background in his critique of Islamic civilization. Which also shows the most important ideological aspect of algebraic research.Keywords: Mohammad Abed al-Jaberi, Methodology, Structuralism, Historical Analysis, Arabic Reason

One of the challenging issues after the Islamic revolution is the place of human knowledge and expertise in the administration of the Islamic system. Some consider jurisprudential management to be in contrast with scientific management, while others consider the consideration of society's interests and attention to human experience as the secularization of government. The purpose of this article is to explain the position of expertise in the administration of the Islamic system based on the methodology of jurisprudence with an emphasis on the opinions of Imam Khomeini (RA), and the claim of this article is that according to Imam Khomeini (RA), jurisprudential management is not in contrast with scientific management, and referring to reason and human experience in the administration of Islamic society does not mean the secularization of religion, but the necessity of Implementation of Sharia law.To prove this claim, first by describing the opinions of the Scholars of principles of jurisprudence regarding the authority of human knowledge in this field; Then, by examining the areas of administration of the Islamic society, we have analyzed the essentials of these basics in the administration of the Islamic system.

Analyzing the thoughts of political thinkers in the light of religious epistemological foundations and paying attention to the specific requirements of research in this field requires the design of a specific research method. In this article, the " Manžumeh Approach" is presented as a proposed method. The main question is "what is the appropriate research method to understand and analyze the thought of a political thinker?". To answer this question, researchers have designed a new method using the meta-analysis. This method has been explained in five stages: "research design", "data collection", "data analysis", "research report" and "validation". Data analysis in this method is performed in accordance with a special coding logic, including two types of coding: "deductive-inductive" and "deliberative-interpretive". According to this method, data analysis takes place in two steps: "understanding the totality of the intellectual system" of the political thinker and "research under his intellectual system". The research under the political thinker's intellectual system includes three steps: "deliberative coding of central texts", "layer-by-layer interpretive coding of central texts" and "extraction of the comparative model of the subject or theory under the political thinker's intellectual system". In the end, the systematic analysis method has presented its proposal regarding the way of presenting the research report and the methods of research validation according to the specificities of the research in the field of political thinkers' thought. The systematic analysis method has presented its proposal regarding the way of presenting "research report" and the methods of "research validation".

Mohammad Abed Al-Jabari is searching for the roots by presenting a macro-narrative of the identity of the Arabs, and in order to find the roots of the decline of the Arab world, he methodically searches for the starting point of the excellence and decline of the Arab-Islamic civilization, in the era he calls "Tadwin". In his intellectual project, which he calls the critique of Arabic reason, Jabri also pays attention to the development of thought in the East of Islamic civilization, and ironically, he considers the causes of backwardness in the roots of the philosophies of the unreasonable religious and eclectic systems of the Arab East (Iran). The problem here is, in what way did he advance the project of criticizing the Arabic intellect? The purpose of this research is to systematically and accurately study the intellectual project of this thinker and analyze and evaluate his methodology in organizing the project of criticizing the Arabic intellect. The article tries to systematically extract the content of Abed al-Jabari's thoughts in the conceptual framework of structuralist linguistics, especially from the viewpoint of Mikhail Bakhtin, regarding issues such as Jabri's identification of the fundamental problematic of the contemporary Islamic world, his conceptualization of "intellect" and "heritage" and also the methodical extraction of form Linguistic-logical aspects of his thoughts, especially his way of reasoning and methodology in organizing his intellectual narratives. As a conclusion, this research shows the reader that Abed al-Jabari, as a modernist thinker, has his own special method in his intellectual project for modernization in Islam, which can be called "Structured Sharia". As a structuralist thinker, Jabri goes beyond the existing data in different fields such as politics, ethics, philosophy, etc. and shows what fixed structures (logical-linguistic structures) are hidden behind these visible variations that made these variations possible. Is. The great absence of this view is the lack of attention to "meaning". Structuralists substitute symbols for meaning and do not pay attention to how symbols convey what meaning. Structuralists, including Jabri, ignore what appeals to many cultural researchers: how do people understand and interpret their world? Considering this importance, what this thinker accomplished in his combined methodology 1. Sociological investigation of the formation process of the Arab intellect 2. Analysis of the "structuring process of the Arab intellect" based on social factors and cultural trends influencing the formulation of the order of Arab culture or intellect 3. The epistemological examination of the internal logic of Arab reason is to analyze its internal elements and relationships and its impact on the two specific realms of politics and ethics.

René Descartes (1596-1650), the French philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment, is known by many experts as the most important founder of new philosophy. He is the first great philosopher after the Middle Ages who belonged to the school of rationalism and emphasizes that it is not possible to simply understand what human senses perceive. It offers certainty, but it is only on the basis of reason that certain knowledge can be achieved. This research article is an analysis about the place of Descartes' thought in Hans's intellectual system. J. Morgenthau is a prominent theorist of classical realism of the 20th century, whose purpose is to show the direct and indirect effects of Descartes' thought on Morgenthau's methodology in presenting his theory. Morgenth's realism is a kind of attempt to present a scientific model of political developments at the level of human political behavior, in which it is emphasized that in examining foreign policy, political realities should be dealt with in the framework of a rational plan and context. In this article, we try to explore some of these influences.

In this article, we try to explain and compare the method of the English Shi'ism current with that of the taqrib current in the face of Islamic denominations with a descriptive-analytical method. The English Shi'ism current believes that unity is not achieved in the shadow of taqrib approximation, it would occur in the shadow of the clarification of conflicting issues; Because by expressing controversial issues, people's awareness increases and they choose the side of truth, and the society reaches unity of action and expediency. As a criticism of this method, it can be said that the purpose of the approximation and unity of Islamic denominations is not the unification of Islamic beliefs and denominations, but rather the absence of conflicts and conflicts. Apart from this, the approximation method is never against the explanation of controversial issues. The most important strategy in approximation from the Supreme Leader's point of view are: mutual respect for each other's sacred values ​​and symbols; relying on common principles instead of relying on different branches and knowing the enemies of Islam and confronting their conspiracy.

One of the principles and foundations that cause the knowledge of the scientific method of hadith scholars in compiling and how they deal with and use the narrations is to study their method in hadith books. One of the hadith books is important due to its antiquity and precedence. Because this book is one of the authoritative books and one of the important sources of Shiite narration. What makes this research important is that it is enough to model Shiite narration books in compiling hadith from books. This article seeks to answer the question, what methods did the late Klini use in formulating sufficient principles? The present article is an analytical, documentary, library that, in a summary with documents, concludes that it has sufficient principles in compiling a sufficiently honorable book, methods such as: bibliography of hadiths, expression of the complete document of hadith, avoidance From narration to meaning, introduction of narrator, hearing, trinity, meaning, some of my companions, brevity in quoting the document, unknown phrases in the document, offering hadith to the Qur'an, avoiding harmful narrations, not narrating conflicting narrations, quoting verses, explaining hadiths, He has used the explanations of the companions, the narration of the non-infallible and the narration of the hadiths which are not explicitly mentioned in the name of the infallible. With the aim of scientifically explaining the methodology of compiling clinical hadiths in Al-Kafi, the obtained result will be provided to hadith scholars.

Since Imam Khomeini's political thought is the main foundation of the intellectual order that governs the idea of establishing the Islamic Republic of Iran, therefore, any attempt to understand the nature of this emerging political order in the contemporary world necessarily requires a close understanding of the nature, values and internal mechanisms. It is his system of political thinking. Therefore, not so many theoretical efforts to explain the methodological principles governing the study and understanding of his political thought have been made by researchers and researchers of political science and various methods have been proposed for this purpose.In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing proposed methods, the author intends to introduce a desirable and efficient method for this by using the meta-combined method. The findings of the present study are that the understanding of Imam Khomeini's political thought is possible in the context of the reading of contemporary jurisprudential modernists or the Shiite ijtihad rationalist current and his reading of politics is also influenced by this jurisprudential understanding of politics;

For several centuries, Western political and social science thinkers have been producing social political ideas and theories with positivist, meta positivist,  critical, understanding, interpretive and hermeneutic methods, etc. in the field of human sciences; If, in the Islamic world and Iran, Fogaha, by using the method of ijtihad, which has more than a thousand years of history in the text of the field, have been able to create and introduce one of the most reliable native methods experienced in the production of thought in the field of Islamic humanities. do However, despite the unique values of the common and conventional ijtihad method in discovering and inferring jurisprudential issues and creating theory in Islamic humanities, the main concern and problem of this descriptive-analytical writing is whether according to the developments and events of the new event Has the common and conventional method of ijtihad "traditional ijtihad" preserved its efficiency and dynamics? And secondly, what advantages and characteristics does the methodology of ijtihad according to Imam Khomeini (RA) have in comparison with the "conventional and traditional ijtihad” method of previous Fogaha? Also, how can the process of Imam's ijtihad process regarding the production of jurisprudential-political thought in the field of Islamic humanities be shown operationally and with concrete and experimental examples? The results and findings indicate that Imam Khomeini (RA) by emphasizing that the principle of ijtihad as a method in creating theory and practice in the field of Islamic humanities should be followed in the best way by fogaha and religious scholars, this It has been mentioned that conventional and traditional ijtihad in the fields is not enough and it will not be able to meet the diverse and complex needs of human societies at this time or in other times. Therefore, one of the methodological innovations of Imam Khomeini in the field of feghahat is opening new horizons. In the field of inference, the role of time and place is in ijtihad by posing the problem. Although there have been references to this issue in the works of great Shiite Fogaha in the past; However, the clear and precise plan and its implementation in the community scene was one of Imam Khomeini's initiatives, as the rereading and recognition of the history of ijtihad is self-explanatory of this issue.

One of the most important questions raised in the methodology of social science— as compared to natural science methodology— is concerned with the relationship between objectivity and reality. Max Weber was a well-known social theorist of the twentieth century, who tried to find the best methodology for the social science research which had the characteristics of being objective and scientific. As a scientist, Weber conducted extensive research in various fields of law, economics, history, sociology, and concentrated his efforts on presenting a sound method for cultural and social science research. In fact, he is viewed as one of the influential pioneers and architects of the works on social sciences methodology. Weber's ideas as a methodologist of the cultural and social sciences have remained pertinent, and are still taken into consideration in methodological discourse. Thus, a score of scholars has examined and discussed the  nature of Weber's ideas on value freedom and the role of social science, and even  the usefulness of his ideas for the methodology of a given discipline (such as political science). Some have argued that social sciences should be value free, and the problem of researchers’ value-intrusion leading to inadequate objectivity ought to be addressed. In contrast, others have advocated all the methods in the social sciences that make social research more relevant to the social problems. In their view, since the value of social research is to be judged by its social and cultural utility, politically-motivated and politically-guided research can also produce valuable results and be scientifically worthy.In this paper, the author discusses Max Weber's methodology, particularly focusing on the concepts of value and objectivity. The primary research questions is, “How should one defend the objectivity of cultural and social sciences without using the positivist methods?” One can hardly disagree with the argument that social science research must be based on actual facts and reasoning, rather than guided by insufficient evidence and biased judgment. However, it is difficult to agree that the main goal of all social science research ought to be value-neutrality and objectivity. By adopting an analytical-descriptive approach, Weber’s relevant writings about ‘objectivity’ and ‘value neutrality’ in the social science research are identified and analyzed by the use of qualitative conceptual analysis.  The goal was to examine the significance of Weber’s arguments on the methodology of the social sciences, and particularly his concepts of value freedom, value relation as applied to the sphere of politics, in addition to other pertinent aspects of Weber’s methodological position. Weber does not recommend indifference to political issues. The most important finding of this research is to show the relationship between the two concepts of value and objectivity in the study of politics, especially the role of political values in the research process. By separating the political value-relation of scholars from their political valuations, it would be possible to obtain scientific explanations in sociopolitical research.

Practice Theory (PT) is one of the latest theoretical achievements in International Relations. This theory consists of different theoretical approaches that focus on studying international practices as stuff of international politics. This article argues that Practice Theory is based on specific meta-theoretical and philosophical foundations, that make it a distinct theory from other International Relations theories. Then, the main objective is to explore and explain the ontological, epistemological and methodological foundations of Practice Theory. It is argued that Practice Theory is based on “foundational pluralism”; a pluralistic and eclectic ontology, epistemology and methodology that go beyond dualistic metatheory of some other International Relations theories like Constructivism. So that, in relational ontology of Practice Theory dichotomies of reality/mind, theory/practice, structure/agency, constitution/causation, and materialism/ideationalism are all dissolved. Practice Theory epistemology is a pluralistic on implying explanation and understanding, simultaneously. Pluralistic methodology of Practice Theory is a combination of experimentalism, interpretivism and abduction or inference to the best explanation.

How to read and understand historical texts, especially in the field of philosophy and political thought, has always been one of the main concerns of researchers in this field. Because of the fear of persecution of governments on one hand, and the fear of the consequences of the general public's acquaintance with philosophical ideas on the other hand, have usually been the two main reasons for philosophers to write esoterically. There are different methods have been presented in the form of different hermeneutic branches to understand the purposes and intentions of writers and political philosophers, each of which has its own strengths and weaknesses. One of these unknown methods in Iran is the method proposed by the contemporary political philosopher Leo Strauss under the title of esoteric writing or reading/writing between the lines. In this article, I attempt to extract the generalities of this method and to describe its advantages and capacities in reading and understanding classical philosophical texts.