ساختار

At first glance, society is seen as a collection of individuals living in a shared environment; however, if we look more closely at society, we realize it is a group of individuals with defined and differentiated roles. These roles are divided, defined, and assigned. In contemporary Iranian history, women have sought to reexamine the roles that traditional structures had assigned to them. They wanted a new identity through new roles in order to reduce their dependency on men. Entering society gives women a new identity. They seek equal rights with men, and for this reason, they stand against the traditional structure and voice their demands with the support of various resources. The main question in this article is: What is the position of women in society according to the Constitution? This article uses the qualitative content analysis method - inductive reasoning and is framed within the structure-agent theory of Giddens. Based on the findings, in the intermediate category of the Social Services Bill, only a few women were able to benefit from these services. In the intermediate category of employment, the agent achieved their goal, and in the intermediate category of education, the agent achieved all their goals except for the permission of the guardian.

Political participation is one of the important concepts in social debates and political sociology. The stronger the political participation, the stronger the political legitimacy. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, political participation has been of great importance as the foundation of political legitimacy. After the victory of the revolution, the necessity of people's participation has not only not decreased, but its importance has increased. In the constitution of our country, there are several principles that specify and emphasize the all-round participation of the people in the political affairs of the Islamic society. In view of this, the main question of the present article has been raised as follows: What were the approaches of the Islamic Republic of Iran to political participation (with emphasis on the role of parties)? that this central hypothesis has been proposed that after the Islamic revolution, the parties acted as intermediaries between the people and the officials, which has become the basis for strengthening the legitimacy in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with political, social and cultural transformation in the society, has developed the growth and expansion of popular institutions and has provided the grounds for the participation of civil politics in the process of decision-making, policy-making and administration of the society, and the leaders of the system have emphasized it. The type of research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies.

Sense of belonging and identity in the context of "national identity" is a reflection of the transformations that took place in the modern era. Identity is understood as the influence of relationships between us and others. Identity needs difference to explain and establish its behavioral patterns, and in the continuation of each identity discourse, it transforms differences into an "other" or "outsider" in order to defend its scope and boundaries. In Iran, the Constitutional Revolution can be considered the starting point for the emergence of modern identity discourses in the social and political spheres. Therefore, the application of the concept of identity emerges in this period and its effects can be seen in all political and social events that took place in Iran. The main question of the present paper is: What has been the relationship between the subject and the discourse structures in the identity discourse of contemporary Iran? The hypothesis is that the subject and the identity are meaningful under the influence of the structure power from the Constitution to the Islamic Republic, so that in each period we see the subject weakening and disappearing, while over the last two decades, the role of the structure has gradually it become less and less. Importantly, in this period, subjects have a more active and serious role as carriers of identity. The innovative thesis of the present article is that in the last two decades, for the first time in the history of contemporary Iran, we have witnessed a decrease in the role of structures and strength of the role of the "personal subject" (in Touraine‎'s words). The method of data collection in the present study is documentation and data collection tool is taking notes from original sources.

The literature on revolution has gone through four theoretical waves in explaining diverse revolutions. Although these waves belong to different terms, all of them have essentialist ontology and they are seeking to find impressive attributes in breaking out and prospering incidents. The precedent for bringing revolutions into focus in Historical Sociology (HS) turns to Brinton Moor, Charles Tilly, and ThedaSkocpol endeavors that by concentrating on structure and interior causation paid less attention to exterior conditions; but their works broke the closed-loop and made a weak relation between revolutions and international. However their manners in methodological point of view were closely connected with previous theoretical waves; since from HS perspective, the revolutions are stemmed from accumulated incidents which are made from social relations within a supranational context. The object of the current work is to examine the evolution of the international factor in revolution theories in the light of historical sociology theorists. According to the findings, the international factor has gone through three major evolutions in the insight of historical sociology theorists. First, in the 70s, from a structural point of view, it refers to the influence of the international system on revolutions. Second, the international factor enters the text from the margins of the relevant literature, and the inter-state perspective is highlighted; in the transition to the third step, not only inter-state communication is considered, but the inter-social attitude and the relations between the people and the network.

The issue of efficiency is one of the most challenging issues in the field of political science, which is more important in the Islamic Republic of Iran due to the religious nature of the government.  As  regards efficiency is a value category, it is necessary to study it based on the theoretical foundations of any political system. Accordingly, in this article, an attempt has been made to study the discourse of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution about the efficiency of the religious political system and answer the question, what are the components of the efficiency of the religious political system in the discourse of the Supreme Leader?. The Practical Discourse Analysis Method (PDAM) has been used as a method. The theoretical model of the research is based on 4-level analysis of efficiency (idea, structure, agent and performance). The analysis of the Supreme Leader's discourse shows that his main idea is the category of Islamic government based on Velayat-e-Faqih, and the efficiency of the political system at the four levels is also based on this idea. Components such as responding to the needs of the time at the idea level, structure based on justice and competence at the structural level, simplicity and courage at the agent level, and legalism at the performance level have been identified as efficiency components.

The central issue of this article is the nature and rationale behind the formality of extra-constitutional principles and cases in the current constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this reason, we have discussed and debated using a descriptive and analytical method while adopting a critical approach. According to our research findings, the aforementioned principles and cases are two separate and distinct topics. The identification and formalization of these in the constitution itself is a flaw. In other words, the restriction of such categories is not acceptable and is justified only for the purpose of maintaining stability and ensuring the rule of the constitution, but their expanded scope poses issues. Therefore, the criteria considered by the fundamental legislator of the Islamic Republic of Iran, after reviewing the entry of items with a structural and normative description under Article 177, are criticized from the perspective of this article.
However, it must be acknowledged that the current constitution of the country has solid scholarly and popular foundations, and its orientation in this field seems logical. From our perspective, any form of support for the constitution as the paramount political legal document of the nation and any amendments to its content should be carried out while respecting the principles of republicanism and Islamism, ensuring their maintenance and safeguarding.

The distribution of power in the international system and the relationship between the two are important indicators for the analysis of international crises. There is a direct relationship between the structure of the international system and stability, conflict, and crisis; therefore, the nature, consequences, and management of international crises as well as behavioral patterns of international actors all vary according to the structure of the international system. The present research seeks to explain the relationship between the two by focusing on the negative and positive impact of the bipolar structure on the escalation of the Syrian crisis. It is assumed that the behavior of states is influenced by the structure of the international system, be it unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, or transitional.
The study tries to answer the key question as to how the positive and negative role of the bipolar structure contributed to the escalation of the Syrian crisis. The research is based on the main hypothesis that the lack of systemic limitations particular to the bipolar structure of the Cold War restricted identity, ideological, and geopolitical conflicts in the Middle East region during the Syrian crisis, and that the crisis escalated—from both negative and positive perspectives—due to the emergence of the putative bipolar structure at the regional level through the zero-sum game between the two regional poles, namely Iran and Saudi Arabia, along with their regional allies and proxy arms. Despite the extensive literature both about the Syrian crisis and about the impact of the structure of the international system on international crises, no independent research seems to have been conducted on the negative and positive impact of the bipolar structure on the Syrian crisis, so the present research has novelty in this respect.

The structure of the international system and the Syrian crisis:

This research argues that the distribution of power in the international system, also known as structure, undeniably affects the political and security dynamism at the level of the regional (sub)systems. During the Cold War, the two superpowers could not be indifferent to the instability in the strategic regions of the world because any instability and crisis therein would lead to an ideological vacuum and the possibility that the vacuum would be filled with rival ideologies—hence changes in the status of the satellite countries. However, the collapse of the bipolar system and the end of the Cold War resulted in a period of instability in the international system. According to Waltz and Mearsheimer, the systems that are not bipolar are unstable, and the instability undeniably affects the escalation of international crises and conflicts, such as the Syrian crisis.
The Syrian crisis was characterized by the lack of bipolarity, a transitional period in the international system, and the absence of a new system and establishment of new rules. As a result, the US, uncertain about its strategy for stepping in the crisis, transferred its responsibility for maintaining the stability of the system to its regional allies; consequently, the intervention of regional actors, as one of the main factors, contributed to the escalation of the Syrian crisis. Meanwhile, the lack of the stabilizing structure prepared the ground for the formation of a regional bipolar structure centered on Iran and Saudi Arabia and their proxy arms, which would escalate the instability. By defining their interests in the Syrian crisis within the zero-sum game (i.e., maintaining Assad/overthrowing Assad), the regional bipolarity played a big role in escalating the Syrian crisis, and Syria became the main field for the new regional cold war between Iran and Saudi Arabia.

Syria was considered as one of the Soviet satellites during the Cold War, so if the Syrian crisis had occurred during the Cold War, Russia would have stepped in the crisis, the US would  have withdrawn from it, and regional actors (e.g., Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey) would not have been allowed to use their proxy forces (e.g., Hezbollah, the Free Army, and Salafi groups) in order to play an independent role in the crisis in line with their interests. The reason is that the bipolar system would not essentially allow the regional actor to play an independent role in the system. However, the Syrian crisis escalated as a result of the end of the bipolar system, the transitional situation in which the rules of the new system had not been established yet, the US strategic uncertainty about how to step in the crisis, its fear of military intervention and experience of Iraq and Afghanistan, its transfer of responsibility to its weak regional allies, the regional bipolarity centered on Iran and Saudi Arabia and their ensuing strong presence with their proxy forces—in line with their predetermined interests—and finally the historical opportunism of Russia to restore its dignity and historical status in the Middle East and support its historic ally.

In order to improve their social and economic conditions, different societies need to provide grounds for growth and development, and one of the factors affecting the growth and development of any country is the transformation in the country's scientific structures. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method is library and documentary. The purpose of this article is to identify and examine the obstacles to the scientific development of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the framework of the theory of neo-institutionalism. In this article, while examining the theory of neo-institutionalism, structural factors such as the multiplicity of decision-making centers in the matter of scientific development, a little look at researches and scientific articles, the structure of universities and the regulations for the promotion of professors, and political factors such as the influence of political tendencies in The selection of presidents of universities, faculties and professors, the policy of quantitative expansion of universities and the way of attracting students, especially in graduate studies, are mentioned as obstacles to Iran's scientific development. Reforming the decision-making structure and by-laws, along with avoiding factional and political views on scientific development and universities, as well as creating scientific and research poles, can provide the basis for the scientific development of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Attention to the concept of the international system and how to change its structure has had a special place in the study of international relations and has been the site of widespread theoretical controversy.Numerous factors and drivers are influencing transformation of the international system.The main question of the research is what factors affect structure of the international system and in other words what are drivers of structure of international system?Therefore, the aim of this article is to identify drivers of structure of international system with a futuristic perspective. In study, while using the theory of structural realism (neo-realism) as a theoretical framework, descriptive structural analysis of ISM and Mick Mac program has been used. In the process of identifying drivers of the structure of international system, the method of "individual interview" and "library study" has been used and to design the future model of international system, the method of structural-interpretive modeling has been used. Structural-interpretive modeling is one of the exploratory methods of model design that allows drawing complex relationships between a large number of elements in a complex decision-making situation. After examining factors such as political power, economic and military power, globalization, international institutions, climate change, the spread of technology, weapons of mass destruction, regional conflicts, human rights, terrorism, immigration and citizenship, infectious diseases and population. Were proposed in the research hypothesis, research findings show that political, economic, military and cultural power are most influential drivers in evolution of structure of international system.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating and identifying factors affecting the success or failure of the development of the structure and organization of the tourism industry in Lorestan province. In terms of methodology, the current research is of a descriptive-survey type and is practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this research is the statistical population of all the managers of tourism service organizations, local tourism (government, private or related) who are members of the trade association providing services based on tourism, who have a license from the government, and who, according to the statistics of the organization of Lorestan province

The mentioned research seeks to provide a new context for recognizing and responding to the relativism of structure and agent agency in the realization of Islamic state-building based on the agent structure approach and relying on the thought of Imam Khamenei . Summary The evolution of theories of agent structure in political science and the choice of AnthonyGiddens' theory of construction In the formation of the Islamic state, meaning the third stage of the process of achieving the goals of the Islamic Revolution towards Islamic civilization from Imam Khamenei's point of view, both The structure and the agent paid attention. From His Holiness's point of view, the macro-structures of the Islamic system, which in the second stage of the revolutionary process were designed and led to the drafting of the constitution, have no problem with today's evolved process and are the best structure needed to move things forward. But in spite of the remarkable progress and remarkable honors which, in spite of the overwhelming difficulties and obstacles mentioned in the statement of the second step of the revolution, the desired Islamic state has not yet been formed in a manner which is maximally in line with the ideals of the IslamicRevolution. Is. What should be considered today in the movement of the revolution and the formation of the Islamicstate is to create a spiritual and epistemological transformation in order to Islamize the method and character of the agents, which is the main obstacle in the formation of the Islamic state

The fundamental issues in political sociology are examining the position and function of social forces in political and social developments and their impact on the legitimacy of the ruling structure. Among the various social classes, the role of the middle class as an influential class in legitimizing the ruling structure has always been highlighted. This study aimed to explain the position and role of the middle class in Iran’s political and social developments. In addition, the middle class’s role in the legitimacy of the ruling structure from the beginning of the Islamic Revolution in Iran until 2013 was studied. The present article used the descriptive-analytical method based on library studies. The research results showed that the middle class was considered the main class in the socio-political developments of Iran. Moreover, the middle class used the following components to play an important role in legitimizing the ruling structure: being the class accompanying the ideology of the system, trying to transition to democracy in Iran, strengthening political participation, strengthening relations with influential groups and parties in the political arena, and strengthening the political culture.

The Good Governance Index is a sociological concept used in business, economics, the humanities, and public health to refer to intra-group relationships. In today's changing world, governments alone are unable to meet new needs and need new models to maximize all of society's capacity to be used in the public, private, and civil sectors. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of good health governance in the Ministry of Health (a case study in Tehran University of Medical Sciences). In this article, six indicators of accountability, public participation in community management, control of corruption, quality of rule of law and political stability have been used. To collect data, the Delphi expert survey method and a questionnaire were used. The results of Delphi analysis, after three stages of expert opinion, led to the theoretical confirmation of the 38-component model. In the following, the results of structural equation modeling indicate the fit of the research model. Based on the field data, there is a positive and significant relationship between the mean of good governance and health.

Yemen is the most impoverished Arab country in the Middle East, which has been embroiled in civil war, foreign aggression, and economic sanctions, despite the expectations of its people to achieve better conditions in the 2011 social movement. One of the reasons for the importance of the issue of Yemen is its strategic position in the region, as well as the political and ideological discrepancies that have arisen over it among some of the governments in the region. The purpose of this article is to study the causes of the continuation of this crisis for 10 years which made it a daily occurrence. The authors seek to answer this question: what factors have led to the continuation of the crisis in Yemen between 2011 and 2021? The article hypothesis refers to two factors of structure and agent based on the Structuration Theory of Anthony Giddens and examines the interaction between the two in the form of structuration in Yemen. For this purpose, the library method has been used to collect data and the analytical-explanatory method has been used to write the article. The research findings show that the interaction of two categories of structural factors (Yemeni internal structures, regional and international and geopolitical power balance) and agents (Yemeni bankrupt government, regional actors, non-governmental actors, and the United Nations) has caused this crisis to be continued; Thus, the multiplicity of variables and the complexity of the internal situation in Yemen and the Middle East environment prevent to imagine a bright future for an early end to the crisis.

Legislation and creating an institution for legislation in Iran has a long history; And it refers to the processes and stages in which rules and regulations are formulated and regulated and finally becomes a law in the framework of a legal system and shapes the beneficiaries, citizens and institutions and regulates their behavior. Legislation, as a general matter, is also affected by the structures and norms of the context in which it is located, and on the other hand, through its legislation, it affects the same structure and norms. Therefore, knowing the obstacles to the realization of a good and desirable legislative system as a part of the structure of good governance can help to improve the legislative process in Iran and achieve good governance in this field. The question of the current research is, what are the priorities and requirements of the legislative process in Iran? In response to this question, the current research using the descriptive-analytical method and in the form of the theory of governance, the structural priorities of the legislative process in Iran, including the quality of legislation, the monitoring program of laws and regulations, revision policies and the formulation of laws and regulations, Reforming the system of monitoring the executive branch and increasing the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms and citizenship has been considered.

Foreign policy in international relations is one of the subjects that has been considered by different theories. Foreign policy analysis from the constructivism perspective is the new matter that analyses actor’s behavior based on their defined identity by emphasizing on the identity of actors (mostly states) as the agents of the structure of international system. Constructivists also pay attention to the structure of international system but they don’t accept it as predetermined matter instead they believe that it’s the result of agents’ interactions which act with each other based on their subjective perceptions. In this regard, constructivists recognize the structure of international system as a complex of challenges and opportunities which is defining and redefining by actors constantly, as Wendt pointed out, institutions and stablished rules (structures) have objective nature in structural dimension. In this article, first we will consider the foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran and its identity as an actor and then we will consider the foreign policy of I.R Iran toward India by pointing out of existing structure and challenges and opportunities derived from it.

This study aims to explain the role of the mosque in the cohesion of the physical-spatial structure of the neighborhood. The research method approach is quantitative and qualitative and uses documentary and field study. It applies descriptive-analytical methodology. "Social solidarity" are two interrelated concepts. Achieving these two concepts and increasing the quality of urban space is one of the goals that urban planners have constantly been pursuing. One of the reasons for the decrease in this relationship should be sought in the lack of coordination and balance between the two. On the other hand, the manifestation of the principle of monotheism has created a unifying integration in the Islamic-Iranian city. Thus, recognizing and manifesting the principles governing communities will be an operational strategy for the cohesion and integrity of the space. The results showed that the indicators that make the mosque as a cohesive element in the urban space include unity, a unified nation, and the behavioral status of the mosque. Also, in the chaotic and unfavorable conditions of the urban structure, the mosque and its impact on its surrounding area is seen as a strategy for the micro and macro scale of urban spaces. Designing a mosque to meet the requirements of its time will turn the worldview in the living space to a reality. It is possible to achieve a level of spatial integration and cohesion in the urban context by strengthening the desired dimensions of the mosque on the micro-scale of the neighborhood to neighborhood and sub-neighborhood.

This article aims to identify the areas of crisis in the organization To answer the question of what are organizational crises And what is the solution to control it? Analyzes the issue and the indicators affecting the crisis And extract its control.In this research, first the library method to identify And counting the crisis points of the organization from the library method And then using a 28-item questionnaire and a meaningful survey method, The effect of effective indicators on organizational crises among 60 managers And experts who have been in management for at least more than 20 years They have been served.The results of the studies indicate that the organizational crisis.In four basic areas including culture, structure, resources and operational process Organized and the way out of that performance and proper planning And desirable for organizational managers, taking into account the internal and external environment and And desirable for organizational managers, taking into account the internal and external environment and And has knowledge and experience. The results also showed Which are respectively the components of the operational process, structure, culture and Finally, resources have been effective in dealing with organizational crises.

The development of the student movement as a driver social activities is one of the important concerns of the Islamic Republic today, but the decline in student movement indicators in Iran indicates the high importance of the need for thinking and action to develop it and the model needs social analysis of the student movement after It is the Islamic Revolution that expresses how and why. According to the dimensions mentioned for the student movement in the existing literature are one of the most important elements of the structures that affect the movement and the important point about the structures is the relationship of governments and intellectuals with movement. Student movement analysis has not been considered. This study seeks to find a framework for student movement analysis in universities. The research is qualitative and uses the data theory theory method with an emerging approach to formulate a framework for student movement development based on the relationship between governments and Intellectuals are with the movement. Data collection is through semi-structured interviews with a group of secretaries of student unions and organizations and activists of the student movement from the beginning of the revolution until now, and during the interview with 15 people, theoretical saturation was obtained. The final framework of the research includes two models of diagnosis and determination of student movement decline and development of student movement. In the model diagnosis, there are three main categories of causes of movement weakness and signs of student movement index decline and negative consequences There are also 5 main categories in the development pattern the student movement, including reinforcing natures, pivotal phenomena, strategies, and consequences.

Artistic effects such as puns, derivation, class, proportion and combination, problems, observance of analogies, etc., from the end of the second century in the studies related to the beauty of the language of the Qur'an, the subject of discussion by scholars such as Fara, Ibn Mu'tazz, Ramani, Khattabi, Khafaji, etc. has been placed. In the contemporary period, the topics related to formalism and structuralism, which are closely related to linguistic theories, were used first in literary criticism and then in some other branches of humanities. This article, which is written in a descriptive-analytical way and with the aim of adapting the achievements of modern linguistics to traditional rhetoric in the verses of the Qur'an, while briefly reviewing the concept of form and structure and their effect in inducing content, tries to examine the Qur'an as a literary work and From this point of view, examine and link the form and structure with the content on a case-by-case basis in Surah Isra Faradid Ahl Nazar.