سیاست گذاری

This study examines the role of digital media in the structural transformation of power in Iran and its transition from centralization to decentralization. The primary research question explores how digital media have functioned as tools for reducing power concentration and enhancing social participation. The study employs a qualitative approach using thematic analysis. The research sample comprises scholarly articles in both Persian and English relevant to the topic, with eight studies selected through purposive sampling. The findings indicate that social media platforms, including Telegram, Instagram, and Twitter, have played a significant role in altering power dynamics, organizing protests, redefining social identities, and strengthening oversight of governmental institutions. Furthermore, the study reveals that digital media have created new public spaces where citizens engage in social and political activities without mediation from formal institutions. However, challenges such as the spread of misinformation, government-imposed filtering, and regulatory restrictions have also been identified, which may impact the dynamism of these digital spaces. The study underscores the importance of effective policymaking in managing the digital sphere and demonstrates that digital media, beyond being mere communication tools, have become a pivotal factor in the structural transformation of power in Iran.

The aim is to examine the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in securing the security of the South Caucasus with an emphasis on the Republic of Azerbaijan. This research is a qualitative and phenomenological analysis. The statistical population consists of university professors and specialists of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Participants were selected and answered questions with exploratory interviews in a targeted and data saturated method. This study showed that the scientific, cultural, economic, social and geopolitical cooperation between the two countries has not been sufficiently prosperous and Iran's security policy is based on geopolitical and economic interests and considerations, based on extroverted balancing, active defense and interaction and presence. Effective and powerful and the security strategy is connected to each other. The Islamic Republic of Iran does not have sufficient environmental knowledge and analysis of the new conditions of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and due to the involvement of extra-regional countries, it does not have a suitable option for security policymaking, especially in the fields of energy (oil and gas) in the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the two countries are moving in opposite directions. They do not agree with each other in international relations, and they do not have military cooperation and agreements with each other. In the field of removing extra-regional forces, especially Israel from the South Caucasus region and the Republic of Azerbaijan, due to the support of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Armenia, our country has not achieved significant success.

Unsustainable development and imbalance between water supply and demand and its exacerbation in climate change conditions are among the important issues in the country's water resources management. In this regard, the need to pay attention to the development of a program compatible with climate change in the water and agriculture sector, considering various environmental, social and economic dimensions, seems inevitable. Considering the wide range of potential effects of climate change and at the same time their inherent uncertainty, the adaptation plan should be developed in a way that has maximum flexibility and side effects. For this reason, the issue of claimatization of governance should be included in many programs and documents of the country and in the discourse of different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran, regardless of their political orientations, because the nature of the impact and effects from the point of view of social and environmental issues, the side of climatization of governance has received little attention from different governments, and today it seems necessary to pay attention to this issue. Based on this, the present study investigates the opportunities and challenges of the climatization of governance in the discourse of different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a descriptive-analytical method. Based on the findings of the research, in the section of the climatization challenges of governance in the Islamic Republic of Iran, it was found that the economic challenges have been assigned the highest rank. In the next order, placed political-security challenges, which is ranked second with a score of 0.812. The third rank of challenges is assigned to environmental challenges with a score of 0.730, and the lowest rank is assigned to social challenges with a score of 0.415.

While it may seem that ancient thinkers didn't explicitly discuss the concept of security in isolation, the constant concern for security among humankind ensured it was addressed in their works, albeit using different terminology. For example, the authors of "Andarznameh" (political Books of Advice) were focused on preserving governance and kingship. This paper, through a case study of Siyar al-Muluk (also known as Siyasatnameh/Book of Politics) by Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk, aims to reconstruct the "logic of politics" as understood by these thinkers. By exploring their "intellectual world," we seek to show what meanings the themes associated with the contemporary concept of "security" could have held within their framework and worldview.

Analyzing the ideas in Siyar al-Muluk, it's clear that Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk identified three main pillars of security: the king (malik), the kingdom (mulk), and the realm (mamlakat). These three elements form an interconnected whole. The concept of justice (adl) for Khwaja wasn't just about modern-day fairness; it included this tripartite framework. Under this notion of justice, values like moderation, adherence to traditions, avoiding religious innovation, oversight of officials' performance, defending against enemy threats, and avoiding extravagance were crucial. Khwaja's idea of "good kingship" was a well-ordered system where everything had its place. In this system, all officials were chosen based on merit and capability, and the king would intervene if any deviation or misconduct was detected. This "ideal" state or "good times" was synonymous with a "just kingship," ensuring the well-being of the subjects and the prosperity of the world. Any departure from this justice was seen as a path to decline and downfall.

From Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk's perspective, all forms of policymaking are intrinsically tied to security policymaking, as the ultimate goal is to preserve power, governance, and kingship. Security policymaking focused on preventing threats from emerging, neutralizing them in their early stages, and eliminating any actual and critical threats. It seems that Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk identified three main types of threats: 1) threats from foreign enemies and rival kings; 2) "hard" threats from internal enemies, which he often referred to as "Khawarij"; and 3) threats arising from "deviation from justice," or in modern terms, system malfunctions or dysfunctions.It seems that Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk devised strategies to counter each type of threat. For external threats, he emphasized the need for a ready army and the expenses for maintaining it, a well-stocked treasury, the king paying soldiers' salaries, keepingsubjects content, and showcasing the Sultan's majesty and greatness. According to Khwaja, internal "hard" threats, like uprisings and rebellions, stemmed from the gradual growth of latent or invisible "soft" threats. These were often caused by the spread of false religions and bad beliefs, which laid the groundwork for rebellion and sedition against the government. To counter these threats, Khwaja recommended continuous examination of religious affairs, strengthening true religion, purging the government and bureaucracy of heretical influence, and combating the Khawarij and heretics.When it comes to the third aspect of security, maintaining "justice," he highlighted several necessities: fulfilling royal duties and establishing good governance, preserving and expanding desirable royal qualities, continuously overseeing officials' work and punishing misconduct, preventing multiple job holdings, avoiding delegation of authority without supervision, creating and maintaining a network of informants, ensuring subjects’ access to the Sultan, monitoring and supervising the army, and basing jobs and titles on merit.

While the modern concept of security isn't explicitly outlined in Siyar al-Muluk, it serves as the cornerstone and unifying thread connecting the various aspects of Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk's intellectual framework. This perspective sheds new light on his intellectual world.

Security policymaking is one of the most important security issues of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the reason is that the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a country with its own strategic position, is always exposed to a multitude of threats in different levels in the contemporary world. What seems to be necessary more than anything else in security policymaking for the security of the country and to deal with threats is to pay attention to policies to deal with such threats in the security field. The purpose of this research is to achieve security policymaking according to the management documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question is that the security policymaking of the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the management documents, to what extent and to what degree can it be effective and answers the current issues in times of crisis and threats? The method used in this research is the library method and the study of written sources in the field of security policymaking in management documents, which is considered a type of applied research, and the data analysis is based on a qualitative method. In the continuation of this research work, to clarify the matter, firstly, the explanation of security policymaking, security and national security, threat and management documents were explained, and then according to the policymaking in management documents such as the vision document and the fifth law of development, the issue was discussed in order to determine the importance and attention of management documents in security policymaking making. The results obtained from the research studies show that the management documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran pay special attention to security policymaking in all dimensions.

this paper aims to investigate the media policies governing national media in Iran following the revolution. As national media is a multifaceted and extensive organization covering various domains, this research focuses on the policies applied to the news anchoring sector. News anchoring is crucial in media due to its continuous and direct connection with the audience, making it highly influential in attracting and impacting viewers. However, the anchoring model is primarily shaped by the overarching policies of national media rather than individual characteristics. The central question of the article is: What effects do the prevailing policies of Iranian national media, including television, have on persuasive news anchoring? The findings indicate that moving away from traditional anchoring, redefining the mission of news anchors as creative message deliverers, identifying target audiences and competitors in terms of influence, and recognizing their needs and expectations necessitate changes in media policy and oversight. This study employs a qualitative methodology using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The statistical population includes Tehran residents who are audiences of national media, as well as experts and scholars in the field of news anchoring.

In the era of globalization, there has been a tremendous transformation in both the sources of threats and the types of threats and the tools used. Threats in the era of globalization are not state-oriented and the focus on military threats has become less. Since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution, Iran has been involved in the harsh aspects of threats such as imposed war and terror but with the emergence of new aspects of these threats such as genetically modified crops, the country's security has undergone many threats and transformations. This research tried to answer the question that what are the harms of policies related to new biological threats against Iran? Therefore, this research was looking for the pathology of G.A.'s policies against new biological threats, focusing on transgenic products. Based on the research findings; Policies in this area have been made in the form of codified laws or under the country's development plans, but the lack of comprehensive policies or the weakness of the current policies, as well as their lack of diagnosis, have caused disagreements or gaps in this field, so the current laws need to be updated. In addition to that, in some areas, the existing deficiencies must be compensated with new legislations. The results of the research have divided the existing harms in the country's policy into four categories of functional, structural, contextual and communication factors. In this research, the qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the data.

Smuggling of goods and currency is one of the problems that has its roots abroad. The consequences of trafficking go beyond mere economic loss. Trafficking can destabilize communities and contribute to wider regional tensions. A large part of these problems is related to communication between countries, so the purpose of this research is to examine the problems and provide solutions for changing Iran’s policy and convergence with the Central Asia and Caucasus region in the face of this event. The main question of this article is how to change the approach to combating the smuggling of goods and currency between Iran and the region of Central Asia and the Caucasus? The major challenge we face in dealing with the problems of trafficking is the difficulty in conceptualizing the complex issues of collective action, which, with the involvement of many local actors and social networks, takes on another challenge. Public administrators around the world operate very differently in political and socio-economic contexts. As a result, the resources and capacities of public administrators in these areas vary greatly, as globalization has intensified in recent decades, national and regional boundaries, economic, social, political and ideological issues have increasingly been transcended. In fact, many of these issues are beyond the norm. Traditional patterns that emphasize the role of formal organizations are insufficient to address many problems, including trafficking. As a result, concepts such as multi-level governance are increasingly studied. To address complex social, political and economic issues it is necessary to use multi-level policies and multi-level personalities to create solutions to deal with smuggling of goods.Research question: Each of the problems that occur in countries has an external nature and effect. In other words, internal crises have regional and international roots and with the continuation of the crisis, these consequences will spread and with its continuation, all its effects and consequences can be recognized. Meanwhile, the manner and type of governance within countries has a significant effect on creating and solving problems. In the meantime, there are multi-level governance that can strengthen and improve the fight against trafficking. The main question of this article is how can we change the approach of combating smuggling of goods and currency by considering multi-level governance in regional policy making?

Research hypothesis:

 In response to the main question, the hypothesis is raised that multi-level governance strengthens and improves regional policy in the field of combating goods and currency smuggling.

In this research, the method of text and content analysis of the type of "content network" introduced by atride - stepperling will be used. This method tries to access the text from main themes, organizing themes and inclusive themes; therefore, first, the text analysis of all interviews and the extraction of basic themes, in other words, the delivery of the text, will be carried out. Then, the method of abstracting and extracting the themes of the organizer and finally discovering and explaining the network of themes of governance factors related to the fight against smuggling of goods and currency will be done. Therefore, qualitative and visual analysis methods based on data and content analysis have been used in this research. In fact, by viewing the relevant documents and receiving the primary data, documents, recordings and results of the interviews are accurately and regularly evaluated and analyzed, and objectives and questions are explained with a qualitative method.  The data collection method is interview, and the data analysis method is thematic analysis. The sampling method was targeted and snowball, and smuggling experts were contacted to collect data. The data and findings of the research include the opinions of interviewees about the proposed strategies for policymaking in the fight in different dimensions, which were analyzed and presented in the form of comprehensive themes. According to the findings of the research, the re-design of the police to fight the smuggling of goods and currency has been investigated at the transnational level and in operational and executive dimensions. To determine the validity of the research, the research tool was approved by several elites in the field of security and law enforcement concepts, and to check the reliability of qualitative research, there are several strategies that are used here to verify the reliability of data by the experts. Therefore, after extracting concepts and themes and drawing a network of themes between them, they were asked to confirm the researcher's understanding of the data by sending the results to several elites. The aim of this task is to ensure that the researcher has correctly analyzed and classified the data correctly.

The data and findings of the research include the opinions of the interviewees about the proposed strategies for policy making in the struggle in different dimensions, which were analyzed and presented in the form of 7 overarching themes and 23 strategies. According to the interviews conducted in the field of operations and implementation of the fight against smuggling of goods and currency, there was a lot of emphasis on the need to change the structure of the relations between countries in dealing with smuggling. These changes are expressed in dimensions such as decision-making and operations, budget, participation of foreign parties.

According to the interviews conducted in operational and executive fields in the fight against smuggling of goods and currency, the need to change the structure of relations between countries in combating smuggling was emphasized. These changes are expressed in dimensions such as decision-making and operations, budget, participation of foreign parties. In an operational and transnational framework, the most important solutions provided by the interviewees are the creation of security agreements and information sharing between different countries.

Basically, among the components that affect the defense doctrine in each country, And the main focus of the Iranian army's manpower, especially the ground force, is based on the soldier's manpower. Therefore, the aim, method, research findings and conclusions of this research are summarized as follows:

to improve the quality of military service and to optimize the recruitment method according to Iran's demographic changes.

The research method in this research is descriptive. With an institutional approach, the researcher validates and answers the research questions by conducting expert analysis and using the Delphi technique and library method.

The aging of the Iranian population, the halt in population growth and the quantitative increase of single-child families, as well as the increase in the social participation of the female population (feminization of the military) are among the findings of this research, which are effective on military service in the coming decades.

The result of this problem-oriented research is to present executive proposals for military service in accordance with demographic changes in Iran in the horizon of 1420. By analyzing the trend of demographic changes in Iran, the researcher has reached innovative results such as the feminization of military service and the move towards the professionalization of the army in Iran.

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the requirements of science, technology and innovation policy making in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this qualitative synthesis, the research community included all relevant articles in line with the research objectives. A total of 59 articles were found based on suitable keywords, and based on the entry criteria of the title, 11 articles were removed, and based on the exit criteria of the abstract and content review, 24 articles were removed, and finally 24 The article was selected. As a result of the findings of the research, 198 primary codes were extracted in the form of 8 main components (1- Paying attention to actors, stakeholders and intermediate institutions, 2- Paying attention to the private sector, 3- Paying attention to universities and international interactions with transfer Knowledge and experiences 4- Existence of comprehensive and single information base and source, 5- Existence of a single center and institution in policy making, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation,6- Existence of a coherent model for integration between policy makers, implementers and upstream laws and documents, 7- Completion and creation of appropriate infrastructure by identifying the existing situation, explaining existing problems and providing solutions, 8- Existence of an appropriate mechanism in evaluation) and 59 The index was also identified as the policy requirements of science, technology and innovation.

According to many Iranian analysts, this country was caught in the abuse of this situation by the Chinese side in its relations with China during the sanctions period. The Chinese also believe that they have stood by the sanctions and their friendship with Iran as much as possible and have paid a lot of costs in front of the international environment and the West. Therefore, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the People's Republic of China, while having very favorable capacities in relation to each other's needs, also have challenges in the political, economic, and cultural fields, and these challenges are the subject of our analysis in this article. . In this research, we have examined the challenges of relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the People's Republic of China in the form of a geopolitical theoretical framework, with the approach of cultural geopolitical effects on the foreign policy of the two countries, and with the method of applied research and qualitative analysis, and we have drawn conclusions. We believe that it is necessary for the Islamic Republic of Iran to pay more attention to cultural and civilizational patterns in its diplomacy towards China, as well as through dialogue, holding joint think-tank meetings, strengthening scientific diplomacy and extensive elite relations between thinkers and politicians. And the professors of the two countries will make the mentality of both sides closer and more understandable so that the challenges reviewed in this article will be solved and the relations between the two countries will be smooth and deeper.

The preparation and compilation of the general policies of the system and the macro-policy-making process in the country is a collaborative matter; therefore, the evaluation and measurement of the output of this process require an integrated and coherent view, which, in addition to comprehensive statistics, examines the details of each of the general policies with a holistic approach. Therefore, the present research was conducted to design the evaluation framework of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran system using the database theorizing method. Qualitative research approach and data were collected as "library and field." After the documentary review of the research literature, with the help of the "database" theory and using the "in-depth interview" tool, first-hand data were collected to design the desired framework and analyzed in three different but interconnected phases: "open, central, and selective coding." Based on this, a number of 162 general concepts were extracted, based on the grounded theory method, in six areas: causal conditions (including 4 subcategories and 26 concepts), background conditions (including 5 subcategories and 53 concepts), intervening conditions (including 2 categories, subcategories, and 14 concepts), strategies (including 6 subcategories and 23 concepts), central phenomenon (including 3 subcategories and 25 concepts), and consequences (including 4 subcategories and 21 concepts) were divided, and the final framework was drawn accordingly.

Security policy making is one of the most important security issues of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the reason for this is that the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a country with its own strategic geographical position, has always been exposed to a multitude of threats at different levels in the contemporary world. Security For the security of the country and to deal with threats, it seems necessary to pay attention to the policies of how to deal with such threats in the field of security. The purpose of this research is to understand the security policy according to the top documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which were announced by the Supreme Leader. The main question is that according to the documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran, to what extent and to what degree is it effective and responsive to current issues in times of crises and threats? Security is used in upstream documents and it is considered as applied research, and the method used in data analysis is qualitative method. The preliminary findings of the research indicate that the upstream documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran pay special attention to security policy in all dimensions. Security policy, national security, threats and upstream documents are the things that are discussed in the twenty-year vision document and development laws, including the fifth law of development.

Macro policies, which are formulated and announced by the Expediency Discernment Council, are considered to be one of the most important upstream documents of public policy in the country. The pathologies that have been made about the failure of macro policies have mainly focused on the policy implementation stage. The current research has tried to deal with the pathology of the formulation stage of macro policies. For this purpose, by relying on the theoretical literature in the field of policy making and interviews with experts in this field, it has been tried to identify the harms of the policy formulation stage, which has led to the failure of the policy in implementation. Also, based on the pathology, a proposed framework for policy reform has been presented in the drafting stage. This research, based on qualitative methodology and thematic analysis method, and conducted through interviews with policy makers and implementers, shows that the implementation of fundamental changes in the policy formulation stage is necessary to prevent policy failure in the implementation stage. Among the most important harms identified in this research, we can mention the ambiguity in the legal and substantive status of the policies, the lack of clarity of the strategy, the undesirable multiplicity of policies, the lack of appointing a supervisor, and "not having an executive guarantee".

This research examines government policies on ethnic and identity issues. The purpose of this research is to understand why governments use certain policies in this field. The main question is, what is the importance of identification policy in showing the variable effect of motivation on the political goals of governments-nations? In order to examine the effect of nationalism on national solidarity, as well as its connection with the phenomenon of religion, the article has been used as a background to clarify the concept in order to clearly identify the difference between the performance of the government and the nations based on the type of motivation. Finally, the result of the research showed that since the policies are applied according to the nature of the governments, they create incentives in the target group that can affect their political goals and attitudes, so the ethnic groups affected by the violent policy of assimilation are a good example for evaluating societies. It is a loser who suffered an identity crisis due to the actions of the statesmen to create a new lens to look at the problems and damages caused by identity problems.

As the Internet has expanded and public interest in virtual spaces has grown, countries around the globe have implemented various policies in this area. Acknowledging the importance of this issue, the Islamic Republic of Iran has also developed policies pertaining to cyberspace, as evidenced by the "Strategic Document of the Islamic Republic of Cyberspace," which serves as a foundational guideline. Despite the emergence of numerous analyses on this topic, many of these works reveal significant shortcomings. This research seeks to identify the missing components within Iran's virtual space policy framework to cultivate a perspective that effectively aligns with these policies and achieves the intended objectives. The methodology adopted in this study is descriptive-analytical, relying on documentary and bibliographic resources. This article draws upon the theoretical framework articulated by the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, who has consistently underscored the importance of public participation in national affairs. It critiques the directive nature of current policies and the dominant top-down approach. The findings suggest that policymakers' disregard for crucial elements such as "persuasion," "legitimization," and "feedback" within the policy cycle—factors that the Supreme Leader has consistently emphasized—has hindered the ability to cultivate public satisfaction and has contributed to limited success in this domain.

In today's extremely complex and evolving world and limited available resources, without looking to the future and making policies and planning correctly, it is not possible to reach the destination, and perhaps societies that, due to neglecting the future and suffering from everyday life, are doomed to fate. They were infected with failure. Policymakers need to formulate policies for unknown and uncertain futures, and futures researchers have a significant contribution to this process, but futures research is often overlooked as a policy-making element. This writing with descriptive analytical method and using documentary and library method, its main goal is to examine the relationship between future research and policy making and to improve the relationship between future research and policy making and to examine the possibility of establishing a relationship between this research and policy analysis. It is the way of typology of indeterminacy. In this article, a conceptual framework is proposed for the relationship between policy analysis, policy making and the field of future research so that they can mutually benefit from a common approach and tool. This integrated framework is intended to guide policy analysts in the appropriate use of futures research approaches so that they can improve their analysis and contribute to better policy. Also, activists in the field of future studies are encouraged to align their approaches with the needs of policy analysts and in this way lead to an increase in the absorption of future studies works in policy analysis.

The diverse and numerous issues concerning women in the Islamic Republic of Iran lack a singular characteristic and vary in their significance. For this, policy-makers cannot address all these issues simultaneously. Hence, effective decision-making necessitates a comprehensive understanding of these and their appropriate prioritization. This study aims to identify and categorize these issues based on their impact and relevance, thereby aiding policy-makers in their decision-making process. The key questions we seek to answer are: What are the current critical issues concerning women? What challenges does the decision-making structure encounter in the realm of women’s issues? How do these issues interrelate? Which of these issues should be the primary focus and priority for decision-makers and politicians?In scrutinizing these issues, prioritizing governance frameworks and policy-making necessities is crucial. However, the perspectives and attitudes of women towards their social, political, legal, and economic world - their current demands - are equally central. Essentially, women’s issues are characterized by their emergence from the interaction between political system and society. The persistence of these issues could pose challenges for governance.

This study employs a methodology that includes gathering expert opinions through surveys, brainstorming sessions, and elite meetings. These insights are then processed using MicMac software to measure the indirect effects of the components on each other, thereby determining the position and priority of each strategic issue within the Islamic Republic of Iran. To address the research questions, the study is structured into five sections, in addition to the introduction. These sections include an examination of strategic issues in the women's field; ranking of women's issues; issue analysis; cause chain analysis; and strategic recommendations.

The primary focus of policy-makers should be on transforming four key components: lateness of religious jurisprudence (ijtihad), the crisis of political representation, securitization, and politicization. Without progress in these four areas, significant development in other issues is far-fetched. The common thread linking these four challenges is the lack of a genuine and accurate understanding of social changes in the realm of women. Precise and authentic knowledge, facilitated by intellectual elites, is the government's first necessary step toward addressing these issues. These elites can equip policy-makers with a comprehensive and inclusive perspective on Iran's social changes concerning women.The “insufficiency of domestic authorities to address women’s issues” in comparison to foreign ones, and “the opposition’s exploitation of the government’s neglect of women’s demands” are two dependent variables. These variables are influenced by all factors but have minimal impact on them. To address these issues, policy-makers should concentrate on key determinants and reinforcing factors. These include “the gap between women’s formal and informal lifestyles” and “neglect of women’s emerging demands.” Identifying an effective solution to these two issues could significantly enhance governance efficiency in relation to women and mitigate costly repercussions. Abandoning the “marginalization” approach and adopting policies that acknowledge and respect diverse preferences is the fundamental basis of policy-making in this field.While identifying all aspects of women’s informal lifestyle may challenge certain facets of the Iranian-Islamic identity desired by the state, articulating the current situation and future outlook necessitates flexibility to surmount serious challenges and threats. Indeed, the state should treat this issue with utmost seriousness to prevent civil disobedience from becoming a societal conflict with itself. In other words, policies that could potentially transform women’s lifestyles into a battleground against the political system should be avoided.It's worth noting that employing harsh methods to address this issue could potentially amplify its scope and depth, fostering growing empathy with manifestations of disobedience and ultimately leading to a decline in domestic authority. Demonstrating pliability towards some of the women's demands and acknowledging certain aspects of their lifestyle does not conflict with the values of the political system. Rather, it is a necessary action, which can help prevent certain outcomes that could disrupt social order.For instance, objections to granting motorcycle licenses to women may drive them to obtain international licenses, which are also recognized by Iranian courts. Ultimately, this means that policy-makers have to accommodate a demand related to the informal lifestyle. This situation sets a precedent where people realize that their demands will only be met through coercion and civil disobedience; a model that could have costly implications for the political system.Another aspect that policy-makers are compelled to consider and effect changes in, pertains to regulatory issues that serve a moderating role. Given that most regulatory issues are agent-oriented, policy-makers encounter fewer constraints in managing and controlling these issues compared to structural ones. In this context, the political system can make proper changes in these types of problems with measures that are not overly long-term or structural.In this study, “Policies conflicting with women's sense of discretion and dignity” have been identified as a regulatory component. This issue pertains to policies that, whether at the advertising and announcement stage or the implementation stage, wrongly target women. To mitigate the impact of this problem and address its consequences, policy-makers should reassess some of these policies and pursue the intended objectives through alternative approaches.

In general, the study’s findings highlight the following as key factors impacting women’s issues:  Neglect of women’s social developments in religious jurisprudence (ijtihad); Crisis of political representation and the predominantly masculine structure of decision-making andpolicy-making; Perceiving women’s demands as a threat and securitizing those; and Politicization of women’s issues and incorrect prioritization of their concerns.

Tehran metropolis does not have a specific, defined and formal system for managing the institutional capacity of urban management; But this system is managed and transmitted by relying on the structures, methods and common norms of urban and rural governance. The fragmentation and fragmentation of urban management in the city of Tehran due to the different institutions and organizations that originate from the city government model, the lack of capacity for inter-institutional and intra-institutional interaction can be seen as the result of the official dominance of the power institutions and the non-alignment of informal institutions with their policies and programs. The purpose of the research is to policy the key factors and variables affecting the institutional capacity of urban management. The research method, from the point of view of the goal, is of the type of applied-developmental research, in terms of the main research methods, it is in the category of descriptive-analytical research. Also, the type of data in the research is a survey, and the main tool used to collect data is interviews with managers, experts of Tehran municipality and university professors in the form of a questionnaire, which is a suitable narrative tool. The sampling method in this study was simple random sampling and the sample size was determined to be 100 people with a measurement error of ten percent. The findings of the research show that the strongest component of the desired institutional capacity is the readability and transparency of laws and regulations, with an average of 3.37, and the lowest average belongs to the component of inter-institutional capacity, which indicates the weakness of the institutional capacity in Tehran metropolis. The results show that the components of communication resources and the ability of institutions have a far greater contribution compared to other components in predicting the dependent variable, such that a unit change in the standard deviation of communication resources and the ability of institutions causes the standard deviation of the variable to increase. dependent (institutional capacity of urban management) to change by 28 and 18 percent. While a unit change in the standard deviation of participation only causes the standard deviation of the dependent variable to change by 2%.

Defense policy is a framework for coordinating military, economic, political and cultural tools by the government to remove or repel threats and establish stability and security in the country, and its formulation, like other national policies, requires the observance of certain principles and rules. Achieving the goals of defense policy, which includes: eliminating or repelling threats, preventing war, resolving regional conflicts, strengthening and increasing power, etc., requires that the formulated policies have favorable characteristics in order to be able to face threats. The future and the environment full of instability, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity should be responsive. On the other hand, defense policies in the Republic of Iran are formulated in accordance with revolutionary principles and ideals and in the direction of confronting the threats of global arrogance, so the main question of this article was formed in the minds of the researchers as follows: "The characteristics of desirable defense policies What are the J.A. of Iran?", therefore, the researchers seek to identify and quantify the "characteristics of the desirable defense policies of the J.A. of Iran".This research is considered to be an applied-developmental type and the research method, which is mixed with the approach, was carried out using descriptive-analytical method. The size of the statistical population of this research is 30 people. Analysis and analysis of the information and data obtained from the study of sources have been described and analyzed in a qualitative way, and the information obtained from the questionnaire has been analyzed using the method of structural equations with the partial least squares approach and using the PLS software. The results of the research showed that the features of Iran's favorable defense policy are in three dimensions: "internal, external and general" and there are 62 features.