عدالت فضایی

The most important function of any city is its residential role, and for this reason, the qualitative characteristics of housing play an essential role in the quality of urban spaces and social-spatial justice. With the rapid growth of urbanization in the last century, especially in underdeveloped societies, followed by the natural growth of the population, migration and the shrinking of the household dimension, causing serious challenges in the city, including the reduction of housing quality and inequality in various physical, environmental, service, social and economic dimensions. has been Region 2 of Tehran city has a diversity of residential and housing quality due to its north-south orientation and stretching from the city center to the northernmost urban parts of Tehran. Housing is one of the vital needs of humans, for this reason, residents' satisfaction with the quality of housing in urban areas can be analyzed, and neglecting this important issue can cause housing inequality. The aim of the current research is to analyze the residents' satisfaction with the quality of housing at the level of neighborhoods in the 2nd district of Tehran. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical with an applied nature, and it has been done in the collection of information through documentary and survey methods using the questionnaire method. The collected data were done using the sample t-test, satisfaction level of housing quality indicators, Pearson's correlation test and finally factor analysis. The findings show that the studied indicators (access, structural features, amenities, economic features, social features and environmental health) have a significant relationship with the research topic and even the components of each indicator. The results of the residents' satisfaction also indicate that the area is favorable in terms of having the indicators studied in the research. Finally, ten factors for housing quality can be identified from the perspective of street quality, building type, housing demand, cultural level, amenities, access to the station and transportation lines, quietness of the place, sound and air quality, ethnic and racial ratio, and municipal fees and taxes. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis indicate that the highest correlation was related to the indicators of amenities with accessibility and economic characteristics.

Understanding spatial justice is one of the priorities of studying political geography as a science of governance and optimal management of space. Spatial injustice causes the polarization of space and the isolation of some citizens. In addition, it prevents the citizens’ effective participation in political, social, economic, and cultural life. As a result, citizens would distance themselves from the mainstream of society. The present study used a descriptive and analytical method to explain spatial injustice in Iran. Moreover, the current study examined and explored the effects and consequences of spatial injustice on the forthcoming developments from the perspective of internal security perspectives. The results showed that spatial injustice created spatial gaps in society, which allowed the occurrence of actions threatening the sustainable security of society, such as divergence in ethnic and border areas, terrorism, drug crisis, marginalization, and migration. Consequently, the threats primarily reduced the stability of society and the possibility of crime as the elements influencing the depiction of the status and characteristics of security on an internal scale.

Today, educational spaces are one of the most important uses in cities and are of considerable importance compared to other uses of urban services. Allocation of space to this use is one of the important issues that are considered in urban planning. The metropolis of Tabriz is among the cities in which the spatial distribution of urban services, including educational services, has not been done properly and adequately. In order to solve the problems caused by this issue and also increase the efficiency of these spaces, it seems necessary to pay attention to proper organization and distribution. Accordingly, the present study uses spatial statistics models, hot spot analysis and spatial autocorrelation in Arc / GIS software to investigate the spatial distribution of educational applications in the city of Tabriz. The required data has also been collected by the library method and by referring to the relevant sources and organizations. The results show that there is inequality in the general educational situation in the blocks of Tabriz; Zones 1 and 2 of Zone 2 and Zone 5 of Zone 4, and Zone 1 of Zone 8, Zone 1 of Zone 3 and Zone 3 of Zone 10 have the most weight and Zones 4 and 6 of Zone 5, Zone 2 of Zone 9 and finally Area 1 of Area 6 has the lowest weight of educational uses. In such a way that these areas are at a lower level in terms of stability. Also, according to Moran index, the spatial distribution of educational uses in Tabriz metropolis is clustered. Based on this index, the existing inequality in the distribution of the intended user is quite obvious.Adequate access to public service facilities can be considered as an important indicator for improving the quality of life, which is one of the foundations of justice policies. This helps to meet the basic needs of urban residents, as it has a profound effect on the participation of urban residents in specific physical activities. As a result, poor spatial access to urban facilities can worsen the quality of life for residents of affected neighborhoods. Therefore, to achieve a sustainable distribution system of urban facilities, ensure adequate and easy access of urban residents to these facilities, and improve the quality of life of affected residents, its study is important for urban planners in recent decades, Tabriz metropolis due to development The growing physical and demographic population is witnessing the imbalance of the distribution system of public land uses, including educational land, and the balance of spatial distribution of land uses and education centers in this metropolis have been disturbed, causing spatial inequality in access to facilities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of education services using spatial statistics in the GIS environment in the metropolitan areas of Tabriz and to identify the inequalities in the availability of educational services in the metropolitan areas of the city, because attention to equitable distribution These services will increase social welfare, the spatial balance of the population, maintain the safety of citizens and reduce social tensions. In line with the above objectives, the present study seeks to answer this question: Spatial pattern of service distribution and educational uses What is it like in the blocks of Tabriz metropolis?

     Due to the nature of the subject and objectives of the research, the type of applied research and research method is based on the descriptive-analytical method. The required information has been obtained by the documentary method and based on the latest comprehensive plan of Tabriz metropolis (2011). The statistical population of the study includes ten areas of Tabriz metropolis. To study and identify the distribution of educational uses and weights of this use in different areas of Tabriz and also its distribution pattern from spatial statistics models, spot analysis Hot Spot Analysis and Spatial Autocorrelation (Morans I) are used in GIS software.

      Hot spots analysis has been used in different areas of Tabriz in order to investigate the spatial distribution of educational uses. This statistical analysis calculates Gettys-Ardji statistics for all features present in the data. Also, according to the calculated Z score, it can be shown in which blocks the data are clustered with high or low values. As explained in the research method, the larger the Z-score, the higher the values ​​are highly clustered and form a hot spot. In the case of statistically negative and significant Z, the smaller the Z-score, the more intense the clustering of low values ​​and the indication of cold spots. The results of this analysis in two types of numerical and graphic outputs show that the features are randomly, scattered or clustered in space. If the value of the Moran index is close to a positive number (+1), the data have a spatial autocorrelation and their distribution pattern is clustered, and if the Moran value is close to a negative number (1-), the data view is broken and their distribution pattern is scattered. In the case of this tool, the null hypothesis is that there is no spatial clustering between attribute values ​​associated with geographic features. Moran index calculated for 1390 is equal to 0.127204. This value is less than one and on the other hand the value of P-value is equal to zero, it can be concluded that the desired indicators have spatial autocorrelation and because the value of Moran is positive and close to one, so the spatial distribution of educational uses in Tabriz to the form is clustered and concentrated, and this factor shows that spatial justice has not been observed in the distribution of the intended uses. 

        Therefore, in this study, using spatial statistics models, hot spot analysis and spatial autocorrelation in Arc GIS software, the spatial distribution of educational applications in the city of Tabriz has been studied. The results show that there is inequality in the blocks of Tabriz in terms of the general educational situation. Thus, the blocks with high weight for educational use and high concentration of hot spots are in the desired condition, which includes areas 1 and 2 of area 2 and area 5 of area 4, area 1 of area 8, area 1 of area 3 and area 3 are from area 10. Also, blocks with low training weight and low concentration of hot spots, which include areas 4 and 6 of area 5, area 2 of area 9, and finally area 1 of area 6, which are at a low level in terms of urban sustainability. There are more. Also, the application of general G coefficient showed that the spatial pattern of concentration of educational centers in Tabriz is a random pattern towards high concentration (hot spot). In fact, the areas of Tabriz with a large number of educational centers, are concentrated close to each other and have formed hot clusters. According to Moran's index, the spatial distribution of educational uses in the city of Tabriz is clustered and centralized, and this factor showed that spatial justice was not observed in the distribution of educational uses.

Spatial forms are generally the result of the spatial processes that shape them. The formation of the foundations of unbalanced development affected by spatial injustice as the dominant spatial form of developing countries is the result of their social, political, cultural and economic processes over time. Undoubtedly, the most important goal of organizing and managing the political space in any country is, in the first place, to provide optimal services to the maximum number of citizens and to make maximum use of national capabilities and opportunities for the welfare and development of geographical space. Given the requirements of the new age and its complexities, the need to pay attention to spatial justice in The institutionalization of optimal political management of space is one of the requirements of governance. The present article seeks to explain the role of spatial justice as an effective and dynamic indicator in order to evaluate the performance of the governance system as the main driving force of the country's affairs with a descriptive and analytical method. The fact is that until there is a general consensus on the evaluation of the governance of the spatial political order, we can not try to model the optimal political governance of the space. Accordingly, spatial / geographical justice is considered as a valid benchmark for the optimal evaluation of the political management of space.