نظریه سیاسی

Following the encounter of Islamic civilization with modernity, various questions and doubts have arisen regarding how modern political requirements can be reflected in Islamic civilization while adhering to its principles. A spectrum of theories, ranging from rejection to renewal, has emerged in response. Among these, the theory of Wilayat al-Faqih represents an attempt to reconcile modernity with traditional Islamic thought. In this regard, this study explores the political theory of Wilayat (Guardianship) in the Quran. The central research question is whether a political theory of Wilayat can be derived from Quranic verses. This study focuses on a specific aspect of this theory: the identification of the ruler of the society and their primary characteristics. The research hypothesis asserts that the civic dimensions of the Quran and the legal verses it contains possess the necessary conceptual potential for formulating a political theory. The findings indicate that, firstly, it is possible to develop a political theory of Wilayat based on Quranic verses. Secondly, this political theory can describe political behaviors, interpret related laws, and prescribe necessary norms. The research approach is interpretative, relying on library and documentary sources for data collection.

Human happiness might be one of the influential principles of political theory, and indeed political theorists are required to understand human nature and its fundamental characteristics and explore ways and means to reach a desirable society. From this perspective, every political theory is based on specific epistemological claims about the traits of human beings. One issue-area in theory-building is how human nature plays a decisive role in the attainment of happiness. A key objective of the present article is to discuss ‘well-being’ in various aspects of everyday lives of humankind and examine its implications for political theory from the perspective of the Holy Quran. The primary research question to be answered is: Given the existential structure of human beings from the perspective of the Holy Qur'an, would they be able to present a theory of happiness as one of the foundations of political theory, independently and on their own? By using the method of thematic study of the Qur'an, the author seeks to answer this question and produce heightened awareness of many issues related to the association between the conception of human well-being and political theory about why happy people are happy, what factors result in happiness, and how to attain happiness. In the research hypothesis, it is argued hat political theory's inattention to the fundamental nature of human happiness will be an obstacle to creating a desirable society. The use of the words “bashar” and “ensān”—that means exactly the same as the word "human”—to refer to the divine prophets in the Holy Book indicated that they were humans but they had the unique ability to receive ‘revelation’. This ability fulfills a general need, i.e., the need for transcendental and divine guidance for the attainment of human happiness. The Prophet Mohammad (peace and blessings be upon him) received revelation of the Qur'an from God. The structure of humans’ existence  and  the  way of  life of human beings on earth are such that they need divine guidance through the descent of an angel who is a divine messenger to convey the message of divine guidance to human beings to fulfill that need.For the sake of brevity and presenting a concise discussion, only the term ‘human’ and some of their Qur'anic applications will be used to answer the research question. The use of the word ‘human’ to refer to the divine prophets in the Qur'an shows that they are not fundamentally different from other human beings. in terms of the existential structure and nature, in spite of the fact that they had a special and, of course, very important quality (i.e., the ability to receive ‘revelation’). This explanation about the implication of a theory of human well-being, which must necessarily be derived from a revelatory source, will be very important for political theory. In this respect, political theory must seek a divine source to explain and attain happiness. This can put an end to the endless and seemingly insurmountable differences that exist in the theories of happiness. The implication of a theory about human happiness, which must inevitably be derived from a revelatory source, is very important for theory building in politics. Political theory must consider the theological dimension of existentialism and the enrichment of human life. If political theory ignores this fundamental feature of the nature of human happiness, it cannot achieve its fundamental objective that is to create a desirable society.

This article examines the concept of justice, especially political justice in the thought of Imam Khomeini and John Rawls. For this purpose, the indicators of political justice are determined first, and then they are examined in the thought of Imam Khomeini and John Rawls. The main question is, what are the principles and characteristics of political justice from the perspective of Imam Khomeini and what are the points of commonality or difference compared to John Rawls? The data of this research, which is based on the descriptive and analytical method and the comparison of two thinkers, shows that the political thought of Imam Khomeini is considered as a semantic system consisting of a set of interconnected signs. In the elaboration of Imam Khomeini's discourse on political justice, we can consider the central sign as "justice", which is at the core of his thought, and all other signs are in line with justice. Anti-tyranny, anti-arrogance, populism and defense of the oppressed are among the indicators of political justice specific to Imam Khomeini's thought, and indicators such as public security, public participation and equal right to choose, safeguarding the political rights of all, The right to criticize and monitor, and the freedom of assembly and dealing with civil disobedience are common in the thought of Imam Khomeini (RA) and John Rawls regarding political justice in order to develop and improve the human society as much as possible.

The origins of current international relations theories are rooted in western developments, thoughts and attitudes. Therefore, the issue of the feasibility of the emergence and emergence of new non-western ideas is one of the issues that has been the focus of thinkers and scholars in the fields of political science and international relations. In this research, the authors have tried to emphasize the capacities and necessities of establishing the theory of Islamic international relations, and therefore the main question of this research is, what are the grounds and necessities of establishing the theory of Islamic international relations? The findings show that the relationship between religion and theories of international relations under the framework of western theories cannot be indicative of the true nature of the theory of international relations from a religious perspective, especially Islam, and considering new developments and the role of religion in international relations, it can be said that the necessity of establishing a theory Islamic international relations can be considered as a new theory according to Islamic foundations and sources. The research is descriptive-analytical and collected with library documents.

The religious and political teachings of Shariati in Hosseiniyeh Irshad during the years 1347 to 1351 attracted many audiences , which had a significant impact on the society . It seems that Shariati's teachings were based on an ideological and political interpretation of Islam with direct ( and undisguised ) influences from Marxism, Socialism and Existentialism , which established its intellectual foundations . For this reason, this article aims to examine Ali Shariati' s political ideas and at what level Shariati's political thoughts are connected to the components of political thought , political philosophy , and political theory . Therefore, with the research approach of documentary analysis based on Quentin Skinner's intentionalist hermeneutic method , as the basis of the present research , " contexts " and " motives " and " author's intention " in the intellectual life and works of Ali Shariati are investigated and recognized . .

The present article is an attempt to understand how the transition to governance in political theory and analysis of its theoretical approaches occurs. Given that over the past four decades there have been significant changes in the face of power at the level of the political system and the performance of governments, so debates about the decline of government power and the emergence of various political and political actors and changes in governance as one of the main issues in the new era. Therefore, the present article is aimed at answering the fundamental question of what approach has contemporary political thought taken to the nature of the transition from government policy? In answer to this question, two possibilities of theoretical controversy are examined: The first view, or the mainstream of political thought, views the transition from government to governance, and in contrast to the critical current (the second view), doubts the positive approach of the mainstream from the different and emerging role of power here called governance. The present article expresses the views of their thinkers and explains the different dimensions of this debate by stating three theoretical approaches related to the transition in the way of governing and analyzing the three levels of government, governance and governance

The political and modern public law are two theories that have an important and controversial place in political philosophy and public law. So far, many writings and articles have been written in the analysis of these two concepts, especially about the Political, and its nature and quiddity. However, the fact is that there is no clear reference to establishing and explaining the relationship between these two concepts, and due to different and conflicting perceptions of these concepts in the theoretical and practical fields, no research has been conducted in this way and with this content. In present study, in terms of concepts and theoretical framework in a general approach, efforts are made to make necessary analyses and studies in this field with more knowledge and understanding of common backgrounds, political natures, the impact of governance and attention to fundamental principles and values. In addition, the relationship between political and modern public law has been established and examined. In this study, the feeling of bridging the gaps and shortcomings in the prevailing political views, promoting political understanding, providing a correct understanding of the concepts of the political and modern public law and its need more than ever adds to the importance and necessity of this research. This study seeks to achieve the truth, control and generation of violence, organize a more pragmatic political system and modern political logic and present a modern hybrid theory, which is one of the findings to be achieved in this study.

The political and modern public law are two theories that have an important and controversial place in political philosophy and public law. So far, many writings and articles have been written in the analysis of these two concepts, especially about the Political, and its nature and quiddity. However, the fact is that there is no clear reference to establishing and explaining the relationship between these two concepts, and due to different and conflicting perceptions of these concepts in the theoretical and practical fields, no research has been conducted in this way and with this content. In present study, in terms of concepts and theoretical framework in a general approach, efforts are made to make necessary analyses and studies in this field with more knowledge and understanding of common backgrounds, political natures, the impact of governance and attention to fundamental principles and values. In addition, the relationship between political and modern public law has been established and examined. In this study, the feeling of bridging the gaps and shortcomings in the prevailing political views, promoting political understanding, providing a correct understanding of the concepts of the political and modern public law and its need more than ever adds to the importance and necessity of this research. This study seeks to achieve the truth, control and generation of violence, organize a more pragmatic political system and modern political logic and present a modern hybrid theory, which is one of the findings to be achieved in this study.

The number of political thinkers who find themselves facing the environmental problems and realize that it is necessary to pay attention to this issue in contemporary political theory is gradually increasing. The problematic nature of the issue is now appeared in two interrelated features in political theorizing. First, in understanding the political factors that create micro and macro environmental problems, and second, in understanding how to deal with them politically. Political theory, as constructive framework of political processes, institutions and actions based on political concepts and value, raises the question of what measures can be taken to prioritize environmental problematics in power relations. In other words, for the political theorist this question arises that how power relations should be "directed", according to a particular political philosophy, in such a way that environmental concerns would be always considered as a fixed priority in these relations. This article is the result of reflection and research with an analytical-critical method on aspects of the environmental problem which require appropriate political theorizing to solve.

International relations as any domain of socio-political interactions faces with issues such just and unjust, moral and immoral, right and wrong, i.e., issues traditionally discussed in political theory. This article aims to examine the relationship between International Relations and political theory in its various aspects. The main concern here is to show how the two are tied together. It is argued that the connection is through three main ways: political theory is a source of inspiration and /or legitimization for theoretical claims of various IR theories; the presence of normative concerns usually associated with political theory in even the “positivist” or “scientific” theories of international relations; and finally the existence of international political theories with clear normative aspects especially as it has been reflected in communitarian/ cosmopolitan debate particularly between and among realists and liberals. This clearly shows the ever presence and inevitability of political theoretical notions and discussion for the theory of international relations.

Politics and Government in Iran for many centuries has been intertwined with the idea of Monarchy. On the other hand, despite the short life of the theory of Faqih governance in practice, it has the great intellectual, historical and psychological roots in the population of Iran and It is a sort of reproduced the idea of an Islamic state. Now the question has attracted researchers' attention is what is it the relationship between the traditional theory Kingdom (ideal kingdom) and the new theory of Islamic rule (Faqih governance)? To answer this question, these two Intellectual system have been explained and compared according to the four elements of the political context of cognitive thought of John Morrow (goals, authority, reservation or protest). The overall result of the study is that obvious and fundamental differences between the two governance there in all four axis and thus the similarity and unity between the political systems both in the field of view and in the field of history does not make sense.

The study of the relationship between ethics and politics and the interaction between ethical theory and political theory is one of the most important issues in the history of the development of political thought. Given the lack of theoretical approach to this issue in the political thought of Islamic scholars and the focus of previous researches in this field on the relationship between these two concepts, this paper attempts to focus on the thought of one of the contemporary Islamic scholars who has verbal and written works in both fields, ethics and politics. At first, we explain his ethical and political theories, and then, based on ethical divisions such as individual and social ethics, religious ethics and ultra religious ethics, ethics of belief and behavior, descriptive and normative ethics, etc, we analyze the relationship between ethics and politics in his viewpoint, and ultimately by summing up and criticizing the relationship between these two concepts in his thoughts, the main question of the research, which explains the principles of the optimal model of the relationship between ethics and politics in Islamic political thought with a philosophical approach will be investigated. Political and ethical works of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli have been studied based on the Hermeneutic method, text-centric and descriptive-normative approach, and the theory of Mokhtar will be derived from his teachings regarding these two fields.

Human nature, as one of the most fundamental issues in the field of political science, has very important implications for political theory. These implications are in such a way that provides the possibility of understanding the political theory and the reasons for the differences in political theories. Political thinkers have usually based the legitimacy of their views about politics and government on a particular explanation and conception of human nature. This issue that what kind of government in terms of land area is caused by a political theory typically depends on the understanding of that theory from human nature. The present paper examines the implications of human nature for political theorizing. According to the findings of this research, understanding human nature plays a decisive and influential role in political theorizing through some influential areas including determination of government goals, specifying the form of government, believing or not believing in the political and social freedoms, belief or disbelief in the principle of political equality, Individualist or collectivist political theory and also conservative or revolutionary political theory.

Contemporary approaches interpreted political theory as ignoring political reality, lacking a real problem and more subject of the abstract and metaphysical dignity. The research is opposed to this view and attempting to interpret political theory as engaging in political reality. For this purpose, this study intends to present a discursive conception of ancient Greek political theory and its relationship with political action - as a criterion of political reality. For this reason, the writers, first of all, look at the genealogy of the conditions for the emergence of political theory in ancient Greece. Then, by choosing the concept of polis as the central sign of ancient Greek political theory, explaining the centrality of this concept. The following section attempts to reveal the relation of discourse of the polis with the fundamental elements of the ancient Greek political theory. The last issue is about the quality and the relationship between political theory and political action in ancient Greece. This research uses the assumptions of discourse theory to support its claim.

In a general reading of political theory, including different views on politics and the political, simultaneously exists two sides of knowledge including explanatory and normative. The problem is that, what is the relationship between explanatory and normative elements, how it is established and whether they can be separated? Explanatory and normative dimensions in political theories are inextricably linked, as this entanglement, makes the boundaries between political theory and political ideology ambiguous and leads to conflict over the universality, objectivity and rationality in political theory.
Metatheoretical analysis in its reflective method, focuses on these issues in political theory. One of the major issues in contemporary political theory is that how we can get to a reconciliation between the traditional goal of politics as a normative goal concerning the necessary establishment of utopia and also modern and postmodern goal of politics as a explanatory and analytic goal that seeks to represent objective reality or subjective and linguistic constructs. From Traditional metatheoretical approach to politics in name of political philosophy to modern and post-modern metatheoretical approaches to politics oriented in experimental political theory and also hermeneutic, phenomenological, structuralist, poststructuralist and pragmatists political theory, The tangle of the explanatory and normative dimensions, has important role in the debates over the theoretical and practical validity of political theory.This article seeks to provide a metatheoretical analysis of issues related to the tangle of the explanatory and normative dimension in political theory and its ontological and epistemological results.

A major approach in explaining the concept of political theory was thinking exclusively about its descriptive character. This approach was the dominant one in the middle decades of the twentieth century. But after the collapse of the pervasive project of positivism, the context of political theorizing has greatly changed and deliberating normativity and contemplating political theorizing with regard to values and ideals of political life was considered to a large scale. The basis of the present research on political theory was this fundamental fact that all political theories led to the political action and their purpose is to create social realities. Political theory should be known as that kind of studies that directed towards the "dos" and "donts" of political sphere. This reflects the issues to be addressed in political theory. These issues are largely normative and represent the correct principles and measures that should be prevailed on political affairs. In addition, political theory tries to perceive and understand the elements of a prosperous and happy society. By focusing on normativity in theorizing, the presented assumption about political theory in this study tries to provide a way for political theorizing in religious texts.

The confrontation of Iranian society with modern world has provoked intellectual and political reactions leading to constitutional and Islamic revolution in twentieth century. These reactions are mainly of three kinds, including governments, non-religious intellectuals and religious scholars.This reaction has played an important role in formation and evolution of a new political theory of the Shia scholars in the age of Constitutional and Islamic Revolutions. The political theory presented by Shia scholars Ayatollah Naini and Imam Khomeini (RA), has been a response to the intellectual and political circumstances arisen in the age of Qajar and Pahlavi specially the situation of confrontation between western modernism and surface traditionalism in Iranian society. This article seeks to confirm the initial hypothesis that political theory, especially the idea of Shiite scholars Ayatollah Naini and Imam Khomeini (RA) in accordance with the terms and conditions of Qajar and Pahlavi era tries to transcend the dichotomy between tradition and modernity. Shiite political theory thus leads to a reconciliation between religion and modern democracy.The confrontation of Iranian society with modern world has provoked intellectual and political reactions leading to constitutional and Islamic revolution in twentieth century. These reactions are mainly of three kinds, including governments, non-religious intellectuals and religious scholars.This reaction has played an important role in formation and evolution of a new political theory of the Shia scholars in the age of Constitutional and Islamic Revolutions. The political theory presented by Shia scholars Ayatollah Naini and Imam Khomeini (RA), has been a response to the intellectual and political circumstances arisen in the age of Qajar and Pahlavi specially the situation of confrontation between western modernism and surface traditionalism in Iranian society. This article seeks to confirm the initial hypothesis that political theory, especially the idea of Shiite scholars Ayatollah Naini and Imam Khomeini (RA) in accordance with the terms and conditions of Qajar and Pahlavi era tries to transcend the dichotomy between tradition and modernity. Shiite political theory thus leads to a reconciliation between religion and modern democracy

A lot of political theories have focused on criticism and so rejection of political systems while they have attempted to introduce new alternatives. Therefore, depleting the attitude and belief about legitimacy of a dominant system while introducing an ideal alternative, concurrent with creating a mind set on why, how and when to overthrow the previous system, is the main function of a political theory. Although the political thinkers are usually try to avoid challenging the political systems directly, their explanations typically cause a political disorder, as their statements about an ideal system lead the people to feel unhappy about the existing system. The author of this paper is of the view that given the difference between political ideology and political thought, they may lead to different approaches about overthrow or change in a political system.

Habermas divides political thought into two eras of Classic and Modern, in general, to explain the relation of ethics and politics. In his view, ethics and politics had mutual relations in classic era; but, in the beginning of modern era and with creation of two methodological and topical evolutions, classic “political philosophy” was replaced by science or “social philosophy” and this causes the increasing separation of ethics and politics; thus, politicswhich was an institution to ensure the happiness and salvation of citizens became an institution of management and controlling technique in social relations and human instincts. Habermas extended the abovementioned evolution to Kant’s Ideas, too. The purpose of current article, based on the earmarks and features of Kant political thought, is to prove that the mentioned evolution could not be extended to Kant, since in Kant political thought like classic political thought, politic is the way of development of ethical concepts, with this difference that in Kant thought the concept of “happiness” is replaced with “solipsism” and “perfection”.

Modern political theory is of great value for its inner authenticity and outer implementations; but how this theory has been formed? The hypothesis of this study is that the modernity invented and formed the forces which caused dramatically changes in foundations and implementations of modern theory. Two primary factors are important here: scientific thinking as grounding factor, and new politics (modern state), which emerged aftermath the collapse of medieval ages as outer factor. New scientific thinking prepared the context for such an evolution by transforming the concept of nature, and in the realm of politics by concentrating on power and distancing form the idea of “excellent city”. So, the modern political theory emerged as an effective and referential framework for illustrating the political life and offered solution for political problems. By separating between new and old political theories in a historical sense, this paper attend to show the formation of modern political theory in modern era and how it separated from old world; it also illustrate the characteristics of modern political theory and its new practical implementations; the results indicate that modern political theory was credible and successful for relationship between its theoretical ideas and values and its practical implementations in socio-political life; a task of modern theory which is in danger and doubt, in the ear of globalization.