پدافند غیرعامل

With the growth of new technologies, there have been changes in today's life, which, along with new services, have their own threats and vulnerabilities. paying attention to the two spatialization of cities, especially a city like Tehran, is one of the most important priorities of planners and policymakers. As the political center of the country, Tehran is very crisis-causing, with a high concentration of political, administrative, executive, etc., and is one of the most important strategic cities of the country, the location of more than 1,500 government institutions, three forces, all ministries, and foreign embassies. It is the main military center and also the most important economic pole of the country. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to measure the indicators of passive defense in accordance with two-space threats (real space and non-real space) of Tehran metropolis. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The research statistical population of knowledgeable people; specialists in the field of defense are inactive. The size of the statistical population is 70 people. The sampling method is based on the snowball sampling method. SPSS and Excel software were used to summarize and extract the results and analyze them. The findings showed that the passive defense indicators in relation to the threats of the real space and the second space have a high average of 4.8, which indicates the importance of this issue and requires special attention to two-space especially in Tehran metropolis.

Studying and researching the 8-year war between Iraq and Iran in order to use public opinion and special use in the fields of training, improving the vision of the armed forces, organizing, and updating the methods and actions of non-agent defense is essential. Passive defense as a low-cost and useful defense tool is an issue that receives a lot of attention in the current era; In such a way that today it is one of the bases of battle and the principles that are used in wars.The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the experiences and measures of passive defense during the sacred defense era and using the structure of mixed research and descriptive-analytical method, and the technique of reviewing scientific documents and documents and expert interview was used to collect theoretical findings. The results of the research, which is based on the findings of 9 areas from the lessons learned in the sacred defense with the passive defense approach, show that the success of the passive defense in the war imposed by Iraq against Iran depended on several factors, which in total play a significant role in protecting the people, forces, Infrastructures, facilities were responsible for military successes and reduction of human casualties in the war. Another result of the research is the use of lessons learned in the plans and strategic and operational plans of different areas of passive defense of the country to deal with similar and new threats.

Organizing the historical contexts of the city based on the requirements of passive defense due to the relationship between history, people, space and their activities is one of the most basic physical planning processes from the point of view of passive defense. The main goal of this research is to evaluate and examine the physical dimension and its components in the historical context of Urmia from the point of view of passive defense. The current research is longitudinal in terms of time (prospective), in terms of practical results, and in terms of the goal of developing applied knowledge in a specific field, which is quantitative in terms of the research implementation process, and finally in terms of the type of descriptive-analytical goal and terms of the implementation logic The research is inductive. The method of collecting information is both field and documentary. Data collection tools include observation and questionnaires. The Sample size of this research includes 100 specialists in this field, who were selected in a non-random and purposeful way from experts. One-sample t-tests were used to analyze the collected data, and Spearman's correlation analysis was used to analyze the variables, which was evaluated through experts' opinions. Also, DEMATEL's decision-making method has been used to establish relationships between components. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire from the experts of this subject and to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was used, which was confirmed. In this research, the physical, functional, human, access and flexibility components of the space have been used. The results of this research show that according to the results of the Spearman correlation test, the physical independent variable has a stronger relationship with the physical dimension from the point of view of passive defense than other components. Also, the results of DEMATEL model indicate that the physical component has the most relationship and the access component has the least relationship with other components.

As one of the most important factors of life, water is one of the commonly uses of humans and has affected their life. Drinking water supply infrastructures are considered one of important infrastructures and both in normal and emergency conditions is a vital part of lifelines. This extra and unprecedented sensitivity is result of increasing demand and scarcity of water resources with appropriate quantity and quality. Now, with the emergence of natural disasters including drought and climate change in our country, the enemy can incite people against the government and sovereignty by abusing these threats and carrying out hostile actions such as psychological operations and creating disruption or eliminating the functioning of drinking water infrastructures to achieve their goals faster and with better results. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to drinking water infrastructure to increase resilience against threats with the approach of homeland security.This study aims to identify components and indicators of resilience of the country's drinking water infrastructure and seeks to find an answer to the question "resilience of the country's drinking water infrastructure with the approach of passive defense ". It is an applied and developmental study with mixed approach, which was carried out using the survey method and expert experiences. In order to achieve the goals of this research, first the most important components and indicators affecting the resilience of the country's drinking water infrastructure is identified by reviewing the research literature, upstream documents, conducting interviews and hold meetings with experts, and then by collecting data and with using structural equations method, the proposed framework was designed through a questionnaire and was presented to the available statistical population of 73 people in a purposeful manner and finally the final research model was presented.Data analysis using structural equations method and based on research findings show that the robustness components (with a path coefficient of 0.684) has the highest effect on the resilience of drinking water infrastructure in the country and after that, the recovery components (with a path coefficient of 0.473), preparedness components (with a path coefficient of 0.416) and stability components (with a path coefficient of 0.306) respectively have the greatest impact.

The maintenance of cultural security of Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the important branches of the national security of a country.the presentation of the pattern of passive defense is very necessary for the maintainance of the cultural security in conditions in which different cultures have invaded Iranian-Islamic culture. The purpose of this reseach is the theoretical extension of the concepts of the cultural security and the identification of the pattern of reinforcement of passive defense to maintain the cultural security in Islamic Republic of Iran. The qualitative research method is data-based (Grounded Theory) and the data has been collected through interviews. The statistical community of this research includes cultural experts suh as thinkers, professors, and cultural authorities of Iran who were chosen by Snowball Sampling method. After doing 15 In-Depth Semi-Structured interviews, the data analysis reached the theoretical saturation. The interviews were codified and after making 680 concept-codes, the concepts were more abstract. Finally, the concepts were categorized. Categories lie in the axis of paradigm model based on Corbin-Strauss Model and the suggestions were provided based on 6 axis.

Changing the enemy's approach in soft ways can drastically change the public security of the country. In this regard, the social approaches of the police based on passive defense is one of the coping strategies that has been addressed in this research. This study was conducted to investigate the environment and enumerate threats, opportunities, strengths, weaknesses and social functions of the police and to develop strategies based on passive defense and to draw the desired path. First, by holding a briefing workshop among the first level managers of NAJA Social Affairs, environmental factors with the model of developing a modified strategy of David and Ahmadvand by elite method with distribution of EFE and IFE matrices, 17 weaknesses, 13 strengths, 17 opportunities and 23 threats were counted and then summarized. They were determined in the matrix of strategic position, social position of the police in the current situation, "mild defensive" and in the achievable position of "mild offensive" and favorable situation (9-9) according to the 1404 vision. To achieve the achievable and desirable situations, 28 strategies based on the passive defense strategic plan were presented for the strength and stability of the police social infrastructure.

Establishing order and security is the basis of progress and development of all countries. Consolidation and immunity of the police as a guardian of order and security and comfort of the people against internal and external threats are of special importance. On the other hand, considering Iran's ideal conflicts with supra-regional powers and their regional agents and the ideological and global influence of our country and the fact that the police is the governmental organization and the armed arm of the system to ensure internal security, it is necessary to pay attention to ideological principles. Passive defense is quite obvious. The main purpose of this article is to examine passive defense from the perspective of Islam, using the experiences and views of law enforcement officials in South Khorasan Province to explain strategies for developing and increasing passive defense in the NAJA. This research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical method. Research information in the background, theoretical foundations and some religious findings were collected using the library and note-taking method and in the field using a questionnaire distribution among respondents. The statistical population of the study is the officials and experts of the Disciplinary Command of South Khorasan Province, numbering 50 people, all of whom were questioned and their points of view were taken in the form of Likert scale and analyzed and evaluated using descriptive indicators and inferential statistics. Findings of research in the field of passive defense from the perspective of Islam were compiled in the form of tables by referring to the Qur'an and books of narration and biography of the Infallibles (AS). At the end of each of the fourteen items related to the effect of using different passions of passive defense in the optimal performance of missions and duties of law enforcement such as: the need to pay attention to religious teachings, institutionalization of these teachings in NAJA staff, increasing interaction between commanders and elites, public participation with Police, deal decisively with norm-breakers, agile organizational structure, threat forecasting, facility security, insight of staff, strengthening religious foundations to prevent corruption and job injuries, merit in appointments, creating a proper structure of passive defense and The preparation of the defense appendix was approved in all NAJA executive plans using descriptive statistics indicators and inferential statistics tests.

One of the most important issues related to security is public security, which is achieved by observing the considerations of passive defense and the result of interaction and participation of social actors through the people and for the people. It requires deep and precise attention and a common view of the nature of public security can prevent the formation of different or contradictory views and strategies and inconsistent actions. This study aims to identify the dimensions, components and indicators of public security with passive defense considerations and provide a codified model to find the answer to the question, what is the model of strategic public security management with passive defense considerations? have been. The type of applied research is development with a mixed approach, which is done using the survey method and expert panel. Passive statistics and separating each component based on its specific characteristics in six dimensions and by collecting data and structural equation methods, the proposed framework was designed through a questionnaire and completed for the statistical population of 106 people and the final research model was presented. Experience and analysis of data using structural equations method and based on research findings, respectively, dimensions, the effect of inhibiting upgrading, continuity of essential services, reducing vulnerability on the research model has been more than other dimensions.

The strategic management model usually includes the dimensions of planning, implementation, execution, guidance and supervision, and so on. The purpose of this study is to achieve the strategic management model of NAJA passive defense in terms of implementation and execution against threats against public security and to identify the components of implementation and implementation of NAJA passive defense against threats to public security. In this article, the quasi-model means the strategic management model in two dimensions of implementation and execution. The main issue of this research is the lack of a codified model of strategic management of NAJA passive defense in the face of threats against the public security of the country, what and how the dimensions of implementation and enforcement that make the public security of the country safe by the NAJA. - The development and approach of this research is a mixture of qualitative and quantitative and a descriptive survey has been conducted. In order to collect information and prepare a questionnaire through purposive sampling method, 16 people were selected as research experts by snowball method and to accurately measure the components of these factors through a questionnaire with one-way t-test, the weight of each component was obtained in a sample of 120 Numerous people were designed and surveyed. Findings The strategic management model of NAJA passive defense in two dimensions, implementation and enforcement to protect the public security environment in the face of threats in the political, economic, cultural, socio-social, security and technological dimensions.

Optimal management, planning and exploitation of the Iranian water resources are the biggest challenges facing to achieve sustainable development. There are various problems and failures in this area which needs to be considered by the relevant authorities and officials such as the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Agriculture-Jihad and social individuals and groups .The paper investigates the application of passive defense for planning water resources of our country as well as increases the necessity of their consideration and management in accordance with the principles and objectives of passive defense through introducing existing water resources. Therefore, the passive defense and its requirements also its role in spatial planning as the main pillar of national development planning have been initially introduced. Furthermore, its applications for the Iranian water resources planning have been addressed including food security, internal management of water resources, marine and costal management as well as transboundary water diplomacy and its control.

The spatial distribution of the transmittancy of different types of urban centers at different scales is one of the main and strategic concerns of experts, managers and spatial political logisticians. Meanwhile, the production of urban safe space based on the spatial organization of the centers involved in urban security, under the effect of spatial factor of activism, and the analysis of the spatial distribution of sensitive centers also requires the identification of factors affecting the spatial distribution of sensitive metropolitan centers in Tehran with emphasis on passive defense. The present study attempted to identify these factors using qualitative and quantitative methods. This study is a descriptive-analytical type that uses a meta-synthesis method for identifying the first factors affecting the spatial distribution of sensitive metropolitan centers of Tehran with emphasis on passive defense and also employs quantitative methods to investigate and explore factors and verify the designed model. The statistical population of this study consisted of 140 elites, specialists and experts in the field of defense, political geography and urban planning. Statistical techniques were factor analysis, exploratory and confirmatory and SPSS and Lisrel programs were used in data processing. The results showed that 54 items were classified into eight main dimensions (1. economic factors, 2. socio- demographic factors, 3. privacy factors, 4. access to services and infrastructures, 5. nature-environment considerations, 6. factors related to military geography, 7. physical factors and 8. Political-administrative factors) with a coefficient of variance of 17, 14, 12, 9, 6, 7, 5 and 5 percent, respectively, explain 86/22 percent of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that all pathways were significant with 95% probability and the effect of exogenous latent variables on endogenous latent variables (octagonal dimensions) was significant. The chi-square statistic also showed the fitting of the designed model.

Cities are the most important targets of an enemy invasion because of the high population density and the place of capital accumulation. Accordingly, this study seeks to rank the vulnerability of the five regions of Urmia city against the dangers of unexpected events and war based on passive defense principles by investigating and identifying effective indicators. This research, based on its purpose, is an applied research and according to the method of work, has an analytical nature. In this study, after studying and analyzing the related documents and resources of passive defense, 14 indicators that are related to some principles of passive defense including principles of dispersal, hardening and localization were selected and then hierarchical analysis process method was used for giving weight to the indices. For performing spatial analyses, index data layers were first digitized and edited in GIS software and by converting data layers into raster and classifying them, the calculated coefficient of significance (via hierarchical analysis method) was multiplied in each index and by using the weighted sum of the indices, the vulnerability was measured in the five districts of Urmia city. In the final step, the vulnerability of the five regions of Urmia city was ranked according to the TOPSIS model. The results indicate that the vulnerability of the five regions of Urmia city are from top to bottom, respectively, regions five, one, three, four and two and also in most of the cases, they are associated with weaknesses in the principle of dispersal, hardening and localization.

In this study, with the aim of investigating the importance of passive defense activities in the logistical for the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran have been studied and analyzed. Therefore, the method of this study is “Survey” and its statistic population is a total of 200 persons; using a paired comparisons matrix, the environmental factors are prioritized separately. The sample size with a 5 % error, 95 % confidence and 0.8 % tolerable error in measurement hits 86 persons, which is considered to be 90 persons for higher accuracy and greater reliability of the sample size. In addition, the status quo is compared with the desired state and while determining the percentage of facility allocation, the formulation of relevant passive defense strategies is carried out. Then, using TOPSIS method, the strategies are prioritized and finally the appropriate strategy for passive defense is developed upon a resistive economy approach. This study showed that by means of the important pillars of the general policies of the resistive economy, it is possible to devise new strategies in passive defense against threats that have been difficult to mitigate before, and by which, it could be possible to resolve some of the problems in passive defense logistics in the near future.

Today, passive defense strategy is applied for protecting and preserving whatever is taken to be of utmost significance in the life of the citizens in a country when faced with serious threats from enemies. Since the Holy Qur’an is the last divine book of guidance for human, it must be safeguarded for the coming generations. In the Holy Qur’an, God introduces Himself as the Guardian of this heavenly book: “Indeed We have sent down the Reminder, and indeed We will preserve it.” (15: 9). However, little attention has been paid to the way God has watched over the Holy Qur’an against its enemies. It seems that passive defense principle has been applied for the divine preservation of the Holy Qur’an, the issue which was not known to the opposition groups or enemies at the time of revelation. Meanwhile, drawing upon a descriptive-analytical method, this research examines the ways in which the divine preservation and protection of the Holy Qur’an is conducted based on passive defense. To preserve and protect the Holy Qur’an, various appropriate defensive measures have been used, some of which are as follows: separation and dispersion, civil defense, concealment, camouflage conscious resistance, obscuration or covering, and replacement. Based on these methods, a series of measures and activities have been done within and without the Holy Qur’an (textual and non-textual) which resulted in the protection and preservation of the Holy Qur’an throughout the history; therefore, it could be said that God the Almighty has protected the Holy Qur’an by means of the passive defense strategy for the future generations. This study will resolve the doubts as to the alleged distortion (Tahrif) of the Qur’an, and provide a psychological ground for believing that the Holy Quran is not distorted at all. Besides, it will help to explain the conscious defensive system of the Holy Qur’an and enhance human’s knowledge of passive defense as well. Another achievement of this research is the development in raising issues regarding defensive measures as well as the adoption of the knowledge of passive defense with regard to the Shia’s strategic plans and objectives.

Security as one of the most pressing human needs and as one of the most important concepts of international relations has always been the focus of international relations paradigms. Passive defense, as one of the most effective and enduring ways of defending and securing against threats, has always been a concern for most countries in the world, and even countries such as the US and the Soviet Union, despite having very high military capability, Special attention has been paid, and a country such as Switzerland, despite being neutral in World War II and not facing the threat of this, is paying close attention. The present study addresses the question of what role non-factor defense plays in securing international relations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of passive defense in security. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting the required research information was collected using a library method with reference to authoritative sources, books and articles. results show. The lack of tranquility that comes from defensive defenses is the most important obstacle in moving countries toward their predetermined goals.

Orienting pillars are one of the main constituents for development of strategy. Meanwhile, this study seeks to design and develop the orienting pillars of passive defense in the national TV. Doing so, it determines the dimensions of orienting pillars of the passive defense for the national TV on desk and descriptive-analytical method and then sequences and validates them upon survey. In the same vein, it explores values, performance, principles and strategic purposes of the Islamic Revolution, media and passive defense and then recognizes the subject and dimensions of orienting pillars of passive defense and assesses them through questionnaire and interview. This study applies the test of statistical significance, mission, principle and value, mega purposes with orienting pillars of passive defense for the national TV in line with Pearson Correlation; to compare the advantage and significance of the parts for the orienting pillars of the national defense related to national TV, it applies Friedman Variance Analysis. The validity and reliability of questionnaire hit 0/91 upon acknowledgement by experts and 0/81 for the fundamental principles and values of the passive defense for the national TV. In the end, besides confirming the correlation test of orienting pillars of the passive defense for national TV, statement of vision and mission, tetra-pronged values, 14-pronged principles, macro 12-pronged purposes and 16-pronged operational purposes are defined and developed for the passive defense of national TV.

The study of contemporary wars shows the importance of passive defense issue more than ever because passive defense measures lead to the survival of human resources and macroeconomic saving and foreign exchange in maintaining super expensive military weapons and facilities. This paper deals with component-drawing of urban passive defense and introduces its effective components, indicators and dimensions. In this research, the literature has been provided by deep interview and then been developed through setting and distributing questionnaires within statistical population. Conclusions of the questionnaires, analyzed by SPSS and PLS software, have verified the dimensions and ac components of urban passive defense. Accordingly, the urban passive defense management, technology, knowledge and skills, support infrastructure, design and plan for the urban passive defense dimensions and also organizational structure, management and leadership, human capitals, strategies and policies, modern technology, research and innovation, facilities, fortification and structures, credits, plan implementation, controls and assessment have been determined under the components of this area.

Identify opportunities and threats of the Islamic awakening and prioritize them, with an emphasis on dialogue, Imam Khamenei (may Allah grant him)

One of the important steps in the implementation of overall  policies of passive defense in Govermental  Organizations is the recognition of barriers.This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection method, it is descriptive / survey and in terms of mixed method (quantitative and qualitative).
The issue was not the knowledge of obstacles to the implementation of general policies of passive defense. Two research questions are: What are the main obstacles to implementing the general policy of over-protective defenses in government agencies?And what is the priority of the effective factors.
Using the theoretical bases of experts' opinions and using the Delphi technique, 22 variables were identified as factors influencing implementation of these policies. Then a questionnaire was designed and implemented with a targeted sample of 43 people.
Binomial and Variantsifreadman tests were used to identify the barriers of implementation. The findings show the existence of 17 factors as barriers Including: Weakness in threatening, The poor attitude of managers to passive defense , Weakness in commitment and commitment to policies, Weakness in legal requirements, Disproportionate organizational structure, Lack of resources and resources, Not Priority.

Passive defense is a set of goals, actions and plans that protect a country against the threats of humans and nature. Industries are important in the development of countries. their protection and sustainability are considered by national planners. Establishing industries in safe places is effective in increasing the power and reducing the threat to challenging forces. The purpose of this research is to investigate the current status of Qom province's manufacturing location based on passive defense standard. This research was conducted using descriptive-analytical method and library and field compilation method. In the method of library information and documentation, the industries were formed in the province. Field methodology was conducted using the Delphi method and a survey of industry experts in Qom province. Also, two descriptive questionnaires were designed and surveyed. The results of the research show that the industrial location in Qom province is subordinate to the components such as land value, distance, access to raw materials and other items. And passive defense standard were not taken of industrial activities. Also, the results showed that Qom Province's manufacturing location was not considered necessary and it is necessary to consider the location criteria of industries in Qom province.