کارگزار

At first glance, society is seen as a collection of individuals living in a shared environment; however, if we look more closely at society, we realize it is a group of individuals with defined and differentiated roles. These roles are divided, defined, and assigned. In contemporary Iranian history, women have sought to reexamine the roles that traditional structures had assigned to them. They wanted a new identity through new roles in order to reduce their dependency on men. Entering society gives women a new identity. They seek equal rights with men, and for this reason, they stand against the traditional structure and voice their demands with the support of various resources. The main question in this article is: What is the position of women in society according to the Constitution? This article uses the qualitative content analysis method - inductive reasoning and is framed within the structure-agent theory of Giddens. Based on the findings, in the intermediate category of the Social Services Bill, only a few women were able to benefit from these services. In the intermediate category of employment, the agent achieved their goal, and in the intermediate category of education, the agent achieved all their goals except for the permission of the guardian.

 The theory of the revolutionary system influenced by the original discourse of the Islamic revolution, based on the statement of the second step of the revolution, draws a strategic plan of adherence to the principles and systematization of the Islamic revolution, which will enter the stage of self-development, socialization, and civilization. The realization of the theory of the revolutionary system in achieving the great goal of the modern Islamic civilization includes the critical and sensitive stage of state building, which due to the basic components of "agent" and "structure-bureaucracy" in the process of state building, propositions such as "institutional religion "Overseeing the institutionalization of non-secular Islamic teachings in political and social systems and the paradigm of "basic people" in the model of all-round progress centered on religious democracy, including the requirements for the realization of the theory of a revolutionary system in the second step of the Islamic Revolution. In this regard, in the current research ;Requirements for the compatibility of the revolutionary excitement in the existing political and social order in Iran as the main pillar and feature of the realization of the theory of the revolutionary system, the application and institutionalization of universal, natural and eternal concepts of the Islamic Revolution such as freedom, ethics, spirituality, justice, independence, dignity , rationality and brotherhood in the structure of Iran's cultural, political, social and economic systems, which can introduce a stable, inclusive and unique model of system-building based on human nature to the world's political environment.

The efficiency of a government depends, more than anything else, on its agents. This article identifies the inefficiency of the government agents as one of the most significant obstacles to the realization of an ideal government in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Agents are the driving force behind all state affairs, including legislation, execution, management, adjudication, and oversight. Thus, the caliber of their thought and performance directly influences the efficiency -or inefficiency- of the political system. Using a "descriptive-analytical" approach, this study first examines the current state of "agents" in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The findings indicate that the most critical issues among both elected and appointed agents include a lack of necessary managerial expertise and skills, the absence of a merit-based appointment mechanism, the weak political culture among voters, deficiencies in election laws, and the ineffectiveness of party mechanisms. On the other hand, the characteristics of agents aligned with the ideals of the Islamic Revolution serve as an operational model for achieving an Islamic government, reflecting the desired state of agents in the Islamic Republic. Therefore, alongside moral and ideational integrity, the ideal agent can be described in two dimensions. First, an agent of the Islamic government should possess general managerial competence over an organization and its human resources, as well as the specific skills required for the managerial position they hold. Second, they should embody a culture of hard work, high-quality performance, and a spirit of perseverance. Additionally, the role of political parties is crucial in the success and appointment of agents in the Islamic Republic. Thus, the main and secondary questions of this study are: "What are the most significant issues facing the agents of the Islamic government in Iran?" and "What are the strategies for transitioning from the current state to the desired state of agents?"

The issue of efficiency is one of the most challenging issues in the field of political science, which is more important in the Islamic Republic of Iran due to the religious nature of the government.  As  regards efficiency is a value category, it is necessary to study it based on the theoretical foundations of any political system. Accordingly, in this article, an attempt has been made to study the discourse of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution about the efficiency of the religious political system and answer the question, what are the components of the efficiency of the religious political system in the discourse of the Supreme Leader?. The Practical Discourse Analysis Method (PDAM) has been used as a method. The theoretical model of the research is based on 4-level analysis of efficiency (idea, structure, agent and performance). The analysis of the Supreme Leader's discourse shows that his main idea is the category of Islamic government based on Velayat-e-Faqih, and the efficiency of the political system at the four levels is also based on this idea. Components such as responding to the needs of the time at the idea level, structure based on justice and competence at the structural level, simplicity and courage at the agent level, and legalism at the performance level have been identified as efficiency components.

The mentioned research seeks to provide a new context for recognizing and responding to the relativism of structure and agent agency in the realization of Islamic state-building based on the agent structure approach and relying on the thought of Imam Khamenei . Summary The evolution of theories of agent structure in political science and the choice of AnthonyGiddens' theory of construction In the formation of the Islamic state, meaning the third stage of the process of achieving the goals of the Islamic Revolution towards Islamic civilization from Imam Khamenei's point of view, both The structure and the agent paid attention. From His Holiness's point of view, the macro-structures of the Islamic system, which in the second stage of the revolutionary process were designed and led to the drafting of the constitution, have no problem with today's evolved process and are the best structure needed to move things forward. But in spite of the remarkable progress and remarkable honors which, in spite of the overwhelming difficulties and obstacles mentioned in the statement of the second step of the revolution, the desired Islamic state has not yet been formed in a manner which is maximally in line with the ideals of the IslamicRevolution. Is. What should be considered today in the movement of the revolution and the formation of the Islamicstate is to create a spiritual and epistemological transformation in order to Islamize the method and character of the agents, which is the main obstacle in the formation of the Islamic state

Yemen is the most impoverished Arab country in the Middle East, which has been embroiled in civil war, foreign aggression, and economic sanctions, despite the expectations of its people to achieve better conditions in the 2011 social movement. One of the reasons for the importance of the issue of Yemen is its strategic position in the region, as well as the political and ideological discrepancies that have arisen over it among some of the governments in the region. The purpose of this article is to study the causes of the continuation of this crisis for 10 years which made it a daily occurrence. The authors seek to answer this question: what factors have led to the continuation of the crisis in Yemen between 2011 and 2021? The article hypothesis refers to two factors of structure and agent based on the Structuration Theory of Anthony Giddens and examines the interaction between the two in the form of structuration in Yemen. For this purpose, the library method has been used to collect data and the analytical-explanatory method has been used to write the article. The research findings show that the interaction of two categories of structural factors (Yemeni internal structures, regional and international and geopolitical power balance) and agents (Yemeni bankrupt government, regional actors, non-governmental actors, and the United Nations) has caused this crisis to be continued; Thus, the multiplicity of variables and the complexity of the internal situation in Yemen and the Middle East environment prevent to imagine a bright future for an early end to the crisis.

Foreign policy in international relations is one of the subjects that has been considered by different theories. Foreign policy analysis from the constructivism perspective is the new matter that analyses actor’s behavior based on their defined identity by emphasizing on the identity of actors (mostly states) as the agents of the structure of international system. Constructivists also pay attention to the structure of international system but they don’t accept it as predetermined matter instead they believe that it’s the result of agents’ interactions which act with each other based on their subjective perceptions. In this regard, constructivists recognize the structure of international system as a complex of challenges and opportunities which is defining and redefining by actors constantly, as Wendt pointed out, institutions and stablished rules (structures) have objective nature in structural dimension. In this article, first we will consider the foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran and its identity as an actor and then we will consider the foreign policy of I.R Iran toward India by pointing out of existing structure and challenges and opportunities derived from it.

One of the main debates in the field of humanistic epistemology is the agent-structure debate, which is naturally the same in the theoretical field of international relations. In this field of study, based on the approaches toward agent or structure, views are divided into three types; structuralism, agent centered and hybrid. Now if we want to theorize a local theory on the basis of Islamic view, naturally it's needed to specify Islam's approach toward this debate. The purpose of the author of this article is the view of the creators of the discourse of the Islamic Revolution, especially Imam Khomeini, on this issue, and secondly, to explain this type of view in the field of theory making on international relations. In this regard, the works and views of the main researchers in this field are reviewed and criticized and it is explained that despite the main view of these works that have seen the Islamic view as hybrid, in the view of Imam Khomeini and the discourse of the Islamic Revolution, while considering and accepting the existence of Structural constraints, agent-centricity, and human will are paramount.

We the revolution are coming or bringing in different theories of structure lism and agent oriented is of different answers. The present study is seeking to analys the success of Islamic republic of iran revolution the encounter of structure agent so answering the question of how the agent in case of iran benifited from the confradication of that time stracture and successed but in Egypt this was a temporary success and failed at the end? Comparing the international structure of time and familiarity withe the how of using failure of egyption agent failure is great importance white is the main focus of this study analysis.In this research, we are trying to explain how the agents of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, such as leadership, social forces and the army, were able to stabilize their political system in front of the international structure, but this success was not achieved in Egypt.

The basic question of This article is what kind of problems or limitations are in the face of employment the efficient agents in different subject areas based on the second step of the Islamic Revolution statement? and how can reduce these limitations and preserve the discursive principles at the same time? To answer the question, using causal layer analysis methodology, efficient agent indexes in four levels of literal, contextual, discursive and metaphorical are analyzed with critical approach and by explaining the interconnected aberrations in layers, facilitator requirements at each level are extracted for the revolution second step.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the leaders of the Revolution established institutions for the maintenance, consolidation and continuation of the Islamic Revolution due to the lack of their confidence in the structures of the former system. Their aim was to reject rival ideologies, to propagate the ideology of the Islamic Revolution in a sustainable manner and to fight against internal and external counter-revolutionary forces. One of these institutions is Basij Mostazafan (Mobilization), which was formed following the decree of Imam Khomeini on November 26, 1979. Given that the institutions are the output of the coordination between structures and agents, the institution of Basij is the convergence of structured contexts and social actors. Therefore, the main question of the present research is what are the structural backgrounds and effective factors influencing the formation of the mobilization institution? By using structural theory and document analysis method, the authors conclude that the Iranian mobilization (Basij) was formed as a result of co-operation in the fields of security, politics, culture, society and economy as well as activists such as the the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), revolutionary subgroups and characters such as Imam Khomeini, Javad Mansouri, Amir Majd, and other indirect actions of the leaders and the institutions of the Revolution.

 Nation-states employ different tools for establishing international and geopolitical relations. Public Diplomacy (PD), as an important tool, plays a decisive role in creating an appropriate national image and correcting misunderstandings and/or negative images of a nation in the minds of “others”. Moreover, it can help advance the cultural and political goals of a nation-state in different parts of the globe, counter international threats, and provide national security. Functioning as a cultural action and an efficient tool, translation can play a significant role in achieving public diplomacy goals. The study presented in this paper defines and elaborates the concept of Translation Diplomacy (TD) as a very influential sub-category of public diplomacy. It evaluates not only the performance of Iranian state organizations and actors involved in developing, dictating, enforcing and implementing the policies of the Iranian TD abroad from 1997 to 2013 but also the consequences of the activities employing mixed-method research. To this end, a questionnaire was developed based on the theoretical concepts derived from the current literature in translation studies and PD and the propositions derived from exclusive interviews done with relevant figures in the field. The questionnaire was validated and then administered among some 50 Iranian cultural diplomats to have their opinion regarding the topic of the study, providing a basis for elaborating the concept of TD thereof. The results of the study indicate that TD can be very helpful in correcting negative perceptions of foreign publics and creating positive images of TD practitioners and their culture.

In order to reduce the error of the brokers and improve the quality of the operation and improve the reliability coefficient in the good performing of tasks in various contemporary societies, the utility of supervision, review and accountability of brokers has been proven. In this regard, the main question is why people have a right to oversee the functions of their government and their agents, and if they are criticized and protested, they will express it and change things. What is the point of view of the jurisprudence? The author of this research, by referring to some related sources, verses from the Quran, and narrations from the Infallibles (as) and thinkers ... and by citation and analysis, outlines how to monitor and review the performance of agents by the citizens, and to this It has been concluded that this method, if provided in accordance with jurisprudence, is called to bring more efficiency to the Islamic system. And can play a more important role in presenting the pattern of the Shi'a Islamic system.

Religious democracy is among contemporary concepts coined by Iranian society in the encounter with the serious and effective fault-line of tradition-modernity. In fact, this concept is the longstanding demand of the Iranian subject for the combination of tradition and religion, on the one hand, and, contemporaneousness and demand of the people, on the other hand. Religious democracy is the intellectual innovation of Iranian subject for the renovation or transition from this fault-line. The issues related to this combination have preoccupied the mind of the Iranian subject for about two centuries and are still on the anvil. It seems that with the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the collapse of the authoritarian regime and establishment of the Islamic Republic, parts of this longstanding demand were materialized. But, its stabilization and consolidation has not occurred yet and has faced certain challenges. Some thinkers opine that the reason for the lack of stabilization is structural, while others consider the agents responsible for this issue. Attempts have been made in this article to study these challenges through Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theory and method. The hypothesis of this research is that the main challenge in stabilization of religious democracy more than being related to the lack of economic and political structures, or the reasons connected to agents and policymaking of the social elites, pertains to the cognitive-perceptive realm of a discourse. In other words, religious democracy, as one of the central signifiers of the discourse of the Islamic Republic, is still in the stage of finding the signified. This lack of signified hegemony will also cause bewilderment in the realm of structure and agent.

The author intends to offer an epistemological understanding of terrorism in the West Asia from the social constructivist theory point of view. The author argues that terrorism is a historical, social, economic and cultural phenomenon rather than a political and criminal phenomenon. And it is driven from modernity and affected by its foundations and agencies and therefore it has a weak attachment to the pre-modernity age. In fact, terrorism has a connotation that belongs to modernity and grown-up from it's foundations. However, it is not a passive meaning against the set is chapter but it's connotation paves the way to strengthen that phenomenon. The constructive relationship between the structure and agency in creation of terrorism is a continuous one and Knack of that meaning prevents terrorism to a marriage.

About effecting factors on the genesis and persistence of certain political rationality in a society, social theories have been based on two types of contrasts on two levels: Conflict of culture and economy and conflict of structure and agent. At the first level, Marx's approach emphasizes on the economic supremacy and Weberian approach on the supremacy of culture. At the second level, structuralists emphasis on determination of structure and voluntarist insist on the determination of agents. Giddens Structuration theory is an attempt to cross the confrontation between structure and agent and emphasis on the dialectical relationship between them. In this paper, these approaches are explained and then, "double dialectic" approach has been suggested that in which Economic-Marxian perspective and Weberian culturalist approach combined with elements of the Giddens Structuration theory. Thus, in order to study the genesis and continuation of a political rationality in a society, one should avoid one-sided emphasis on the economy or culture and structure or agent. Locomotive of society is composed of two wheels of economy and culture, politics is the engine, and the agent is driver of this locomotive. So, in this article, instead of confrontation approach, two overlapping dialectic discussed: a) the dialectic of structure-agent; b) the dialectic between cultural, economic and political structures, with the mediation of the agent.

Assessment of impact on the foreign relations is one of the critical issues for policy makers. The government's ability to understand the needs of the structure of international system depending. Understanding the foreign policy of Iran and Turkey leading an opportunity for understanding the challenges and complexities of international crises and how to confront with it. Comparative Comparison of foreign relations will be possible to predict many international affairs. Research question would be, shaping the foreign policy of Iran and Turkey in international crises and challenges how will shape? Such the hypothetical answer will be different actions of the governments of Iran and Turkey to the international crisis caused by the Construction of the complex (domestic and foreign) policy combined with the Behavioral complexity of policy makers.