consequentialism

Politics, like other human phenomena, is based on theoretical foundations. In its paradigm of faith, political theory is based on the obligation-centered principle. The current research is an attempt, based on the intellectual system of the contemporary political thinker, ʿAllāmeh Muhammad Taqi Miṣbāh Yazdi, to analyze the aforementioned principle after clarifying its concept and to illuminate its relationship with “consequentialism” in his thought. The findings of this descriptive-analytical research suggest that although, according to the theory of ‘necessity by analogy’ in the philosophy of values, consequentialism should be considered the correct theory in faithful politics, the consideration of the duality of outcomes and their non-exclusivity in material and superficial results, the inadequacy of mere activism of the political agent for achieving results, and limitations in human understanding of all outcomes, interests, and real benefits and harms, hint that there is no contradiction between consequentialism and obligation-centered principle. Therefore, it can be concluded that the statements of the two Grand Leaders of the Islamic revolution, Imam Khomeini, and Imam Khamenei, regarding duty-centred principle are not only compatible with the philosophical principle of consequentialism but are evaluated in line with this principle. Consequently, a faithful politician should first and foremst correctly identify duties, and, free from any pressure or political motives, pivot around the truth based on legal proof, and act according to obligation (duty) to promote real interests associated with it.

Punishment as a social reaction is accompanied by the deliberate imposition of suffering, destruction or loss of dignity and deprivation of the rights of individuals. For this reason, the application of such a reaction requires a proper explanation and justification. Among them, the theory of punishment of moral baroque behavior has been considered as one of the oldest claimants of justification of punishment. But in a significant part of the twentieth century, this idea was considered a retrograde and abandoned idea by criminologists, criminologists and philosophers of criminal law. But the last decades of the twentieth century are the time of the resurrection of the punitive paradigm, so that many critics of this thought became serious supporters of it. This article seeks to explore the reasons for its pros and cons while exploring the reasons for the enthusiastic acceptance of experts in the field of criminal justice. It should be said that criminal law is based on principles and mechanisms that are based on the principles and components of policy. Criminal is the legal, economic and political foundations, each of which can play an important role in the legislative process and Godard and ultimately achieve the goal of the criminal justice system is the establishment of justice.

This article proposes a new account of justice under the theory of global and self-sufficient moral value of justice. The main problem is that some formulations of social justice end up in reductionism, and by focusing on the pragmatic dimension of justice and neglecting its fundamental aspects, they lead to a confusion in understanding justice. My account enumerates the flaws of the narrow reductionist approaches to justice and the grand of its value and requirement, emphasizing the need for an acknowledgement of fundamental issues of justice in an account of social justice to establish that the moral value of justice is global and justice is intrinsic and self-sufficient. This article refines the three tenets of this theory; that is, the conceptual tenet, the axiological tenet, and the thematic tenet, considering its implications. The results of this research can pave the path for the formulation of a grand theory of social justice.

Human catastrophes, repeated human rights violations have shown the superiority of the interests of governments. This created tension in the nature of the concept of sovereignty. Sovereignty in the realistic view is still in place. Absolute sovereignty does not mean taking any decision to implement and implement them. This idea is a consequence that shows that governments are not unrestricted in their decisions. The conflict between rights and sovereignty can be resolved on the basis of ethics. In this approach, the author seeks to determine the place of ethics and ethical mechanisms in government decisions. Efforts to separate morality from political decisions have led to irreparable catastrophes. This is not to say that paying attention to the idea of ​​morality alone is the only solution to prevent the recurrence of human rights violations, but rather to show the importance of the idea of ​​morality in government decisions. Ethics is not out of politics and its decisions, but taking it into account and making it important will produce better results. Moral consequentialism shows that sovereignty has retained its absoluteness in essence, but as a result and in practice this limitation is based on the moral view that governs the decisions of governments.

The question of the relation between the concept of "right" and "good" and the precedence of each about another has been one of the important issues of normative ethics. Since the fundamental issues of ethics are not restricted to the personal ethics and the responses to them will be applied in political thoughts, the question of this essay has led to intellectual trends and prescriptions in political thought, especially justice studies. Studying some important western opinions and theories of justice from antiquity to the present by a descriptive-analytical method, the essay is supposed to illustrate that the thinkers ,whether they have faced the question of Right and good as a direct problem, have always tended to one side of the dilemma (right and good) and their attitude toward the dilemma had a central role in the formation of their opinions about justice.

The study tries to find an answer to the question that “what is the status of duty-oriented ethics in Imam Khomeini’s political thought?” To meet the goals of the study, the dimensions of duty-oriented ethics, the components of performing duty and the relation between duty and result in Imam Khomeini’s political thought were discussed by applying an analytico-descriptive method. The results of the study imply that duty-oriented ethics has been the main factor of Imam’s political thought in both fields of theory and practice. However, the main point of the study is about the relation between duty and result that has been clarified within the process of the study that Imam’s duty-oriented ethics does not imply being ignorant of the result though in imam’s political thought, the principle is fulfillment of the duty and the results lies in the heart of the fulfillment of the duty.