corruption

The aim of the current research is to present a local model for preventing corruption in the public sector of Iran. According to the national health system's view, reforming public administration is considered one of the pillars of preventing corruption. However, reforming public administration alone cannot eradicate corruption in Iran. The research is exploratory in terms of its fundamental purpose and qualitative method. The method of collecting field data and the tool of collecting information was unstructured interviews, which were conducted purposefully and until theoretical saturation, 16 interviews with experts in the field (university professors, religious experts, managers and human resources experts) and Data analysis was done through three methods of open coding, axial coding and selective coding using MAXQDA2020 software. During the process of open coding (530 codes), axial (49 codes), and selective (15 codes) were extracted. Then, CVR, CVI, and retest reliability were used to determine the validity and reliability of the model's categories and components.According to the findings, the proposed indigenous model can be significant in preventing corruption in the public sector of Iran. the findings of the research were obtained based on local indicators and were appropriate to the structure and culture of the country.

Conflict of interest is a condition in which a person is influenced by personal interests in a situation between choosing primary (organizational) interests and secondary (personal) interests. Conflict of interest is a concept that is necessary to understand correctly in any field; because understanding this concept and its examples paves the way for its correct management. One of the important institutions in urban management that faces many conflicts of interest is the municipalities and Islamic city councils; because municipalities and urban management have more favorable conditions for being in a conflict of interest situation due to the huge and significant resources they have. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the main question of what are the dimensions and scope of the conflict of interest debate in urban management and municipalities? The findings of this study, while assuming conflict of interest in the field of urban management, indicate that the lack of conflict of interest management in current laws, inadequacy, vacuum, lack of transparency, ambiguity, generality of current laws, lack of enforcement guarantees of some laws, and lack of accurate performance of supervisory duties by relevant supervisory institutions are the main and legal factors of this conflict in the field of urban management and municipalities.

Local councils are among the oldest institutions in local governance worldwide. As the world accelerates toward becoming more systematized, the existence of such institutions is essential for the progress and development of societies. Therefore, the presence of such bodies in the legal system of any country can be seen as a mechanism for establishing and enhancing democracy worldwide. According to the law on councils, no authority has been granted to this urban parliament, except for managing the municipality, which is limited to minimal urban domains. Moreover, although the election of councils is foreseen by law, it contains fundamental flaws. In each term, councils across the country have faced dissolution due to widespread violations. This issue raises concerns regarding the supervision of councils and warrants further investigation and critique. In this regard, the main issues surrounding councils that fall within the scope of this paper are: (A) legal solutions, (B) council performance, and (C) urban law. Conducting this research may help avoid trial and error in addressing these issues.

The research methodology of this study is descriptive-analytical. This research is typically conducted in a library-based and theoretical format, with information gathered through tools such as note-taking, tables, etc. It is also classified as qualitative research. In this type of research, documents, records, writings, and works serve as data sources, and through their collection, classification, evaluation, comparison, and analysis, the researcher can uncover unknown aspects and evaluate the proposed hypothesis. The information collection method, given the nature of the research, is library-based. Therefore, the required data for the research will be collected by referring to library sources, including books, scientific-research articles, available journals, documents, and publications.

Strategies for Preventing Corruption in Councils and Municipalities

Reforming the Municipal Structure:

According to the strategic document on combating corruption in municipalities, outdated laws, a defective organizational culture, and the organizational structure are among the most critical bottlenecks for corruption in municipalities. Reforming the municipal structure is one of the ways to fight corruption. Strengthening the position of the city council and restructuring the governance model as one of the anti-corruption strategies can be considered for improving the structure of municipalities. Streamlining the municipality, reforming processes, improving methods, and systematizing them, establishing uniform procedures, and implementing unified urban management can be regarded as crucial components of the overarching administrative and managerial structural reforms.

Cultural Strategies:

Cultural strategies are another way to reduce corruption in municipalities. Training personnel and managers is among the most critical activities in this area. Although Tehran Municipality has made efforts in this regard, organizing several anti-corruption training courses for its employees, more can be done. Familiarizing citizens with their rights, understanding corruption and its manifestations, and learning about reporting methods can lead to cultural shifts that reduce corruption and promote health in municipal affairs.One of the globally tested and effective strategies is e-government. Naturally, the more we move towards electronicizing transactions and financial matters, and replacing face-to-face interactions between municipal employees and clients or contractors with electronic systems, the more corruption will be reduced. Some experts also believe that the laws governing municipalities facilitate corruption. Therefore, a thorough review of municipal laws is required to identify which sections of the law are problematic. Since the inception of the "baladieh" system, municipalities have had numerous regulations across various domains, all of which need to be scrutinized.

Clarifying Laws:

Some experts argue that municipal laws and regulations are often ambiguous. These ambiguities must be resolved. Another issue is the complexity of the laws, with numerous abrogated and conflicting provisions. There is an overwhelming number of laws, and anyone can exploit these laws to solve problems at their discretion. In short, the municipality suffers from a multiplicity of laws and regulations, which requires serious and thorough expert analysis.

Urban management, particularly at the local level, embodied in councils and municipalities, which are the first link in the chain of urban management and interact directly with citizens, is inherently entangled with the issue of rent-seeking. This can be observed in various dimensions, and its outcomes predominantly have adverse effects on the city, urban space, and urban life. With the passing of the municipal self-sufficiency law, without considering alternative sources of government aid, this public institution faced two options for compensating its costs: imposing taxes and fees or granting rent-seeking permits for land and urban activities. To promote transparency in council laws, expand the responsibilities of councils to include executive and managerial roles, enhance the tradition of democracy and participatory engagement within society, provide legal and regulatory frameworks to encourage public participation, shift the government and state organizations' roles from ruling to facilitating and supervising in the process of urban planning and management, implement integrated urban management, and establish councils as independent bodies, the following are essential recommendations.

Conflict of interest is the conflict between the duties and responsibilities of a person in relation to the process of examining the private, professional, commercial or public interests of that person. Managing conflict of interest is one of the methods of preventing corruption, increasing transparency, efficiency, accountability and public trust in the government. The conflict between personal interests and public interests is something that most government officials face; Therefore, it must be properly managed, otherwise it can lead to corruption. The purpose of this research is to investigate the policy of the Canadian government in the field of conflict of interest, which has been studied in the period of 2016-2023 in the government of Justin Trudeau. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of research method, and in terms of the purpose of The type of research is applied and based on library research and review of documents and records. The review of the trends presented in the annual conflict of interest reports showed that, according to the policies adopted by Justin Trudeau's government in 2015, the codes and indicators presented in the studied time frame, the reduction of the conflict of interest in several sectors, including ethical norms, It has shown social and value that the performance of this structure has been well objectified in the performance of government officials.

Crimes related to corruption in Iran's legal system are only directed at the public sector and are not criminalized in the private sector, which has a great role in their legal security in the international system. Accordingly, in this research, the necessity of criminalizing corruption in the private sector with emphasis on its role on legal security in the international system is presented as a goal.This research was done in a descriptive-analytical way and the required information was collected using the library method and the information was categorized and analyzed.As a result of the research, it can be said that criminalization, as an important issue in criminal law and providing legal security in the international system, is the result of certain justifications. Legal causes such as important factors of corruption in the private sector, and the against it requires the development of the realm of criminal law in this area. Examples justifying the necessity of criminalizing corruption in the private sector play an important role in providing legal security in the international system (such as the stability of the legal system and ensuring permanent protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens).

Corruption means the misuse of public and government resources in line with individual goals in an illegal manner. In line to this definition, the main goal of the research is to study the factors affecting the occurrence of corruption, using  a inductive and qualitative meta-synthesis method in the period from 1996 to 2013. Therefore, with non-probability (deliberate) sampling of 96 scientific documents (extracted from Noormags, Magiran and Irandoc) and after screening, 43 cases were selected as the sample size by deliberate-non-probability method and entered the analysis phase with Excell software and They became MAXQDA 2022. The results show that in Iran, moral anomie (weakness of moral values of society, weakness of religious affiliations and weakness of organizational ethics), cultural anomie (inappropriate cultural adaptability; anti-values lifestyle and cultural abnormality); Social anomie (malfunctioning of social capital; social discrimination; malfunctioning of social institutions and prevalence of social abnormality); Anomie of social control (crisis of formal and informal control system); Organizational-institutional anomie (organizational bias; organizational discrimination; weak organizational governance and administrative dysfunction); Educational anomie (weakness of social media; low information literacy and educational dysfunction); Economic anomie (economic instability; economic pressures and discrimination and business climate crisis) and political anomie (weakness of political governance; malfunctioning of political institutions and political deviations) have been effective in the tendency to corruption.

This study seeks to explain the effect of corruption on innovation in current scientific sources and conceptualizes the components and aspects of the effects of corruption on innovation for future research in this field.In this research, a meta-Synthesis method with qualitative content analysis strategy was used in the research-documentary framework, and by applying systematic review and qualitative meta-Synthesis approach, the results and findings of previous researchers were analyzed, and a conceptual model of the effects of corruption on innovation was presented.Based on the coding, the effective factors in the direction of the effects of corruption on innovation were analyzed and categorized into 44 main categories and 2 core codes. The positive consequences of corruption on innovation include 23 factors and its negative consequences include 21 factors. The results show that corruption in countries affects innovation and economic growth. The direction of these effects is sometimes positive and negative, but in the long run, this effect is negative.

The concept of corruption is one of the concepts that has always been considered as a violation or deviation from social and divine laws and order. This issue is so key that it can be said that the law was formed both on the opposite side of corruption and around it. The emphasis on establishing and promoting a nationwide and universal law in the hope of avoiding any type of corruption is considered the historical and political basis of all legislations. Based on this, the basic laws and upper documents in the government of modern nations have been formed to minimize or completely eliminate corruption and are always updated according to the new forms of corruption. The frequency of concepts and examples of corruption in these laws shows the level and intensity of governments' treatment of laws in every government and society, which can be considered as a political comparison in reducing corruption and promoting the culture of development and peace, especially today. In this research, the policies to reduce the level of corruption contained in the upstream documents have been examined in accordance with the components of positive peace. The data of this research have been extracted and analyzed by qualitative content analysis method. The findings show that the relevant policies have positive characteristics, such as building values and lofty concepts, dealing with corruption, preventing the abuse of opportunities; And in some cases, the negative characteristics of codified policies, such as generality, vagueness,.....

The public mentality regarding the level of corruption in Iran is expanding and there is a clear difference between people's perception and what is happening in the society, the current research was qualitative approach based on data-oriented theorizing and by using the in-depth interview technique with 15 general managers of the inspection and supervision of the country's executive bodies. 13 men and 2 women) were interviewed. The sampling method was purposeful and based on theoretical saturation. The text of the interviews was coded using MAXQDA10 qualitative data analysis software and the results of open and central coding led to the identification of 99 concepts and 19 central categories, which is influenced by causal conditions (numerous disclosures; lack of circulation of elites; lack of rule of law; media, satellite and social networks) and in addition to intervening conditions (activist, structure) and background conditions (gender, socio-economic base) affect the construction of the mentality of corruption and political instability in society, which results in provoking public anger towards injustice and the spread of rent; lack of society's cooperation with the government; turning the supporters of the Islamic Republic into protestors; Frustration of the police department due to the corruption of some officials; spread of civil disorder in administrative spaces; the demand for authoritarianism and its historical revision; Believability of the society towards the concept of blockage and change; Institutional mistrust in the government structure has led to the spread of corruption, which has jeopardized the country's political stability.

Bureaucratic health and the fight against corruption is a vital issue in many developing countries, including Iran. The bedrock of corruption is the administration of government affairs and in the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Trade, due to its role in the country's economic system, the existence of bureaucratic health and knowledge of the factors affecting it is important. Therefore, the main purpose is to study the factors affecting bureaucratic health and all employees and managers of this ministry as a statistical population (1100 people). The sample size was 285 people and simple random sampling method was used. Data analysis was performed in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics from of SPSS 23 software. As a result of research, that the most important factors affecting administrative health that lead to reducing corruption in the mining sector of the Ministry mentioned are: efficient supervision, meritocracy in appointments, staff accountability, organizational justice, organizational trust, satisfaction Job, Employees 'organizational commitment, Existence of fair reward and punishment system, Employees' livelihood, Lack of accountability to exploiters. these factors explain a total of 21.4% of the dependent variable, (bureaucratic health), At Overall the effectiveness of these factors in increasing bureaucratic health and reducing corruption is 21.4%, which should be considered by Officials and planners, be placed in this area.

One of the most important challenges in the field of economic law is the issue of corruption of government officials. Abuse of government power for personal gain is an event that is common in the administrative and political systems of different countries. Financial corruption with its various dimensions exists in all countries (more or less). Our country is also struggling with this problem and attention has been focused on this issue and the need to fight it for some time.. Financial corruption is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes and effects, which is raised in various cultural, political and economic dimensions and requires specific combat solutions. Among the most important of these factors is the deprivation of economic freedom, which through the excessive interference of the government and related institutions, creates the basis for the spread of financial corruption of government officials at the micro and macro levels. In the present research, with the descriptive and analytical research method of the theoretical materials and considering the purpose of the research is to investigate the solutions to fight against the financial corruption of government officials in Iranian law, as a result, like progressive countries with the rule of law in the country's financial system, discipline created finance so that corruption can be dealt with under the protection of rules and transparency created by the law. There are serious and effective measures to fight the problem of financial corruption; Hiring and employing competent people, appointing and promoting jobs according to certain criteria, reporting to the public, monitoring the property and assets of government officials, are among the most important measures that are taken in many legal systems in order to deal with financial corruption. , has been used, which if these actions are done correctly, will leave concrete and effective results in the fight against financial corruption.

The present study aims to answer this question, what are the themes of dealing with corruption in Iran's administrative system, and in this regard, seven documents related to the issue of corruption in Iran were identified, and the researcher, by carefully examining and studying these documents, first counted the related concepts and the integration of concepts that had a common semantic load, paid attention to the explanation of the main themes and then the organizing and inclusive themes. The current research is fundamental in terms of its purpose, in terms of the method of qualitative research, which can be included in interpretive research, and in terms of strategy, thematic analysis method was used, and the method of data collection was through the study and review of documents. Based on the findings of the research, the number of 52 concepts, 18 main themes, 13 organizing themes and 7 comprehensive themes regarding the fight against corruption were explained and then the network of themes that shows the relationship between the fundamental concept on which the research is based and the inclusive and organizing themes, was designed.

Good governance is a successful model for public institutions, and the efficiency of the political system is one of its characteristics, which includes the interaction of public institutions related to the affairs of citizens. The existence of corruption disrupts this interaction and the inefficiency of the political system and is a serious obstacle to development, democracy and good governance. In this regard, the main question of the present study is what are the main obstacles to the realization of good governance in the fight against corruption in the city of Galikesh? . The research methodology is based on a descriptive-analytical approach. The required data were collected through field research and completing a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software and evaluation of variables using Likert scale based on Friedman test. The statistical population included employees of government departments in Galikesh city, which was completed with a sample size of 103 questionnaires. Findings indicate that the variables of accountability with a score of 1.83, participation with a score of 2.53, rule of law with a score of 2.63, transparency with a score of 3.00 are in the last place and 76% of employees believe in good governance in Galikesh. It is not in a good position and to address it, accountability, participation, the rule of law and transparency must be prioritized, respectively. In other words, by strengthening the civil society dimension, a new paradigm in the fight against corruption can be achieved.

The statistics provided on the phenomenon of money laundering and corruption and corruption as an important threat to societies, show that the situation in Iran in terms of money laundering control and prevention of corruption is unfavorable. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of money laundering on corruption in the governorate of West Azerbaijan. This research is a descriptive and survey research in terms of applied purpose and nature and method. The statistical population in this study is: the staff of the West Azerbaijan province and 148 people as a statistical sample, through Morgan table and by simple random sampling method was selected. In this study, standard questionnaires related to variables were used to collect data and measure research variables. In order to analyze the data, in the context of inferential statistics using SPSS software, and to test the hypotheses, Kolmogorf-Smirnov, Pearson r and regression tests were used. The results of the test showed research hypotheses; Money laundering has a positive and significant effect on corruption. also; Money laundering has a significant and positive effect on bribery, embezzlement, partisanship and nepotism as one of the dimensions of corruption. Finally, proposals were made to combat money laundering and corruption

Review:In order to achieve administrative health and organizational effectiveness and in order to prevent violations, sports organizations have used intelligent systems, using information technologies. The purpose of this study was to present a conceptual model of the effectiveness of information and communication technology on the corruption paradigm in all departments of sports and youth. The research method was correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees (1023). Data were collected using standard questionnaires of information and communication technology (Maki, 2015) with an alpha of 0.95 and a questionnaire of corruption (Goodarzi, 2007) with an alpha of 0.86. The statistical sample size using Cochran's formula was 278. The sampling method was cluster random. Data analysis was performed using correlation coefficient and stepwise regression using 22spss software. The results of correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant relationship between information technology (P = 0.001, r = -0.19) and communication (P = 0.001, r = -0.22) with reducing corruption at the level of 0.099 confidence. There is. The results of stepwise regression showed that the variables of information and communication technology (p = 0.001 and Beta = 0.22) have a significant relationship with the scores of reducing corruption. The results of ANOVA analysis showed that the significance level of IT score (F = 14.05 p = 0.001) was more than 0.05. Therefore, the use of technology systems in the general departments of sports and youth of the country is recommended.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Iranian professional auditors' perceptions of their personal and behavioral responsibility on warning about corruption in auditing firms. The need for individual and behavioral responsibility in the organization is such that many organizations have invested heavily in training and strengthening accountability. The present research is of descriptive-survey type and time domain of 2016. The sample consisted of 330 respondents from auditors working in auditing firms, members of the Society of Certified Public Accountants and the auditing organization. To test the research hypotheses, the probability value (T-value) obtained from the model fit in the meaning of the parameters was used using SPSS and AMOS software. Findings showed that Iranian professional auditors' perception of individual responsibility and the consequences of questionable action have a significant effect. In other words, the findings show that Iranian professional auditors' perception of individual responsibility for reporting, Iranian professional auditors' perception of related costs According to the report, the perception of Iranian professional auditors of the consequences of questionable action has a significant effect on the warning of professional auditors in Iran.

Corruption is one of the most important vulnerabilities of countries that strongly affects the durability and consistency of government, the quality and manner of government and governance. When corruption in the state spreads, the relations between the government and the society or the state and the nation are shaken, the legitimacy of the state is weakened and its acceptance among its citizens decreases. Corruption occurs at the micro and macro levels. The former affects high levels of government and leaders to erode good governance, the rule of law, and economic stability, as well as the overall state of government, and fosters government fragility, while the latter affects bribery in exchanges for better services, benefits, or hiring friends. Related to reliable jobs. The purpose of this study was to identify the causes of government fragility and to understand the most important areas active in the field of corruption in the country and to investigate and find the reasons for the increase in corruption in Iran in the ninth and tenth governments and whether the conditions and characteristics of a fragile government in Iran are visible. And if approved, how much the fragility of the government has been affected by this issue. In writing the article, a descriptive-analytical method is used and the hypothesis of the article is that the increase of corruption in the studied periods; It has intensified the fragility of the government.

Corruption of contracts in society creates adverse effects, deep class differences. Corruption of the contract causes the loss of the party who, relying on the validity of the contract, incurs costs and lays the foundation stone of his trust in the contract, which is ultimately annulled. In the relationship between the parties, there is no doubt about the return of the same property to the corrupt contract, and since the invalidity has no legal effect and no ownership is created, the status should be restored to its previous state and the pre-contract status should be revoked. . This is because the parties to the contract may have waived costs or opportunities in concluding it. In the case of financial corruption of the contract, all these cases are considered as damages, because the party to whom the cause of the corruption is attributed and nevertheless enters into the contract, is guilty and should be held responsible for compensating such damages. In this regard, contract corruption is an executive guarantee to advance the goals of society towards proper legal relations. Under UK law, a contract may be declared void and ineffective. This invalidity in terms of creation, such as contracts that are contrary to public order, morality, good and illegitimate, has many similarities with Iranian law. Regarding the status of the contract in English law