economic corruption

Drawing inspiration from the teachings and conduct of Imam Ali (peacebe upon him) can correct the course of future planning and guide it in the right direction. Examining his governance during the short period of his caliphate reveals strategies for combating administrative and economic corruption. Imam Ali (peace be upon him) adopted strategies such as prevention, oversight, deterrent punishments, and measures including promoting a culture of contentment and simplicity, selecting qualified and specialised individuals for governmental positions, ensuring transparency in government operations, conducting thorough and comprehensive oversight of economic managers’ functions and duties, equitable distribution of wealth and resources, direct and indirect supervision of officials, encouraging and promoting public oversight, establishing laws and regulations that align punishments with crimes, expediting the handling of corruption cases, and decisively enforcing the sentences against corrupt individuals. These strategies significantly countered corruption. By comparing these strategies with existing anti-corruption programmes in the country, it can be concluded that current programmes face challenges such as a lack of fairness in dealings and insufficient punishments. These challenges have been exacerbated by the implementation of certain liberal policies. This study, drawing upon a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to find a suitable model for combating corruption within the Islamic government.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the requirements and challenges of fighting economic corruption in the governing bodies based on the views of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution.

The current research method is a descriptive-analytical method and a review of library documents and texts.

The findings of the research showed that the most important causes of economic corruption in the public sector are related to government enterprises in the economy and include trade restrictions, industrial subsidies, price controls, multiple exchange rates, low wages in government services, commercial, and reserves of natural resources such as oil. Economic corruption causes a decrease in investment and slow economic growth and ultimately causes the failure of economic development goals in the country. Tax revenues will decrease and the quality of economic infrastructure and public services will decrease.

The most basic policies to combat economic corruption and economic reforms include creating institutions for this purpose, increasing public sector wages, reducing the size of the government in the economy, accurate financial auditing, independence of mass communication media, independence of the judiciary, citizen participation, decentralization. And it is the reform of the society's culture that can create dynamism in the country's economy and ultimately cause growth and prosperity in the national economy.

Corruption is an organizational phenomenon that causes a crisis in the development and progress of governments. Economic corruption facilitates the occurrence of other crimes and is exacerbated by sanctions and economic warfare. The Judiciary Transformation Document has 37 Parts (one main introduction, one introduction and four chapters) which was approved by the Head of the Judiciary on 20/12/2020.Strategy is a way of thinking and a way of thinking and its purpose is to organize and formulate, its main elements are goals, methods, tools or resources. Given that one of the missions of the judiciary is to prevent crime and corruption. Are we looking to study the role and impact of the document on the transformation of the judiciary in preventing economic corruption? What are the strategies and strategies to fight economic corruption? Methods The article is descriptive and has been written in the library using articles, dissertations, laws and orders of the Supreme Leader. Judicial transformation document as an upstream judicial document by using legal capacities and paying attention to justice and avoiding discrimination between individuals in dealing with and punishing corrupt people can be very effective in reducing economic corruption. The strategies and conceivable strategies in preventing economic corruption are as follows: A: Transparency in declaring the assets of officials, B: Decisive and convincing treatment of corrupters and economic criminals, C: Using the successful experiences of successful countries D: Using experienced judges, experts E: Decisive and prompt investigation.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the judiciary in Iran has experienced changes. Compiled pathology and judicial transformation document. The Supreme Leader considers a strong economy as a prerequisite for the soundness of an economic system. How is the fight against corruption looking to the future? The method is done as a historical research process, and by reading books, articles, laws. The results show that by intelligently utilizing future research knowledge provides the opportunity to consciously predict the changing waves of crime and corruption, then scenarios and methods can be drawn to prevent and fight crime and corruption that may have many victims. Future research creates this capability. Before crime and corruption occur, the judiciary can anticipate it sooner by upgrading its capabilities and using new technology and facilities, and take the necessary action to combat or prevent it, so as not to be surprised .

Economic corruption is one of the serious problems of countries and even international organizations. Undoubtedly, the fight against this corruption is very important. High inflation, disorganized market, devaluation, closure of factories and severe fluctuations in the foreign exchange market, etc. It is the consequences of economic crimes and the Iranian legislature has tried to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of economic corruption and prevent and punish the perpetrators of these crimes by passing various laws. Numerous political, political, cultural and social factors are effective in the occurrence of these crimes. Their high benefit, intelligence of perpetrators, lack of foresight of regulatory mechanisms, dependence on power and influence are other factors affecting the occurrence of economic corruption. Iran's criminal policy in dealing with these crimes faces several challenges. Numerous legislative authorities, lack of clarity in the concept of economic corruption, lack of clear rules regarding these crimes and ..... are some of the challenges of Iran's criminal policy in the fight against economic corruption. In this study, which was conducted analytically and descriptively Factors influencing the occurrence of economic corruption and challenges Iran's criminal record in the fight against economic crimes will be examined and finally suggestions will be made.

Corruption is one of the organizational phenomena that causes a crisis in the development process of governments. Economic corruption tends to concentrate wealth, facilitate other crimes, and intensify in the face of sanctions and economic warfare.The 37-article Judicial Transformation Document was approved by the Head of the Judiciary on 20/12/2020, in which he stated the challenges and strategies, one of the main foundations of the return of the judiciary to the main mission mentioned in the Constitution, the most important of which is crime and corruption prevention. The Supreme Leader of the Revolution considers the priority of fighting corruption to be from within the judiciary. The statement of the second step of the Islamic revolution, on 22/11/2017, made recommendations in seven axes, the third and fourth axes to economic issues; In this research, the question is, what is the role and effect of the judicial reform document in preventing economic corruption? What are the solutions and strategies to fight economic corruption in the second step of the revolution? The method of carrying out the research is descriptive and analytical, and library and document methods were used to collect the data. Corruptors can be very effective in reducing economic corruption. The findings of the research show that the conceivable solutions and strategies in the direction of prevention are: a. Transparency in declaring the assets of those in charge, b. Decisive and firm dealing with corruptors and economic criminals, d. Strengthening and increasing special economic courts, and e. Using the experienced  expert judges.

Economic corruption have existed for countries has caused pessimism in public opinion and dissatisfaction. With preventive measures and making financial information available to the public and creating transparency . In the judicial policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, special emphasis is placed on prevention and transparency, a part of which is included in the reform document, among others, one can refer to the characteristics of judges ... The announcement of Iran's Islamic Revolution facing economic war and sanctions by the enemy as a short-term tactic and a long-term strategy of the country's economic system by the supreme leader of the revolution has added to the importance of this research. This research aims to examine the judicial policy of the Islamic Republic in the face of the threat of economic corruption, focusing on prevention and transparency. The method of conducting research is in the form of library, documents, and by reviewing books, researches, dissertations, and related articles. The main question is, what is the effect of judicial policy transparency-prevention of economic corruption? The results of the research show that by using economic corruption and the threats it creates for the country can be reduced to a large extent.

Given the current state of the country's economy and the serious need for operational planning to combat economic corruption, it is necessary to take effective practical steps to combat economic corruption by identifying the root causes of economic corruption and leveling these factors.In this article, which is the result of an operational and strategic research in the field of identifying the factors affecting economic corruption and their leveling; First, we identify the causes of economic corruption and then according to the opinions of experts and using the analytical-structural modeling (ISM) approach, which is one of the most widely used research methods in soft operations; We have leveled and modeled these factors to help policymakers and managers of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the fight against economic corruption as one of the main security threats to the Islamic Republic of Iran.The results of structural-interpretive modeling show the components of "instability in the country's economic system", "inefficiency of anti-corruption laws", "existence of monopolies in the economy" and "institutionalization of oil-based economy" in There are independent criteria that are the key factors influencing the formation of economic corruption in Iran.

The purpose of this article is to combat economic corruption in the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the status of enforcement of collateral. Today, tackling all kinds of economic corruption is one of the undeniable necessities of human life. In the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the issue of combating economic corruption is one of the basic necessities of the country's legal system. Hence, various rules have been envisaged in this field, one of which is the right of collateral. The main question of the research is that, in the legal system c. ا. What is the status of collateral in Iran and what effect does it have on economic corruption? The main hypothesis of the article is that the implementation of collateral reduces risk of corruption by reducing risk, changing risk, and disclosing debtors' information. The results show that in the Iranian legal system, collateral is only used as a basis for repaying a loan or fulfilling a contractual obligation, while collateral in the economy has various functions such as reducing risk, changing risk and disclosing debtors' information. It reduces economic corruption, which in a way leads to public peace and social trust. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical which has been collected through the study of documentary sources and libraries.

The present study, by determining the purpose of the dimensions of economic corruption in Imam Khomeini's thought and its effects on sustainable national security, raises the question of how economic corruption in Imam Khomeini's thought threatens sustainable national security. ? The results show that the issue of sustainable national security is caused by economic corruptions such as rent, injustice, bribery, usury, and the proliferation of illegitimate wealth in Islamic society. With the prevalence of economic corruption, people's attitudes toward the political system are shaken and distrust emerges as the most important effect of economic corruption. On the other hand, by promoting economic corruption in society, the political system also becomes vulnerable to external threats. In Imam Khomeini's view, the destructive role of corruption and the resulting threats have always been emphasized. Maintaining and protecting national security requires eliminating economic corruption and a practical solution to fight corruption. Threats of economic corruption disrupt both domestic distrust and dependence on foreigners due to neglect of domestic production, loss of economic motivation of individuals in society, and a threat to national security. In the present study, the method of qualitative content analysis has been used. Data collection was also in the form of documents and libraries.

Economic transparency is one of the most important indexes in democracies. Non control of economic corruption led to weakening of political legitimacy of government. By explanation method and interview to Shiraz"s academic Elites, in this study, has been tried to answer this question: how much is successful and acceptable the function of civil society in it's function and combat to economic corruption and why? The main finding of this study shows the unacceptable function of civil society in Iran due to these reasons: impediments in governmental structures and absence of legal, possible and encouragement opportunities and in other hand due to weakness and dysfunctions in civil society such as none serious practical performance and action in pay attention to political transparency to general demand and shaping a social movement and absent of public opinion In the end, practical recommendation be noted in modification and enforcement of surveillance mechanism and transparency.

Economical Transparency can be determined for governments through Corruption Perception Index (CPI). In this research with studying Iran and Singapore, has been tried to find appropriate Governance Model and its related policies for achieving success in improving government economic transparency. Based on this aim, the researcher interviewed with 13 political and policy experts which is complementary with analyzed formal documents. The research methodology is case study with descriptive-qualitative content analysis technique. For checking dependability and confirmability, research process and results have been reviewed and confirmed by 5 experts. Also according to our calculations, test-retest reliability was 0.84 and Cohen’s Kappa was 0.78 that make us trust to the results. According to the results, the best governance model for government economic transparency is “network governance” with 9 categories and 24 subcategories of policies.

The main role and purpose of criminal policy in a society is to effectively control crime and curb criminal phenomena. The purpose of economic policy in the field of economics is to fight corruption and economic crime. Governments are always trying to seem economically efficient by making policies and implementing various programs, because economic tranquility and stability is considered as the most important and fundamental component of security. Corruption in the economic system is a crime that has been considered by Iran's legislative policy for many years, but the legislator's haste in drafting related laws has led to the lack of a coherent and decisive criminal policy in this regard. On the other hand, Iran's legislative policy, which is mainly based on the intimidation-, retribution-, penalty- and repression-oriented character of punishments, and sometimes on correction and rehabilitation, cannot be considered as a criminal policy to curb the specific criminal phenomenon of corruption in the economic system. Basically, criminal policy cannot be limited only to punitive responses to crime and in the form of criminal law and criminal procedure, but a deterrent and preventive approach plays a major role in explaining criminal policy. In particular, macroeconomic crimes are crimes committed by criminals with complex methods and tactics, and sometimes by using their power and influence in the government, which in this sense makes the recognition and application of preventive measures by the legislator more effective than repressive measures. However, success in prevention depends on the participation of all civil society actors.

The strong presence of the government in the economy will lead to the exit of the private sector, which will lead to inefficient and inefficient allocation of resources and thus reduce economic efficiency. The government must intervene in the economy when the market mechanism alone is not able to allocate resources optimally and create efficiency in the economy, although the inability of the market mechanism itself is a necessary and not sufficient condition for government intervention in the economy; A sufficient condition for government intervention is for the government to reduce the existing shortcomings by creating its own plan. In this research, using descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer the question that what is the pathology of government interventions in economic policy according to the fourth and fifth economic development plan? The lack of a long-term policy system, the belief of political elites in a structured and purposeful policy system and the dependence of Iran's economy on oil, and the lack of a proper model for managing oil revenues have provided the space for government intervention in Iran's economy. In general, the government enters the market when the market alone is not able to create efficiency in the economy and prices alone do not reflect social costs and social benefits. But the inability of the market mechanism alone does not justify government interference in economic affairs. The inability of the market is a necessary condition but not sufficient. Because government intervention may also be accompanied by failure.

The purpose of this study is to explain and analyze the factors of economic corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran from the perspective of political economy and its main question is: What are the causes and phenomena of economic corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran and what? The most important political and economic components? What are the institutions or agents that influence corruption? In this regard, after answering the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings and theories of corruption as well as addressing the most important political and economic components of corruption, answer this question through a survey of experts including academics, institutional experts as well as managers. Organizations and organizations It is these institutions that base Kendall's methodology testing and data analysis on elite consensus on the causes of corruption. The findings of the study indicate that the structure and pattern of the political economy that governs the national economy and Iranian society has been effective in creating and maintaining corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Today, prevention from economic corruption and dealing with different types of economic corruptions are raised as inevitable necessities of human life. Since prevalence of economic corruption and lack of serious measures against it contribute to socio-economic inequalities and spread of public distrust in political system and legal entities and regulations, fighting against economic corruption is deemed as one of the basic necessities of national legal system of Islamic Republic of Iran and there are significant regulations for dealing with economic corruption in Iran. One of these legal and judicial rules is public media disclose. In this study, the role of public media disclosure in dealing with economic corruption is addressed. The main question of present survey is, “In what ways can public media disclosure curb economic corruption in society?” In this study, it is presumed that by introducing convicts, public media disclosure informs the public opinions and identifies economically corrupt figures and this makes it a type of capital punishment. The most significant finding of this survey suggests that public media disclosure identifies and introduces economically corrupt figures who misuse their social, administrative or political position and cause social inequality and economic corruption. In addition, since economic corruption creates the necessity of public measures against it public disclosure punishment contributes to identification and introduction of economically corrupt figures and creates a type of public peace and social trust in legal regulations and Islamic Republic of Iran. In this survey, descriptive-analytical methodology is adopted and archival and library sources are reviewed to collect the necessary information.

Forty years since the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the concern of most elites, intellectuals, the people who care about the System and Revolution and especially that of the wise leader of Islamic Revolution is a comprehensive and wise struggle without tolerance against economical corruption. Aims of the Supreme leader as the fundamental theory is the focus of the present research, and the aim of this research is to identify the factors, importance, consequences and approaches to counter economic corruption, with emphasis on national security, and to achieve this goal, we used qualitative content analysis, and in organizing the analysis, we used the raw data for Inductive approach based on discussion, inference of concepts, issues and indices. Then, by discovery of fundamental meanings, inference, conceptualization, economical corruption issues and the components of national security within the goals and guidelines of The Supreme Leader, reasons, importance, consequences and approaches against economical corruption were identified. The results of this study confirm this point that, serious and fundamental confrontation against economic corruption in five dimensions results in upgrading security components, increased public and economic security of the community, improvements in performance, efficacy, system health, and Promotion and stabilization of the national security of the country.

After the establishment of the federal government, Iraqi Kurdistan has made many advances in various fields of science, economics and politics. The emergence and growth of autonomy in the Iraqi Kurdistan region, which began in 1991 and later became recognized by the Iraqi constitution in 2005, has been a source of hope for the Iraqi Kurds.In the economic realm, political power in Erbil, like the ruling system in Baghdad, is heavily dependent on oil. The oil reserves are equivalent to one third of Iraq’s total oil reserves. Currently, the main problem that the Kurdish government faces is the economic crisis in the region. Kurdistan government has always insisted on the external and imposed factors in the changes in Iraq, the region and the world. Meanwhile, economic analysts consider inaccurate and uncontrolled investment, bribery, bulky government, and reliance on the oil economy as the main drivers of the current crisis.Given the issues raised, the question arises that; what are the main cause of economic corruption in the Kurdistan region, and what crises have emerged for the this region? It is hypothesized that the single-product process (the dependence on oil sales) is the main cause of corruption and the ongoing crisis for the Kurdish region. This study was conducted based on analytical-descriptive methods and available data, and the findings indicated the persistence of corruption and crisis due to dependence on oil, the bulk of the state, lack of attention to other producing sectors and, etc.

One of the major threats to the economic security of countries is the phenomenon of corruption and economic crime. This is particularly true of countries with a rentier economy with more obvious aspects and manifestations, and Iran's criminal law demonstrates that there is no criminal offense under this heading of economic corruption in Iran's criminal code, or under another heading, has been criminalized, or The Criminal Code of Iran has paid a fair share of this crime to the fullest. Of course, the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 states that disruption of the economic system of the country is widely regarded as one of the examples of corruption in the law. In this case, the law is inadequate. Studies show that the phenomenon of corruption and economic crime firstly affects the economic security of societies and, on the other hand, affect the political development of the Especially Iran countries. In this article, we are looking at the causes of economic corruption and its impact on.

Today, corruption and combating it are considered as a major issue in many countries around the world. The main causes of economic corruption in the public sector relate to government tenures in the economy, including trade restrictions, industrial subsidies, price control, multiple exchange rates, low wages in public and commercial services, and reserving natural resources like oil. Economic corruption reduces investment and slows the economic growth down and ultimately leads to not achieving the goals of economic development in the country. Tax revenues are reduced and the quality of economic infrastructure and public services decreases. By reforming the structure of the law, it will be possible to modify the balance between the benefits and the losses caused by financial corruption-based behavior. However, the country's legislature encounters challenges that prevent its effective functioning. This paper surveys the challenges that the legislature is faced in combating economic corruption.