ethnic diversity

Afghanistan is one of the countries that has a heterogeneous and multi-ethnic structure, and the problem of ethnicity and ethnicity is one of the great harms of unity and the source of differences on the social structure of the Afghan society, and it has been one of the serious obstacles to national cohesion, convergence and political development. has been in this country. Of course, in Afghanistan since its establishment as an independent country (1747 AD), attention has been paid to this phenomenon, and in order to curb it in different periods and governments, considering the diversity and characteristics of Afghan ethnicities, on the one hand, and on the other hand, looking at the conditions governing the region and interests The national and political systems of this country have engaged in ethnic politics. The political structure in Afghanistan is based on ethnic politics. The structure of this country has always depended on ethnic politics. The main goal of this research is to analyze and evaluate the mono-ethnic policy in the political structure, while this country has ethnic diversity.Research background Various researches and articles have been written about ethnic politics, political structure and cultural and social diversity in Afghanistan, which can generally be examined in the following categories.The phenomenon of ethnocentrism is a negative phenomenon which was examined on the axis of Afghanism (Pashtunism) and the ethnic policies of Afghanistan's rulers were formed "unsuccessfully and based on nervousness", which can be seen in the article "Political Development of Afghanistan and the Inhibiting Role of Ethnicism" In its formation", written by Mohammad Ali Mir Ali and Mohammad Mohsani, he pointed out.Due to the severity of religious, linguistic and especially ethnic differences between "all the ethnic groups of Afghanistan", he considers that the talk of the ethnic politics of Afghanistan's rulers was mostly the result of "foreign element's intervention". In this regard, the thesis of Hafizullah Hafiz is entitled "Comparative study of the role of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the management of the conflict in Afghanistan (2001-2017).Regarding the political structure of Afghanistan position, we can refer to the article "The position of ethnic groups in the formation of the political structure of Afghanistan's governance after 2001 AD", written by Kyomarth Yazdan-Panah and Seyed Jalal Ahmadi, which mostly deals with the position of ethnic groups in the republic period. While ethnic politics in the form of unity in plurality existed in a weak and intense form during this period.Regarding the solution to Afghanistan's crises, the research entitled "The path to ethnic problems in Afghanistan" by Barfield is of the opinion that the existing solution is to transition from the crisis and decentralize the power structure and give more powers to local governments. While one of the main factors in crises is the monopoly of the political structure by governments.This research is looking for accurate and useful reports about the role of ethnic politics in the political structure, and on the other hand, it aims to focus more on ethnic politics in the field of ethnic politics in the contemporary period.The basic question raised in this article. It is: How is the role of ethnic politics in the political structure of Afghanistan analyzed?Sub questionsIn what period of Afghanistan's rulers was the ethnic identification model implemented?The model of ethnic pluralism was carried out during which period of Afghanistan's rulers?The model of unity in ethnic plurality, during which period of Afghanistan's rulers, has continued to happen?The declarative and practical policies of dealing with ethnicity in Afghanistan in the contemporary period and different governments have similar and different characteristics and approaches, and in addition, the shortcomings of the ruling governments, sometimes with the resistance of the traditional society and tribe. They faced Afghanistan.From the period of Abdali, Abdul Rahman, Habibullah, Nader, Hashim, Dawood and the Taliban in order to lead and control it, they used the approach of ethnic identification models and models based on Afghanism (Pashto) and even though they institutionalized Afghan nationalism.From the era of Amanullah, Shah Mahmoud, Zahir Shah, Nur Mohammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin, Birak Karmel and Najibullah, in this regard, according to the models and models of pluralism that led to the equality of ethnic groups. they moved. Although they had significant achievements, traditional values prevented it and finally left the playing field for the other party.Finally, the Daud Khan Republic and the government of Hamed Karzai and Mohammad Ashraf Ghani emphasized on the model and models of unity at the same time as plurality. But none of these rulers were successful in this move.This research is among developmental and applied research. According to the type and topic of the research, the collection of research data is based on documentary and library methods.The findings of this research show that the political structure in Afghanistan has always been based on ethnic policies and the ruling Afghan (Pashto) people. In other human societies, people have power from governments. But in the society of Afghanistan, which is a very traditional society, which has power based on religion, religion, ethnicity, and even tribe. In this country, all interactions, relations, political and social affairs are formed based on religion, ethnicity, and the continuity of governments is in the shadow of ethnicity and religion. On the other hand, the rulers of statesmen; They have also tried in many ways to reduce the influence of ethnicity and religion and to change the bilateral relations between ethnic groups, tribes and governments and bring them to the benefit of the central government.

Since ethnic groups play an important role in national cohesion in any society, strengthening national convergence and territorial cohesion is an important function of government. Today, given the characteristics of the new world, including the free flow of information and the increasing development of technologies, communications, transnational governance, transnational movements and, in general, changes in interactions from micro to macro, challenges and opportunities for the world community. The realm of ethnicities, like other realms, is no exception, and this has in any case led to change, and what seems important is the need to reconsider the policy towards ethnic groups. In this applied research, by using descriptive-analytical method after theoretical studies, efforts have been made to identify the factors affecting the level of promotion of ethnic convergence in the political-security component and then by consulting with some experts and related experts. Subject and their opinions, a questionnaire was prepared to obtain the opinions of the statistical community. The statistical population of the present study is 214 people. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula and error of 0.1, 66 people were appointed. Data were analyzed by single-sample t-tests, Friedman test, and SPSS software. The results of the research showed that all aspects of the political-security component affect the convergence of Iranian ethnic groups.

In societies that are culturally diverse and heterogeneous, ethnicities have been an important component and driving force of social change. One of the most important developments is the intensification of ethnicity within the borders of a country, which can have various political, security and social consequences . In the meantime, policies for management in heterogeneous societies have been considered and the present article , understanding such importance, tries to address the factors of emergence and intensification of ethnicity and its management patterns . From this point of view, the aim of the research is to obtain a clear answer to this question. What are the causes and intensification of ethnicity and its management patterns? The present study tries to combine a descriptive and analytical approach and a collection with a library method to analyze the escalation of ethnicity. He will deal with the four theories of modernization, internal colonialism, weak relations and relative deprivation, and in the field of management, he will deal with patterns of assimilation, pluralism and integration.

Strengthening national convergence and coherence is one of the basic issues of any government. Today, globalization has created challenges and opportunities for the global community with the free flow of information and the ever-increasing spread of technology, communication and change in interactions between micro and macro. Pluralism is recognized as the main axis of understanding and analyzing the blend of globalization and its fate. globalization has absorbed all the countries around the world. The subject of political, economic, technological, and technological development of the 21st century is not limited to any group, nation or government, but is an issue that is all affected and affected by it In the area of ethnicity, as in other areas, the process of globalization can have different effects and, in any case, has brought about change, and what seems important is the need for rethinking and reviewing ethnicity policies.The process of globalization, the importance of borders and the state of the state, has challenged nations and undermined ties between the state and citizens, and has pushed all national governments to maintain their integrity in the form of a nation-state.Iran, as a multi-ethnic country with a unique civilization background, has always faced a wide variety of subcultures in its cultural range, and it has not been the exception. In this research, using descriptive-analytical method and applied after theoretical studies, efforts have been made to identify relevant and effective factors on the level of integration of peoples in three political, security, economic, and socio-cultural components, and then with counseling. A questionnaire was used to collect the opinions of the population of the society in order to obtain the opinions of the population. The questionnaire was carried out in the population of 214 people and the sample size was 66. After receiving their opinion using the techniques and statistical methods has been analyzed, and we will continue to summarize and make suggestions.

Most countries in terms of the combination of linguistic, religious and ethnic groups are heterogeneous. The heterogeneity of ethnic diversity has raised fundamental questions about how to respond to the issues of this diversity and appropriate politics. Iran has always been ethnically diverse and has experienced a variety of ethnic politics. The study of the history of ethnic diversity in Iran, especially in the contemporary era, has shown that this is one of the grounds for abusing to pressure governments. This paper tries to investigate the issue of ethnic diversity and related policies in the Iran using Bruce Smith public policy model and applying a qualitative research approach based on thematic analysis research method. The results of the qualitative coding indicate that public policies such as decentralization in policy making, educating people of ethnic groups, strengthening monitoring of trusted institution in accessing the strategic objectives of ethnic diversity management, especially the content of Meta policies documents and the Constitution is influential

Ethnic diversity in any country requires policy-making in proportion to the foundations of the political system and the diversity situation in that country. Iran is also one of the countries with ethnic diversity. Justice in the Islamic Republic of Iran is a fundamental discourse and a legitimate factor that should be based on that policy. Therefore, justice in the policy of ethnic diversity is important and has implications as well. In this article, while selecting the approach and definition of justice as the practice of assigning the appropriate position for each object, the status and importance of justice in the policy of ethnic diversity in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been considered both theoretically and practically. In the next step, the implications of adopting a just approach to ethnic diversity policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran have been extracted. Studies and reviews show that the principal, purposeful, process, political and structural implications are derived from the adoption of a just approach to the policy of ethnic diversity.

Ethnic diversity is a universal phenomenon. Each country designs policy for managing ethnic diversity on the basis of its objectives and approaches on the one hand, and the particular mode of ethnic diversity in that country on the other hand. Islamic Republic of Iran, as a country with a long-standing ethnic diversity, has tried to manage this diversity on the basis of the country's particular view of ethnic diversity and its unique mode of ethnic composition. While reviewing and critiquing some approaches to ethnic management, the authors have attempted to extract visions and objectives of handling ethnic issues in Iran and to propose policies for managing ethnic diversity based on the Islamic Republic of Iran's opportunity-based approach to ethnic diversity and the directives of the leaders of the revolution and the Constitutional and other legal documents of the Republic. The methodology used in this paper is a combination of existing data and document study research, elite panels, expert interviews along with drawing on the author's experiences.

How to organize power is the first problem that preoccupies the minds of lawyers and politicians in each society regarding the question of creating a legal order and writing a new constitution. Since the fall of Saddam and his Baath Party, the fundamental legal and political issue has been how the political institutions should be organized. On the one hand, the political, cultural, and geographical characteristics of Iraq led some thinkers to support the theory of “the establishment of federalism in Iraq”. On the other hand, in the name of values such as unity, some intellectual groups supported a united and centralized Iraq and preventing the formation of separatist approaches. The confrontation of these positions finally resulted in the official creation of a federal system under the new constitution adopted on 25 October 2005. However, there is still debate concerning the success or failure of that system, which brings vast theoretical and practical challenges. The present essay seeks to clarify all aspects of Iraqi federalism and considering the arguments of both approaches concludes that Iraqi federalism can be a successful experience in the Middle East.

The diversity of ethnic groups in contemporary societies، due to their identity differences with political systems، is a potential force that can weaken national integrity، as well as a threat to social solidarity. This manifests a more acute perspective in Middle East country. So، the political systems governing the societies that enjoy an ethnic diversity pursue a variety of policies from identification to pluralism. The question of ethnicity and the hypothesis of weakening of national security especially in Middle Eastcountries have transformed into a hypothesis that is generalizable in analyzing racial relations and political sovereignty. However، the historical continuation of the country and the government with the participation of different peoples and their integrity in Iran indicates that this hypothesis is vulnerable and not generalizable. It is such that the ethnic diversity in Iran due to ecological structure of such groups، and the continuity of this diversity in the structure of the Iranian people is not only weakening the national security، but also makes the concept of country stable and consistent. This article tries to perform an autopsy in the body of different peoples residing in Iran and the ethnic variety in the structure of the Iranian people and its relation with national security as an emergent phenomenon by using a descriptive-analytical approach and a library method.

There are different ideas regarding the origin of Iranian Identity and its components. Composed of several ethnic groups, the concept of Iranian nation should also clarified carefully. In modern Iran, there have been tensions, crisis and conflicts over the description and usage of the concepts of ethnic groups. In this article, the authors attempt to look at the historical concept of Iran, Iranian Identity regarding the ethnic diversity of the counrtry, and to analyze the different aspects. In this regard finally to propose a model of policy to strengthen national identity in Iran.

In the analysis of security questions and challenges in multi-ethnic countries like Iran, ethnic inconsistency and national fragmentation are considered as the main causes of political insecurity and instability, and security strategies are designed and suggested accordingly. Criticizing this viewpoint, this research holds that ethnic diversity and national incoherence cannot be eliminated with a reductionist approach and while recognizing and respecting differentiation and discrepancies among the Iranian ethnicities, they should be integrated under a legitimate political system. What helps to consolidate and stabilize the political systems in Iran is not the negation of distinct ethnic identities but the emergence of legitimate political structure. In other words, if political systems acquire sufficient legitimacy in the society, ethnic diversity will not be able to interrupt their continuity and stabilization. In verifying this hypothesis, reference can be made to the effects of the Pahlavi regime’s legitimacy on the degree of national cohesion and indicated that how ethnic questions and their appearance are conditional on the legitimization or illegitimization of the political system rather than otherwise would be correct. In other words, the activation of ethnic conflicts and low level of national cohesion result from the low level of confidence in the political system and its legitimacy.