islamic countries

Today, achieving sustainable development is one of the major issues for countries and developing countries, to compensate for the lack of progress and to achieve a balanced and comprehensive development that can lead to improving the living conditions of all people, need to have the correct knowledge and appropriate and optimal planning at the national and regional levels. Sustainable development includes three areas: environmental, social, and economic interaction. Its social dimension is the focus of this article. The main goal of this research is to rank the countries of the Islamic world in terms of social development indicators. In this study, 57 member countries of Islamic partners were examined. The type of research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. The data and information studied are provided from the World Bank website. For data analysis, COPRAS' multi-criteria decision-making method and Moran's correlation index were used. Findings from the data analysis show that four countries Qatar, Emirates, Iran, and Saudi Arabia ranked first to fourth. Qatar is in the best position in terms of social development indicators among Islamic countries. The results of the Moran index also show that the geographical distribution of countries with similar status can be caused by the strategic position, spatial advantage, or geographical location of these countries.

The Formation the Defense Treaty Organization as a form of "collective defense" is considered to maximize the strategic capability of countries that are faced with extensive threats. Islamic countries have always been coveted by politicians and world powers due to their privileged territorial and geographical position. Therefore, the Formation the Defense Treaty Organization among Islamic countries is important as a security convergence. The general purpose of the current research is to identify The Capacities and Challenges of Formation the Defense Treaty Organization of the Islamic Countries of West Asia This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information has been collected using the library method and referring to books and articles. Islamic countries, despite having challenges such as competition in beliefs and ways of thinking, territorial and ethnic-tribal differences, have many capacities such as single ideology, geopolitical scope, human resources and extensive military power to a Formation the Defense Treaty Organization. The general result indicates that Islamic countries can take effective steps to form a Formation the Defense Treaty Organization by adhering to commonalities, strengthening solidarity, paying attention to defense diplomacy and coalition in the fight against terrorism.

The purpose of the present research is to study effective criteria on Russia’s policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East after Arab revolutions. In this regard, the main research question of the current study is: what factors have led Russia to adopt a balanced policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East during 2011-2020? Moreover, the research relies on the hypothesis that during that the above time period, Russia, on the one hand, assisted Shi’ite groups led by Iran to fight against excommunication (Takfiri) terrorism, and on the other hand, expanded its relations with Sunni Muslim countries in order to prevent stimulation of religious fundamentalism in its Muslim republics. The current study which was conducted by a descriptive analytic method in the theoretical framework of constructivism, presents a rather distinctive analysis of the essence of Russia’s relations with middle eastern Islamic countries after Arab revolutions. The results indicate that since Arabic revolutions in 2011 and formation of new groups in the regional and international level in the Middle East, especially the Syrian crisis that initiated a new stage in Russia’s relations with the Islamic world, Moscow has attempted to adopt a balanced policy towards Islamic countries in the Middle East to remove the danger of Islamic extremism, avoid tension with those countries and reinforce relationship with them. Therefore, it is expected that Russia highlights the role of Islam in its foreign policy and that Russian politicians show more interest in constructive collaboration with middle eastern Islamic countries.

Islamic countries, like other countries, need economic growth to achieve a level of prosperity.Most developing countries face a shortage of resources to achieve economic growth and development. Therefore, in these countries, the flow of various types of foreign investment is of considerable importance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term impact of foreign capital inflows, including FDI foreign direct investment, ODA Official development assistance, and the personal remittances of PR entities on economic growth. selected Islamic countries countries (Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Benin,Cameroon, Ajibat, Indonesia, Iran,Jordan, Kazakhstan, Marco, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sudan, Turkey, Tunisia and Uganda)  during the period 2000-2019. the model of this research is estimated after the tests using the panel econometric method of fully modified least squares. the results show that in the long run the flow of foreign capital (official development assistance, foreign direct investment and personal remittances) has a positive effect. And has a significant impact on the real gdp of these countries. also, the variables of labor, capital and government expenditures have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. therefore, economic policymakers for economic prosperity should consider policies to develop the business environment, the optimal use of foreign resources in the development of infrastructure and directing the resources of nationals living abroad to improve national infrastructure and economic indicators.
Given that economic growth is considered a necessity to ensure the well-being of societies, countries are always striving to achieve their desired economic growth, which has its own conditions for achieving economic growth in each country. One of the factors to achieve economic growth is having sufficient resources. Islamic countries, including developing countries, are also facing a shortage of sufficient resources, and to solve this problem, they need a variety of foreign investments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of foreign investment (foreign direct investment, personal transfer income and official development assistance) on the economic growth of 17 selected Islamic countries during the period 2000 to 2019 using the FMOLS econometric method (fully modified least squares). ) In Eviews10 software.
In order to be static and there is a long-term relationship between dependent and independent variables, unit root test (Phillips-Prone) and cumulative test (Cao) have been used. The variables are left with a 99% probability level and in the cohesion test with a 99% probability level, the relationship between the variables is long-term. To determine the nature of the test and the effects of width from the source of observations in the model estimation, Aflimer and Hausmann tests were performed. The model of this research was performed after the tests by panel method (at least completely reconstructed squares) with fixed effects. The results of this model show that the variables of capital, labor, personal transfer revenues, foreign direct investment, official development assistance and government expenditures with coefficients (0.034, 0.658, 0.286, 0.037, 0.0522, 0.427) on the economic growth of 17 selected countries, respectively. Islam has a positive and significant effect. As seen in the theoretical foundations and research background in different countries, the inflow of various types of foreign capital, if the optimal conditions for their use exist in the host country and are used in the construction and infrastructure sectors, will lead to economic growth. Also, the use of different types of foreign capital varies from country to country. If foreign direct investment is used according to the conditions of the same country, it can lead to the transfer of advanced technology, increase exports and economic growth and development. Personal transfer revenues increase foreign exchange reserves and, if invested in production, lead to lower inflation and economic growth. Formal development assistance provided to governments to reduce poverty, which, if used in the field of development, will contribute to economic growth. This study is in line with the study of Mohammad Molaei (1397). In order to effectively influence foreign investment and accelerate its entry into countries, it is necessary to ensure political stability and economic security, including the improvement of infrastructure, the establishment and implementation of appropriate laws and regulations.
- Pay serious attention to economic policies to increase the ratio of physical capital to labor force to increase productivity. Policymakers must pay close attention to the implementation of laws and the management system, to reduce corruption and not allow the lack of oversight to waste resources on foreign aid. Also strengthening the business environment, especially the removal of legal, political and international trade restrictions and the adoption of open economic policies will strengthen economic growth. It is suggested that the inflow of foreign capital be spent on the national interests of countries and economic and social goals to reduce corruption, poverty, inequality and foreign debt in the medium and long term. Recipients of formal development aid must provide the necessary conditions for the use of this aid in profitable activities in order to promote economic growth and development. Otherwise, the aid will be spent only on unnecessary military expenditures and the import of luxury and consumer goods. In order to positively affect the inflows of foreign direct investment on economic growth, serious attention should be paid to facilities and the expansion of financial systems and the cohesion of monetary and financial markets, the reduction of barriers and restrictions, and the strengthening of communication technologies 

The attitude of the right to the environment is not necessarily realized in the light of the opinions and theories of developed countries, but probably has its roots in the approaches of developing countries. Also, in the light of the above-mentioned civilizations, environmental rights, which consider their development to be dependent on the interactions of developed countries, have an important position among developing countries, especially Islamic countries. Although the transformational view of this issue has not been very fast in Islamic countries, the performance of these countries has been relatively successful in adhering to international commitments. With this description, the current research aims to explain this importance, and deals with the evolutionary approach of environmental rights in Islamic countries. Also, this research seeks to answer the question, how is the approach of Islamic countries to the issue of the right to the environment evaluated? Therefore, it seems that the performance of Islamic countries in adhering to the right to the environment and a developmental view of environmental rights is appropriate.

The measure of economic growth of any country shows the standard of living and welfare of the society, therefore, access to the way to increase economic growth is considered one of the important categories for the economy of any country, which has been taken different categories into consideration for the increase in economic growth, which is one of the most important is the government. Since several decades, the category of good governance, which is synonymous with the government, it has been taken into consideration. In this research, the effect of the good governance index upon economic growth in selected Islamic countries in the period of time 2010 to 2019 has been investigated by using the panel data method. The results of the model show that the good governance index in selected Islamic countries has a positive effect on economic growth in such a way that with one percent increase in the good governance index, economic growth increases at 0.01 percent. As for the role of labor productivity and foreign direct investment in the economic prosperity of countries of economic and political policy makers to orientation of production should increase the skill of the human force and improve the ecosystem of the country's foreign direct investment, promote political and economic stability, increase efficiency and effectiveness of governments, conformation the rule of law, control corruption and increase the right of citizens to express their opinions on various matters of the country in their agenda in order to achieve desired goals and results.

The idea of ​​dealing with international disputes that have arisen after the creation of the world community is a subject that has continuously focused the minds and activities of experts and scientists in the field of criminal justice in order to establish an international criminal authority. In addition to these activities, countries show their desire to establish new judicial authorities within the structure of international organizations or within other judicial centers, in order to make a case-by-case decision regarding claims based on the law applicable to those claims. have shown. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation is the only organization based on religious foundations that goes beyond regional obligations and national ideologies, and potentially any country where Islam is the religion of the majority of society can become a member of this organization. The Islamic countries that make up this organization have considered Islamic Sharia in order to expand and strengthen the framework of international law to resolve disputes. The first meeting of the members of this body was held following the conflict created in the Al-Aqsa Mosque area in 1969 with the aim of forcing the member states to resolve the Palestinian issue. During the eighties, during the expansion of the war between Iran and Iraq (1980-1988) and shortly before Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the establishment of the International Islamic Court of Justice was proposed as the judicial pillar of the organization and responsible for the peaceful resolution of disputes. It was considered for it between the member states.

Sir Reeder Bullard, a famous English politician, is one of the most important political figures due to the many positions he held among the Muslim countries of the Middle East in the first half of the 20th century, and his works and memories can be used to understand Islamic societies at that time. . He had various jobs and missions in the Ottoman countries (before the collapse) of Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Iran, and in addition to political reports, he also looked at the social issues of Islamic countries.Bullard's works, in which aspects of political and social history can be found, reveal a new image of Islamic countries at the threshold of the 20th century. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to re-identify Iran and its neighbors from the point of view of Bullard as an ambassador and in some cases an orientalist. The research method is a library and it is prepared based on the original and first-hand sources, which are Bullard's works and writings And the findings of the research show that from the political aspect of the German issue and the tendency of the countries of the region towards the policies of Germany as a third force other than Russia and England, it has had a great impact on the fate of these countries. From the social point of view, these societies have suffered from two cultural and social divisions, in a way,

Civil partnership contract is one of the new contracts that have been established in Islamic banking in different countries. In Iranian legal practice, a civil partnership contract or partnership agreement is a contract in which one or more partners and one or more developers or executors of a project start a joint venture to carry out a specific project. The definition of a civil partnership contract is fully consistent with the traditional form of a partnership contract and has only a few differences that are addressed in this article. Given that the main purpose is to examine the status of civil partnership in Iranian law and Islamic countries, this can include positive points that are useful in assessing the performance of interest-free banking in Iran. In this regard, Musharaka, Mudaraba, Qard al-Hasan and Murabaha partnership contracts are among the contracts used in all Islamic banking systems of Muslim countries. In addition, some contracts, such as Istisna', are more common in Jordan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. It is assumed that in practice, little information is available about the performance of Islamic banks in the field of partnership contracts, how to calculate real profits and possible solutions used by these banks to overcome the implementation problems of these contracts. Similarly, scattered statistics indicate a low share of partnership contracts in the investment and financing activities of Islamic banks in different countries.

A mosque is a place of worship, guidance and propagation of religion. It is not permissible to do anything that is incompatible with this dignity and status in the mosque, even for a Muslim, let alone a non-Muslim. Therefore, the entry of non-Muslims into the mosque must first of all have a Shariah-friendly motive, or at least rational motives. Therefore, entering the mosque should have a purpose and the purpose should be religious and rational. However, it is also necessary to maintain the affairs of the mosque. This means that in terms of clothing and how to travel and maintain politeness and respect, the behaviors should be such that there is no disrespect to the mosque and desecration of it, which in this case will definitely not be permissible. Regarding the women who enter the Islamic countries as tourists, it should be said that they are also required to observe the laws and laws of the countries and the Islamic government can consider it a crime to be naked according to the conditions and requirements of the place and time and considering the interests of the country. and apply ta'zeer to unbelievers, whether they are dhimmis or tourists.

The issue of political system or government in Islam is one of the most fundamental and exciting issues in the Islamic world today and even in the non-Muslim world. Islam, when it comes to politics and government and is present in the scene of life, work and social struggle, is very interesting, exciting and epic for its believers, and vice versa, very dangerous and frightening for its enemies. The formation of a favorable political system in Islamic countries requires the study of the thought of influential leaders and thinkers in these countries, so the purpose of writing this article is to study the desirable political system in the thought of Imam Khamenei, the leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. In explaining and analyzing scientific and academic texts, documents, speeches and statements presented in various meetings by Imam Khamenei with different segments of the people of Islamic Iran, the desired political system presented by him for Islamic countries has indicators that have three dimensions. There are "rulers and leaders", "officials and agents" and "people" who refer to this system as the provincial system.

According to Article 167 of the Constitution, the silence of the law has been a point of contention between lawyers. In the Islamic Penal Code of 1392, jurisprudential criminalization has been prescribed in some crimes. The study of the comparative rights of other Islamic countries also shows a difference of opinion between them. The main question of the research is what approach has the Iranian legislature and other Islamic countries taken towards the silence of the law in the field of criminal law? Examining the law, it seems that some countries, such as the Saudi Arabia, have accepted the Sharia rule, while others, such as Egypt, have been affected by western criminal law and the third group, like Iran and Afghanistan, is embroiled in conflict over their laws. In this study, using descriptive-analytical method, firstly, describe the current situation of the problem and then we answer the main research question by determining the gaps and taking advantage of the thinkers' opinions and examining the rules.

In the current era, Islamic countries are facing numerous challenges in various fields especially in the economic area which most of them are originated from political issues. One example is trade integration between these countries that it is not sustainable in spite of the numerous similarities between them. The paper analyzes the role of political instability on trade integration of Muslim countries through applying a dynamic generalized gravity model as well as using chosen data of 16 Asian Muslim countries, including Iran during 2001- 2015. Findings which have been obtained through estimating dynamic generalized gravity model as well as panel reveal that some factors such as GDP, population, economic structure similarity and common language between countries have positive effect but geographical distance has negative impact on trade integration of the chosen countries. The coefficient of political instability on dynamic gravity model was estimated negative which shows that increasing political instability has weakened the trade integration of Muslim countries during the mentioned period. Regarding its considerable significance of political stability on trade integration, it is recommended that Muslim countries as well as OIC to take appropriate measures to eliminate political instability in these countries in order to facilitate the preconditions of trade integration improvement.

The societies development depends on the maximum participation of all segments of society and the status of women as half of human society has an important and PLAY important role in developing countries. However, women in many countries around world face various threats to life, health and employment, and the lack of social and political influence and decision-making power, has increased their challenges in face of above issues. Women's education is seen as a climax in development process, The development of education at various levels by using sufficient facilities, makes it possible to make the most appropriate use of this social human capital in process of socio-economic development. Therefore, this indicator is on high priority. Education is one of the most important tools that enhance women’s society position and empower them, directly or indirectly. It is important to address the issue of development in Islamic countries as they account for more than 2.5 billion people and 20% of all world's population and on other hand geographical distribution and more importantly, strategic and geostrategic location. Review of Literature:Various approaches have focused on the role of women in development, which is Mamsen divided into three categories:"women in development " "women and development " “gender and development” Women in development, which emerged in the early seventies and provided a framework for the modernization of development models. This model accepted the negative consequences of development for women, and outlines the ways in which women can strive to be more secure and gain access to education, labor markets and material resources. And believes that women's individual efforts and the shift in technology access, credibility and outsourced services, ensure women's development and empowerment. (Momsen, 2003: 12-13). Women and development fit into the model of dependency theory and emphasizes that women need to pursue their own projects to break free from male market domination. (Heinz, 2011: 293). Gender and development emerged in the 1980s and emphasized the re-examination of social, political, economic structures as well as development policies from the perspective of gender relations. This view emphasizes the differences and limitations that men and women are facing. In this study, we used the Gidden's Structural Theory for research Framework. According to Giddens's theory, individuals are the constructors of community culture, and the culture of society also shapes individuals' thoughts and there is a dialectical relationship between them. In Islamic countries, religious values ​​of Islam can be seen as a structure and religious beliefs of individuals as agents, and the process of development must be analyzed accordingly. The more religious reading in an Islamic country facilitates the presence of women in the public arena, the role of women in development is greater.

The research method of this research was documentary by analyzing those documents which contain information about the phenomena we intend to study (Bailey 1994). after gathering the data and categorizing them, the research community of Islamic countries and the statistical sample of women in selected Islamic countries was compared.

It is wrong if the process of development in Islamic countries is analyzed by Western standards. In the meantime, some Islamic countries that have adopted Western secularist and liberalist values ​​in line with Islamic values ​​and have created a specific blend of their own society have largely come close to Western development based largely on material prosperity. Turkey and the United Arab Emirates are among those countries. Iran in some indicators, such as women's education, especially at higher levels, even with Western development criteria ranked higher than most countries. In an effort to provide a definition of Islamic development, "Continuously improving the cultural, social, economic, political and human capacities of countries and their relationship to promoting justice, quality of life and human perfection." Dr. Panahi said. Islam teaches men and women to be different in nature and biology, but the difference is in the form of proportion, not the flaws and perfection of men and women complementary and accelerating progress.

Gender Gap Index, examines the social, economic, political, and legal opportunities available to societies and their impact on women. This indicator expresses the number of country opportunities for development are evenly distributed between two sexes. This index will pay in case of ​​economic and opportunity participation of women in labor force participation, wage and salary equity, attendance in managerial, legislative and professional positions. In field of ​​education, it has focused on literacy rates, graduation rates, and attendance at top government jobs, and in the field of ​​health refers to gender at birth and life expectancy. in terms of gender gap index, Iran is higher than Yemen, Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan in Islamic countries. But according to World Bank statistics, it is lower than Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and Oman. In terms of participation and economic opportunity, is lower than Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Finally, despite the fact that women in Iran are in a good position compared to the Islamic countries in terms of health and education in particular, they are far behind in favor of other indicators that lead to policy and decision making and macro decisions. It needs to be legally executed for pathological review.
 

The study of the status of OIC member states in the main organs of the United Nations and their contribution in the budget of the UN is the main subject addressed by this article. The member states of OIC make up more than a quarter of UN members and they could potentially have an appropriate role and influence in this organization. The evaluation of the presence of Islamic countries during more than 70 years of United Nations activities show that their presence and role in some main organs such as the International Court of Justice, the UN Secretary General and the Security Council are not commensurate with the population and the size of these countries. On the other hand, however, 57 Islamic countries totally account for only about 6 percent of the budget of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation Organization 173 United Nations member states in 2016 provided 15 percent of the budget of this organization, this percentage is significant. The major weakness of Islamic countries is that they do not participate as a single whole in competition for positions or in other activities of the organization but they pursue their own particular interests within the OIC individual or group outside of the OIC to follow.

Convergence is one of the methods of realizing the material and immaterial goals and interests of the states in the field of international relations. Each state, based on its desired values, will spend part of its benefits in achieving its desired goals and prospects in the process of forming convergence. The issue of convergence in the Islamic world and the need for unity between Muslims is one of the most important necessities of Islamic societies in the present era. The maintenance of the interests and security of the Islamic countries is dependent on the unity of their nations, and their cultural-social identity requires them to rise from all sects and categories to preserve the power of Islam. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cultural diplomacy in the convergence of Islamic countries. The research question is “how Islamic countries can achieve convergence through cultural diplomacy?” In a descriptive-analytical manner, this study examines the hypothesis that cultural diplomacy can reduce regional convergence barriers, and the will and decision of Islamic countries plays an effective role in achieving convergence.

The Islamic Awakening, along with the awareness of Islamic societies about their political rights in the present era, caused many ups and downs in the Middle East, but the low level of political development of Islamic countries, which have always been involved in terrorism in the last two decades, has a great impact. It has political violence and makes terrorist activities an attractive option for the people of that society. The main purpose of this study is to answer the question that terrorism as one of the most important components of political underdevelopment, what role does it play in rejecting the Islamic awakening of Muslim countries in the Middle East? The present article is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and has been used as a theoretical framework based on the model of the theories of thinkers such as Samuel Huntington and Lucien Pai as two prominent thinkers in the discussion of countries' development. The findings of this study indicate that the diverse and multi-ethnic structure of these societies and the mosaic nature of these societies and the incomplete and artificial nation-building are important and influential factors in the formation of terrorism and terrorism by creating challenges and obstacles.

Despite the formation of Islamic countries based on the pattern of a modern state, the social nature of Islamic rulings has created a decisive role for religious scholars and religious institutions in the management of these countries, and in addition to administering certain religious affairs, directly or indirectly, the administrative structure of this Governments have been affected. Therefore, the central issue of this paper is the discovery of a pattern related to the management of particular religious matters in the state-modern Islamic countries and the question of the status and manner of the role of religious scholars and institutions in the legal and executive structures of these countries. Given the definition of the Islamic criterion of knowing countries, which is the existence of Islamic sovereignty, and given the convergence of religion and state in many of these countries, the hypothesis of the paper is that the system of fundamental rights of contemporary Islamic countries has unique patterns in this regard. Which has made new achievements in the role of religious imperatives in contemporary times, reflecting the influence of irrefutable Islamic values ​​and practices in the structure of the administration of Islamic societies. An analytical look at these patterns and the pathology and critique of the Islamic fundamental rights system in this area is also one of the most important parts of this paper.