making

The paper has centered on the question: why domination system with the leadership of USA always attempts to make and keep a climate full of outcry on otherness-making with regard to opposite currents and a state being of two imaginary poles of selfish and otherness and to spread false fear of others? Using a discourse approach, the author has concluded that the why and roots of such measures should be found in durable need of dominant western discourse (that of USA) to the existence of a fearful other for keeping identity unity and continuing its hegemonic place during time. In this way, the others made for itself by domination system play the part of an expelling agent to strength the identity of dominant discourse and, in spite of their cases and temporal conditions, are of the same usage. The consequence of such discourse in international area of politics may clearly be seen in USA leaders` using it to keep and continue to militarism, invasion, military intervention in different part of the world and increasing production of weapons.

Policy making and public controlling in modern societies and Economics are undertaken through bureaucracy, But mainstream Economics has not shown enough concern on bureaucracy. Researches done during last two decades show that the quality of bureaucracy can effect economic performance through different channels. Revolving Doors Theory is one of the latest concepts in International Studies. This paper is trying to examine how bureaucracy effects economic performance, What are the components of bureaucracy in Iran and from which channels the current situation of bureaucracy in Iran can effect the economic performance. The results show that in all common triggers in the economic policy-making, inappropriate and poor quality of the bureaucracy in Iran leads to non-conductive bureaucracy and reduces the efficiency of reformative policies. Therefore, legislating a reformative law in parliament and applementing by the government is not an ending point, because the poor quality of bureaucracy can hinder its effectiveness.

The principle of non-interference in the Middle Eastern issues was the priority of Turkey’s foreign policy strategy during most of the twentieth century. However, over the past decade, Turkey has considerably distanced from its Kemalist and introspective tradition and has become one of the active and influential actors in the region. Consequently, subsequent to the Justice and Development Party coming to power in 2002, Turkey in the framework of the strategy of zero problems with neighbors, established closer relationships with its ancient rivals, namely Syria, Iran and Iraq, adopted the leadership role in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, attended the Arab League conferences and helped United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon. In the same vein, Ankara took on the role of mediator in resolving disputes between Israel and Syria (2008-2010) as well as Iran’s nuclear file. Thus, the question is that, based on such an approach, how can this new Turkish foreign policy be described and understood towards recent developments in the region.Therefore, it is tried to study the foreign policymaking of Turkey within the framework of Role Theory through the main question: “what are the impacts of Arab Revolutions on the role conceptions of Turkish foreign policymaking in the Middle East?” Accordingly, the hypothesis of this research is “the Arab Revolutions have resulted in the national role conceptions of Turkey in regard to the Middle East”.Thus, this article is an attempt to enlighten the roles of Turkey in its new foreign policy-making in the region and towards the recent uprisings in the Middle East through addressing the underneath effective layers that changed Turkey from its previous strategy.

Under modern conditions¡ many organizations and innovative companies not only rely on their internal resources and developing their innovative abilities to achieve their external knowledge. The research organizations of armed forces¡ that they are the responsible for defense R & D projects¡ are not exception. The main objective of this research is to answer the questions that what is the framework for decision about outsourcing defense R & D projects? Data were collected with using interviews and questionnaires and the reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach''s alpha and it was calculated 0/846.
In this study, we used one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality sensing data and nonparametric test (binomial) to approve or reject the factors influencing the decision-making criteria. The findings indicate that the framework for decision about outsourcing defense R & D projects consists of two main stages: the first stage is "determine whether the outsourcing plan" and the second stage is " outsourcing and prioritize the steps and activities of contractors".

This is a study to investigate the cultural policy towards higher education in the two terms of Ahmadinejad's presidency (2005-2013), and to discuss the aspects of its relationship with the discourse order of the higher education. This paper employs the concept of discourse and discourse analysis as both theory and method to answer a major research question about the extent to which the dominant discourse of cultural policy in higher education in this period is associated with the discourse order of the higher education. This study concludes that cultural policy in the higher education should be in line with academic discourse order prevailing in the arena of academia. In respect of the controversy between the two factors of accessibility and credibility, this study touches upon the focus upon Islamization of the academia and the emphasis over the executive and managerial approaches in the established discourse during Ahmadinejad's presidency. The paper propounds the argument that the discourse in this time period, despite being accessible, did not turn out to be credible in the academic setting.

An in depth review of US policies on Iran reveals that Congress, the Israeli lobbies, the White House, think tanks and the media are the key players in the country''s foreign policy and a kind of intellectual alignment - there are procedural and interaction. So that the concept of think tanks and processing scenarios justify public functions and role of architects’ sanctions are responsible for the implementation and operation of the sanctions and give them feedback or expert advice about draft bills. In this article we''re going to role of think tanks in America to impose nuclear sanctions against Iran.

In the absence of effective political parties in the Iranian society from the Constitutional Revolution up to the Islamic Revolution, due to its religious origin and social base in society, the religious authority was able to fulfill some functions of the political parties in the society. Although the political functions of the religious authority in Iran have been raised from its religious origin, they are a prominent aspect from activities of this institution. The techniques of exercising power in the religious authority institution are different from those of the active political institutions in the west; however, in a period of political history of Iran, this institution has been able to perform the functions being performed by political parties in western societies. Although it is not the aim of this paper to reduce the role of religious authority institution to the functions of the parties as well as the functions of this institution are far beyond the political parties, the functions of religious authority institution can be investigated by designing a framework about the parties’ activities in western societies.

The international political economy of oil is influenced by social, economic and strategic factors. Due to enjoying this natural resource, countries like Iran have been confronted with this rule. During the post-Cold War years, the world experienced an evolution in the structure and processes of the global economy. In the years after the collapse of bipolar structure when the capitalist system gained a more effective stature in the global politics and economics, new forces emerged among the factors affecting the international politics and economics. The political economy of oil can be considered as dependence or isolation of countries as player in global economy system. Thus, countries with oil-oriented economy tend to adopt their strategic policies based on economic requirements and public needs of the global economy. In this regard, Iran situation seems to be completely different. The approval of various bills concerning the economic sanctions against Iran and their enforcement is influenced by a variety of factors such as policy-making on the political economy of oil. There have been different approaches taken by the US, the EU and several industrial nations so as to mitigate the Iranian strategic capabilities. In such circumstances, the US strategic constraints against the Middle Eastern countries and the international system have generally concentrated on the requirements of the global economy. Such requirements have constantly been regarded as the major factor in decision-making on policy-making on oil political economy whenever it came to how the industrial countries should deal with the Middle-east actors including Iran. This paper is a descriptive research in which policy of political economy of oil is independent variable and volatile oil prices and the economic sanctions of the Islamic Republic has been considered as the dependent variable. It also revolves mainly around how the Geneva talks, the negotiations in Vienna as well as the nuclear agreement between Iran and the P5+1 known as the Joint Action Plan are subject to policy-making on political economy of oil. In fact, all the international negotiations and cooperative models are affected by the political economy of policies made by the countries and the international system.

In the twenty-first century man is stepping into the growing transformations’ century and will face more complex and difficult issues. To meet the new century, there is need for new and complex policy decisions and if the policy-making system fails to coordinate with the complex issues and changes of the time, the loss will be inevitable. Accordingly, the overall goal of this research is to provide an optimal decision-making model based on the social decision-making model in governmental agencies. This research wants to indicate the impacts of the participation of stakeholders in decision-making, governing value framework, considering the effects and causes of the problem creation, passing the entire decision-making process based on the social model on decision-making of governmental managers.

The relation between the state and culture has always been the subject of hot disputes in cultural policy-making. In proportion to their principles, various views have sought to provide answers to the problem. These answers range from maximal approaches, claiming that they have right to take charge of the affairs, to the minimal approaches, taking the supportive position. However, before providing an answer to the problem, it is plausible to make clear what state and culture are. In this article, on the basis of a three-phase policy-making (formulation, enforcement, assessment), as well as the library research method, and interviews with the authorities and experts in the field of culture and cultural policy-making, an attempt has been made to touch on the first item of the phases, i.e. formulation and the question which has to be answered. In answering to the question raised, the metaphor ‘social slope’ as the state strategy in policy-making is introduced.

In asking the question “Whathappensin the process ofpolicy-makingthe result of which is not intended?”، studies have not tried to find the relevant answer. They have tried to come up with a model to keep policy-making away from plausible risks. Suchresponsescan befoundinvarious conceptual forms. Inthis study، it is classified under four categories ofcohesionpolicy، the totalitarian government، integrationpolicy، andnetwork ruling. Each concept has examined policy-making from different perspectives in different countries. Thisstudy aimsto use thestrategyofdata-driventheorizing to extract a descriptivehypothesis. A new concept of policy-making has been offered with its definition، typology، and occurrence. The result of the study defines policy-making as the interference of human or non-human factors arising from the native culture leading the top policy-maker not to achieve the intended outcomes. Two varieties of conceptual and procedural gaps are offered. Moreover، two different viewpoints are put forward on the reasons of such a phenomenon. The former discusses the reasons of the gap and the latter discusses the relevant factors. The reasons of policy gapcan be presented in three sections including culture ecology، policy structureand policy-making process. Also، human and non-human factors are known to cause policy gap and forming process of these factors are explained and demonstrated.

Along with the victory of Islamic Revolution, a fundamental change has occurred in Iran's foreign policy. But neglecting the domain of foreign policy and international relations in the study of the role of political system domain, confront the foreign policy study domain of Islamic Republic Of Iran with special difficulties that in fact leads to the weakness in conceptualization in this domain. With regard to the area of foreign policy analysis and the achievements of this sub-domain, this article aims to answer these basic questions that: what is the Islamic Republic of Iran’s foreign policy decision-making model? Answering this question requires considering different effective levels in the analysis of foreign policy that the present study, examines this subject in three levels of decision-maker, decisionmaking structure and decision-making orientation of foreign policy as main effective elements in foreign policy decision-making and their role in foreign policy decision-making, hoping that it can illustrate the action and decision-making logic and also effective structural and organizational factors affecting on the Islamic republic of iran’s foreign policy.

Understanding American NGOs and their role in the U.S. foreign policy requires the study of their nature and activities. The historical role of foreign assistance in promoting U.S. foreign policy goals, on the one hand, and the influence of activities and programs of American voluntary agencies in the form of foreign aid on the other hand, have made inevitable that a link established between U.S. foreign policy and American voluntary agencies. For this reason, since the World War II, these agencies have played an important role in the U.S. efforts in international development. Therefore, these agencies have been a function of U.S. policies and undergone many ups and downs. In practice, these agencies implement a job requested by the U.S. government as a part of its foreign policy. This article, which covers the beginning of the World War II to the end of the second George Bush presidency, tries to understand the link between American NGOs and the U.S. foreign policy. The findings of the research show that whenever the public budget has increased, these agencies have become more dependent on the government and thus, they have become more coordinated with the U.S. foreign policy. Also, it was shown that during the activities of these agencies, lasting about 70 years, whenever the government needed to further its policies through foreign aid, it allocated significant budget to these agencies. This has affected the performance of these agencies reflected in consistency between agencies and government.

Desertification process in Urmia Basin has many harmful impacts on wellbeing of human populations. Recognizing the causes of land degradation and the process of land resources destruction need to examine socio- economic factors and policies responsible for the deterioration of the situation. This article aims to identify the fundamental causes of land degradation in Urmia basin and to recommend policies for good governance and sustainable management in using land resources. The method used in this article is based on the detailed data and responsible for information analysis and the research process is based on the Strategic Environmental Assessment method. Furthermore, by integrating DPSIR model with SEA, the causes and consequences of land degradation were recognized, and policies were recommended in hierarchical scales (Urmia basin, subbasin, ecological zone). The subbasin prioritization was done for policies with regard to ecological and social variables. According to this research, Urmia lake crisis is not solvable in a short time. To solve the problem, the focus should be on modifying attitudes, approaches and consequently human activities and behaviors of stakeholders. Accordingly, the most important proposed policies in order to good governance and sustainable management of land resource uses are as follow: (1) recognizing appropriate and inappropriate areas for human settlement especially based on sustainability of groundwater resources; (2) improving tax system and reducing the focus on oil revenues; (3) increasing the efficiency of agricultural inputs instead of subsidizing the price of them; (4) integrated water resource management in watersheds by focusing on conservation approach (aquifer management, correct water pricing, water recycling and water reusing) and allocation approach with an accurate accounting of surface and underground water supply; (5) reconsidering the physical development of water resources; (6) reconsidering the self-sufficiency attitude in agricultural production and improving the cultivation pattern; (7) limiting agricultural land use; (8) participative agricultural education; (9) transferring the surplus human resources working in agricultural fields to other sectors of the economy; (10) improving monitoring systems; and finally (11) inhabitation and water delivering to the ecological zone of Urmia lake.

The aim of this article is to examine the impact of political factors on enforcing the fifth development plan in Iran. The initial hypothesis is that the main factors affecting the enforcement of fifth development plan in Iran is divided into two dimensions: political dimension and management-technical dimension. Each dimension includes various factors which are derived from theoretical framework and exploring interview with executives and experts of the plan that play a crucial role in enforcing the plans. The hypotheses were tested by questionnaires and the results of proposed model validity accompanied by factor analysis for identifying main factors indicated that most of presumed factors have a key role. This enforcement research studies political factors’ impact on enforcement policies given other components of enforcement.

Domesticating human sciences has always been one of the concerns since the Islamic Revolution of Iran, regarding to its hidden values, which can strengthen the process of identity-making in the political system. The key point here is the Islamic meta-theories which pave the way for other theories, approaches, and even various tactics, especially in the defense and foreign policy issues. Every theory possesses its own meta-theory which forms them and highlights their fundamental principles. Three variables are also significant in metatheories, including ontology, epistemology, and anthropology. They, in fact, determine how to perceive the world and how to look at man and the philosophy of its being. In order to understand, explain, and prescribe the security standpoint of the IR of Iran, it is required to study the ontology of the IR of Iran profoundly. This paper studies the ontology of the security school of the IR of Iran. It proposes that this security school places a premium on the non-materialistic, identity-related, and software factors rather than on the physical, materialistic, and hardware factors. In this security school, spiritual and identity-making factors are hugely important to the point that they form a border between self and the other.

Identifying the prevailing social order is the basic core of the long-term policy-making process on development in developing countries so that long-term policies could be designed based on the gradual changing of the social order. Evaluating the success rate of the policies is based on considerations of political economy. While latent social conflicts in policies are considered, losers and winners of policy-makings are identified and compensatory mechanisms for losers are designed in overall context of gradual improvement of social order. Then, methods of organizing policies are considered on the basis of proximate causes (i.e., physical and human investing and technology) and fundamental causes (i.e., institutions, culture and geography) of development. Designing a consistent policy package based on the approach leads to a double balance of economic and political systems and to balanced development and avoids involving in the low-level equilibrium trap and its consequences (including riot, coup and revolution). The article shows that Iranian experiences on development are consistent with this approach.

One of the essential indices of sustainable development and empowerment is the participation of women in the process of decision making in national and international levels. Political participation in national and international policy-making is a crucially important issue in women empowerment. Therefore, this research aims to find an answer for the main question of how women can play a decisive role in national and international decision-making structure and take the management of changes in social, political, and cultural patterns using empowerment solutions such as political participation. The participation of women will be analyzed from two aspects, utilization of society from their works and satisfaction of their participation in the building of country. The hypothesis states that the empowerment of women in political participation such as making political decisions in national and international levels can enhance and facilitate policy-making. According to the data of this research, women empowerment in political participation can enhance the national and international decision-making structure.

Diplomacy is one of the most important instruments used by states to achieve national goals and interests. Therefore, diplomacy and diplomatic policy making are significant preoccupations of nation-states in the international relations area. But given the characteristics of international system, especially its cycle of power, linkage between diplomacy and cycle of power gains more importance. Of course, this subject is most relevant to regional diplomacy of revisionist states. In this respect and given the systemic cycle of power along with order patterns and its turning points, a question rises on opportunities and restrictions of revisionist states and their impact on diplomacy of such states. This article argues there is a direct linkage between the cycle of power and diplomacy due to the realistic nature of world system. There are different patterns of order in power cycle including hegemonic, controlling, concert and non-structure Nation states undergo transition from one turning point to another to achieve a higher position. Therefore, they face different challenges that can be conceptualized in the Cold War framework. The author believes that the network model of diplomacy can be helpful. This article tries to depict a model of network diplomacy in transition stages of power cycle by revisionist states.

Shiite political jurisprudence with regard to internal capacities and current needs especially the experience of Islamic republic of Iran after the Islamic revolution, started to design and implement a comprehensive political social system. System making in political jurisprudence which is based on scripture and is completed with regard to the tangible developments in the world and the needs of the religious society is something which started by the victory of Islamic revolution but still needs to be completed and continued and made dynamic. This article tries to study the internal capacities of political jurisprudence, executed actions, necessities and future needs and how to create a political system. Having mentioned the distance jurisprudence has passed for system making, it offers an introduction to the theory of creating a system for the social political society based on political jurisprudence.