oil economy

The purpose of the present study is to explore rentierism in the second Pahlavi regime. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that the most important political consequence of the oil economy in Iran can be the rentier state during the second Pahlavi regime. Rising oil prices led to a highly noticeable increase in SAVAK budget and the Shah used this factor to suppress public opposition inside the country more than ever. SAVAK, recognizing it was given a more extensive role compared to the first pre-shock stage, felt free to suppress the regime's opponents and continued its measures without any concern. Of course, it should be noted that the Shah's oppression and dictatorship created a sense of terror and horror in people's heart and they attributed all these measures to the Shah and hated him more than before. Autocracy and repression intensified by the Shah before the revolution insomuch that a group of writers and researchers of the Islamic revolution have considered the severe autocracy and repression during the Pahlavi regime as the main causes of the revolution.

Rentier governments have suffered in their economic and political aspects because of their high dependence on rentier revenues. In political terms, these governments have an authoritarian and non-democratic nature due to the separation of their sources of income from society. In the economic aspect, their obvious feature is a single product, an inflationary economy with unemployment and a deficit. The study seeks to address the economic and political pathology of Kuwait by studying the case of Kuwait as a rentier state. At the Kuwaiti economy, efforts have been made to diversify its single-product economy away from economic diversification, but still a significant part of its economy is derived from oil revenues. In the political aspect, the main feature of this government is the lack of tax and non-representation, The Kuwaiti government has suffered from fiscal deficits, inflation, and unemployment, due to its dependence on oil revenues, which tended to gradually shift towards an economically importing, vulnerable consumerism which pushes it towards an authoritarian and non-democratic state, as its governors with financial support seek to buy political and postpone democracy. With the continuation of such crises, it appears that the Kuwaiti government will face the obvious political and economic challenges in the future.

Lavan Island is one of the historical and oil-rich islands of Iran near the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf. It has experienced several social and economic changes in the course of history. Once, its inhabitants provided for their livelihood through fishing and pearl hunting and, at another time, the economy of this island was directly and indirectly affected by the discovery of oil there. Various population changes, caused by, for example, frequent emigrations to and from this island, greatly influenced its social structure. Through library research and field studies, this paper explores the historical geography and economic history of Lavan with an emphasis on oil and oil refineries. The economic history of this island and, particularly, the development of oil industry there and the quality of the establishment of this industry in Lavan are among the other important topics discussed in this paper. Despite the rich economic resources, the population of Lavan Island is very small, and not all of them are employed in oil-related sectors and industries. Generally speaking, despite its numerous economic resources, this island lacks uniform development in different social and economic fields.

After the establishment of the federal government, Iraqi Kurdistan has made many advances in various fields of science, economics and politics. The emergence and growth of autonomy in the Iraqi Kurdistan region, which began in 1991 and later became recognized by the Iraqi constitution in 2005, has been a source of hope for the Iraqi Kurds.In the economic realm, political power in Erbil, like the ruling system in Baghdad, is heavily dependent on oil. The oil reserves are equivalent to one third of Iraq’s total oil reserves. Currently, the main problem that the Kurdish government faces is the economic crisis in the region. Kurdistan government has always insisted on the external and imposed factors in the changes in Iraq, the region and the world. Meanwhile, economic analysts consider inaccurate and uncontrolled investment, bribery, bulky government, and reliance on the oil economy as the main drivers of the current crisis.Given the issues raised, the question arises that; what are the main cause of economic corruption in the Kurdistan region, and what crises have emerged for the this region? It is hypothesized that the single-product process (the dependence on oil sales) is the main cause of corruption and the ongoing crisis for the Kurdish region. This study was conducted based on analytical-descriptive methods and available data, and the findings indicated the persistence of corruption and crisis due to dependence on oil, the bulk of the state, lack of attention to other producing sectors and, etc.

Petroleum and its subjected economic structurs play a significant role in Iran''s political social and economic develovement. Iranian economy highly depends on oil exports and incomes. Oil industry provides almost 50% of national budjet and 80 percent of exportation resources. Oil''s incomes have fluctuated during different decades and experienced the most increasing trend in (2007-2011) – the years coincide with the forth development program of IR. Iran. Although، oils income could temporary obtimize some qualitative economic indices، it was not able to adjust the inequality indices such as removal of poverty، unemployment، etc. According to the result of this research، petroleum''s income not only could not eliminate the poverty، unemployment and inequality but also deteriorate the situation of these indices.

Resources Curse term has begun to emerge in the economic literature since 1995. Summarily, the term refers to failure of countries with an abundance of natural resources to achieve remarkable economic growth and their institutional inefficiency. Before Resource Curse theories in the economic literature, natural source was economic growth factor in many countries including the United States. But over time and the advent of revealed events of oil countries performance and low or negative economic growth achieved in these countries,economists determined to explain this phenomenon and its causes. In this regard, theories such as Dutch Disease, interaction with the quality of institutions, natural resources in the economy, rent-seeking,corruption, and … are such cases that try to explain the poor performance of countries with natural resources.The paper explains "Resource Curse" term and surveys the causes of these failures in countries with natural resources, especially oil countries and will answer to this question that why the natural source of oil hasnt contributed to the improvement of macroeconomic variables in a country as well as it has prepared a way for poor performance of countries with natural resources. Accordingly, Iran as a source of oil will be studied.Results of the study show that the per capita income growth in Iranian economy has been greatly affected by the phenomenon of resource curse. So that the per capita income growth during the oil sock of 1977-1980 has been declining and negative inputs. Some studies suggest that Dutch disease has occurred in Iranian economy.Employment data in different sectors show that during the1996-2006 decade, employment in the tradable sector of Iranian economy has been reduced, but non-tradable sector has been increased. Also, in this study, there is the evidence for emerging other theories explainingresource curse in Iranian economy.