passive defense

Studying and researching the 8-year war between Iraq and Iran in order to use public opinion and special use in the fields of training, improving the vision of the armed forces, organizing, and updating the methods and actions of non-agent defense is essential. Passive defense as a low-cost and useful defense tool is an issue that receives a lot of attention in the current era; In such a way that today it is one of the bases of battle and the principles that are used in wars.The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the experiences and measures of passive defense during the sacred defense era and using the structure of mixed research and descriptive-analytical method, and the technique of reviewing scientific documents and documents and expert interview was used to collect theoretical findings. The results of the research, which is based on the findings of 9 areas from the lessons learned in the sacred defense with the passive defense approach, show that the success of the passive defense in the war imposed by Iraq against Iran depended on several factors, which in total play a significant role in protecting the people, forces, Infrastructures, facilities were responsible for military successes and reduction of human casualties in the war. Another result of the research is the use of lessons learned in the plans and strategic and operational plans of different areas of passive defense of the country to deal with similar and new threats.

Nowadays, the interactions and interdependencies between infrastructures on a regional scale, along with the many benefits of providing the services needed by a society, make the issue of security and protection even more difficult. Therefore, understanding the interactions of infrastructure networks and the complex relationships between infrastructure systems in order to prevent cascade failures and widespread regional crises is increasingly felt. In this regard, with using DANP model, the present study has been carried out to measure the infrastructural interactions in Yazd province as one of the important provinces in strategic depth of Iran. The results of this study show that the infrastructure of the province's energy sector, due to its nature and function in the community, has both greater interactions and greater risk, so that with hard, semi-hard and soft threats, it has the first degree, while the provincial communications network infrastructure has the highest degree of risk against the hard and semi-hard threats, with the degree of risk being the second with the soft threats. In support centers infrastructures, they are also at risk of hard, semi-hard and soft threats.

What is discussed in this article is a comparative study of passive defense policy models of non-governmental industries in seven countries, including the Islamic Republic of Iran, the United States, Russia, Switzerland, India, Germany and the United Kingdom. This article is descriptive-exploratory in terms of method, applied-developmental research in terms of purpose, and mixed (quantitative-qualitative) in terms of type. The method of data collection is library and documentary studies and using the opinions of the community of experts in the form of a structured closed questionnaire. Also, the method of data analysis is thematic analysis and statistical analysis by SPSS software. Accordingly, in order to determine the passive defense policy model of selected countries, a 5-dimensional model consisting of structural, content, behavioral, process and orientation dimensions has been used, and then with in-depth exploratory studies to extract components and sub-components through analysis technique. The theme is discussed. Then, in order to match the comparative comparison process, the extracted sub-components were distributed and collected in the form of a questionnaire among the statistical population of the research (30 people) and the sub-components approved by the community of research experts were comparatively compared for 7 selected countries. Is. The results show that a total of 5 dimensions, 21 components and 52 subcomponents have been obtained for comparative comparison of passive defense systematization models of non-governmental industries in selected countries. It is worth mentioning that the result of comparative comparison of selected countries indicates that in the structural dimension, in most countries and the Islamic Republic of Iran, non-governmental industries have an organizational relationship with the civil defense complex and also have an incident command system in non-governmental industries. In terms of content, by organizing and managing public opinion, they promote public readiness of the society and while organizing and employing people, by managing public opinion, they pay attention to the role and participation of people in civil defense in non-governmental industries. In the context, the dependence of meeting the essential needs of the people on non-governmental industries was found to be reasonable. In the process dimension, the civil defense decision-making process (in the legislature, the executive and the judiciary) and the civil defense evaluation and control process for non-governmental industries were defined and had legal requirements for the implementation of non-governmental industry civil defense communication policies. Finally, in terms of orientation, the above countries had negative and positive approaches and appropriate documents and arrangements in the field of passive defense of non-governmental industries

Organizing the historical contexts of the city based on the requirements of passive defense due to the relationship between history, people, space and their activities is one of the most basic physical planning processes from the point of view of passive defense. The main goal of this research is to evaluate and examine the physical dimension and its components in the historical context of Urmia from the point of view of passive defense. The current research is longitudinal in terms of time (prospective), in terms of practical results, and in terms of the goal of developing applied knowledge in a specific field, which is quantitative in terms of the research implementation process, and finally in terms of the type of descriptive-analytical goal and terms of the implementation logic The research is inductive. The method of collecting information is both field and documentary. Data collection tools include observation and questionnaires. The Sample size of this research includes 100 specialists in this field, who were selected in a non-random and purposeful way from experts. One-sample t-tests were used to analyze the collected data, and Spearman's correlation analysis was used to analyze the variables, which was evaluated through experts' opinions. Also, DEMATEL's decision-making method has been used to establish relationships between components. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire from the experts of this subject and to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was used, which was confirmed. In this research, the physical, functional, human, access and flexibility components of the space have been used. The results of this research show that according to the results of the Spearman correlation test, the physical independent variable has a stronger relationship with the physical dimension from the point of view of passive defense than other components. Also, the results of DEMATEL model indicate that the physical component has the most relationship and the access component has the least relationship with other components.

  In recent years, passive defense has become a widespread concept in our country and covers almost all areas of people's social life. One of the new functions of passive defense is people-oriented passive defense, It is that its main mission in the first place is to protect the cohesion between the people and the government and in the next place is the continuation of necessary activities. The purpose of this research is to provide a strategic model of people-centered passive defense against the enemy's soft war. The current research was done with a qualitative approach and with the Foundation's data method. Data collection in this research was done by field and library methods and by using the tools of interview, observation, specialized round table and documents. The statistical population of this research reached theoretical saturation after interviewing 12 people with opinions. To analyze the resulting data, coding was done in three stages. In open coding, 196 units of analysis (paragraphs) were selected and after conceptualization, 115 indicators were extracted, and after merging, transforming and changing similar or close factors, 45 focal indicators were determined and listed. In the course of axial coding by categorizing indicators related to each other, the number of 12 components was obtained and after selective coding, five dimensions were determined for the people-centered passive defense model. At the end, by setting up a questionnaire, the dimensions and components of the people-centered passive defense model against the enemy's soft war were voted and evaluated among the sample research community and analyzed using SPSS software, which were all confirmed by obtaining the appropriate score

As one of the most important factors of life, water is one of the commonly uses of humans and has affected their life. Drinking water supply infrastructures are considered one of important infrastructures and both in normal and emergency conditions is a vital part of lifelines. This extra and unprecedented sensitivity is result of increasing demand and scarcity of water resources with appropriate quantity and quality. Now, with the emergence of natural disasters including drought and climate change in our country, the enemy can incite people against the government and sovereignty by abusing these threats and carrying out hostile actions such as psychological operations and creating disruption or eliminating the functioning of drinking water infrastructures to achieve their goals faster and with better results. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to drinking water infrastructure to increase resilience against threats with the approach of homeland security.This study aims to identify components and indicators of resilience of the country's drinking water infrastructure and seeks to find an answer to the question "resilience of the country's drinking water infrastructure with the approach of passive defense ". It is an applied and developmental study with mixed approach, which was carried out using the survey method and expert experiences. In order to achieve the goals of this research, first the most important components and indicators affecting the resilience of the country's drinking water infrastructure is identified by reviewing the research literature, upstream documents, conducting interviews and hold meetings with experts, and then by collecting data and with using structural equations method, the proposed framework was designed through a questionnaire and was presented to the available statistical population of 73 people in a purposeful manner and finally the final research model was presented.Data analysis using structural equations method and based on research findings show that the robustness components (with a path coefficient of 0.684) has the highest effect on the resilience of drinking water infrastructure in the country and after that, the recovery components (with a path coefficient of 0.473), preparedness components (with a path coefficient of 0.416) and stability components (with a path coefficient of 0.306) respectively have the greatest impact.

Industrial-economic infrastructure is one of the most important goals in hybrid warfare as well as terrorist attacks, which is aimed to weakening the resistance will in the society and the inability of governments to provide the necessary services and continuity of activities. Therefore, the implementation of passive defense projects and the protection of these centers are essential to reduce vulnerability and increase deterrence and national resilience to crises. Considering the importance of urban water infrastructure in the general order of society, The aim of this study is "risk analysis of urban water infrastructure against basic biological, cyber, military and security threats with passive defense approach". Accordingly, the main question is; "What is the risk analysis of the attack on urban water infrastructure with basic biological, cyber, military and security threats in water and sewage companies?" »Research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and analytical-contextual in type. To answer in a combined way, library methods have been used to classify assets, Also, the expert meeting method has been used with the cooperation of 15experts and managers to score threats, vulnerabilities and complete the tables of risk assessment and analysis. The results show that the highest risk factor of main water supply infrastructure in biological attack on wells and water production resources with a risk factor of 630. the highest risk factor in the main functions of water supply was assigned to: The biological attack on the function of water supply services with a risk factor of 800.

The maintenance of cultural security of Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the important branches of the national security of a country.the presentation of the pattern of passive defense is very necessary for the maintainance of the cultural security in conditions in which different cultures have invaded Iranian-Islamic culture. The purpose of this reseach is the theoretical extension of the concepts of the cultural security and the identification of the pattern of reinforcement of passive defense to maintain the cultural security in Islamic Republic of Iran. The qualitative research method is data-based (Grounded Theory) and the data has been collected through interviews. The statistical community of this research includes cultural experts suh as thinkers, professors, and cultural authorities of Iran who were chosen by Snowball Sampling method. After doing 15 In-Depth Semi-Structured interviews, the data analysis reached the theoretical saturation. The interviews were codified and after making 680 concept-codes, the concepts were more abstract. Finally, the concepts were categorized. Categories lie in the axis of paradigm model based on Corbin-Strauss Model and the suggestions were provided based on 6 axis.

Changing the enemy's approach in soft ways can drastically change the public security of the country. In this regard, the social approaches of the police based on passive defense is one of the coping strategies that has been addressed in this research. This study was conducted to investigate the environment and enumerate threats, opportunities, strengths, weaknesses and social functions of the police and to develop strategies based on passive defense and to draw the desired path. First, by holding a briefing workshop among the first level managers of NAJA Social Affairs, environmental factors with the model of developing a modified strategy of David and Ahmadvand by elite method with distribution of EFE and IFE matrices, 17 weaknesses, 13 strengths, 17 opportunities and 23 threats were counted and then summarized. They were determined in the matrix of strategic position, social position of the police in the current situation, "mild defensive" and in the achievable position of "mild offensive" and favorable situation (9-9) according to the 1404 vision. To achieve the achievable and desirable situations, 28 strategies based on the passive defense strategic plan were presented for the strength and stability of the police social infrastructure.

Establishing order and security is the basis of progress and development of all countries. Consolidation and immunity of the police as a guardian of order and security and comfort of the people against internal and external threats are of special importance. On the other hand, considering Iran's ideal conflicts with supra-regional powers and their regional agents and the ideological and global influence of our country and the fact that the police is the governmental organization and the armed arm of the system to ensure internal security, it is necessary to pay attention to ideological principles. Passive defense is quite obvious. The main purpose of this article is to examine passive defense from the perspective of Islam, using the experiences and views of law enforcement officials in South Khorasan Province to explain strategies for developing and increasing passive defense in the NAJA. This research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical method. Research information in the background, theoretical foundations and some religious findings were collected using the library and note-taking method and in the field using a questionnaire distribution among respondents. The statistical population of the study is the officials and experts of the Disciplinary Command of South Khorasan Province, numbering 50 people, all of whom were questioned and their points of view were taken in the form of Likert scale and analyzed and evaluated using descriptive indicators and inferential statistics. Findings of research in the field of passive defense from the perspective of Islam were compiled in the form of tables by referring to the Qur'an and books of narration and biography of the Infallibles (AS). At the end of each of the fourteen items related to the effect of using different passions of passive defense in the optimal performance of missions and duties of law enforcement such as: the need to pay attention to religious teachings, institutionalization of these teachings in NAJA staff, increasing interaction between commanders and elites, public participation with Police, deal decisively with norm-breakers, agile organizational structure, threat forecasting, facility security, insight of staff, strengthening religious foundations to prevent corruption and job injuries, merit in appointments, creating a proper structure of passive defense and The preparation of the defense appendix was approved in all NAJA executive plans using descriptive statistics indicators and inferential statistics tests.

The passive defense as the most peaceful way to deal with threats and disasters is a cultural issue that needs to be well-established in society. This research was carried out with the aim of "studying the level of familiarity of high school students in Alborz province with soft war and passive defense against it and their empowerment methods." The research method was descriptive survey, the statistical population of the study included all students and educators of secondary schools in the province of Alborz in the academic year 2012. The statistical sample was 536 people who were selected by cluster from four provinces of alborz. The instrument used to collect information is two researcher-made questionnaires. The first questionnaire of soft warfare and passive defense against it, consisting of 28 closed-ended questions and the second questionnaire, empowerment techniques consisted of 61 questions with 5-point Likert scale. Reliability of these questionnaires was 0.86 and 0.89, respectively. The results of data analysis indicate that students in the fields of empirical sciences, humanities, mathematics and physics are respectively the highest and the students of the fields of work and knowledge and technical and vocational education respectively have the least degree of familiarity with Soft warfare and passive defense against it.

One of the most important issues related to security is public security, which is achieved by observing the considerations of passive defense and the result of interaction and participation of social actors through the people and for the people. It requires deep and precise attention and a common view of the nature of public security can prevent the formation of different or contradictory views and strategies and inconsistent actions. This study aims to identify the dimensions, components and indicators of public security with passive defense considerations and provide a codified model to find the answer to the question, what is the model of strategic public security management with passive defense considerations? have been. The type of applied research is development with a mixed approach, which is done using the survey method and expert panel. Passive statistics and separating each component based on its specific characteristics in six dimensions and by collecting data and structural equation methods, the proposed framework was designed through a questionnaire and completed for the statistical population of 106 people and the final research model was presented. Experience and analysis of data using structural equations method and based on research findings, respectively, dimensions, the effect of inhibiting upgrading, continuity of essential services, reducing vulnerability on the research model has been more than other dimensions.

Passive defense measures in today's asymmetric warfare to counter hostile offenses and reduce the damage caused by air, ground and sea offensive by the invading country are fundamental to the extent and scope of all critical and critical military and civilian infrastructures and centers. It covers the political, communication, command and command centers, and the country's population. Infrastructures are very important in the administration of countries and can organize people's affairs in normal conditions and under threat. Special infrastructures are infrastructures that control several other infrastructures and when damaged, their associated infrastructures are also damaged, and are also linked to the interests of the survival of the system and sovereignty. According to the early models of modern warfare, the main and most important targets in wars that may be rapidly attacked and damaged are the vital centers of the country. The purpose of this research is to present non-operational defense measures and strategies to protect the critical infrastructure of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method in this study is a mixed (quantitative and qualitative) approach using documentary and surveying methods and data collection through library study methods (through the study of letters, books and articles using authentication method and valid websites) And field research (preparation and distribution of questionnaires among experts and statistical community experts). As a result, 6 critical infrastructures of the country were identified and introduced, and 9 passive-defensive executive strategies were identified and Operator to protect critical infrastructure against threatse is provided.

Optimal management, planning and exploitation of the Iranian water resources are the biggest challenges facing to achieve sustainable development. There are various problems and failures in this area which needs to be considered by the relevant authorities and officials such as the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Agriculture-Jihad and social individuals and groups .The paper investigates the application of passive defense for planning water resources of our country as well as increases the necessity of their consideration and management in accordance with the principles and objectives of passive defense through introducing existing water resources. Therefore, the passive defense and its requirements also its role in spatial planning as the main pillar of national development planning have been initially introduced. Furthermore, its applications for the Iranian water resources planning have been addressed including food security, internal management of water resources, marine and costal management as well as transboundary water diplomacy and its control.

Cities are the most important targets of an enemy invasion because of the high population density and the place of capital accumulation. Accordingly, this study seeks to rank the vulnerability of the five regions of Urmia city against the dangers of unexpected events and war based on passive defense principles by investigating and identifying effective indicators. This research, based on its purpose, is an applied research and according to the method of work, has an analytical nature. In this study, after studying and analyzing the related documents and resources of passive defense, 14 indicators that are related to some principles of passive defense including principles of dispersal, hardening and localization were selected and then hierarchical analysis process method was used for giving weight to the indices. For performing spatial analyses, index data layers were first digitized and edited in GIS software and by converting data layers into raster and classifying them, the calculated coefficient of significance (via hierarchical analysis method) was multiplied in each index and by using the weighted sum of the indices, the vulnerability was measured in the five districts of Urmia city. In the final step, the vulnerability of the five regions of Urmia city was ranked according to the TOPSIS model. The results indicate that the vulnerability of the five regions of Urmia city are from top to bottom, respectively, regions five, one, three, four and two and also in most of the cases, they are associated with weaknesses in the principle of dispersal, hardening and localization.

The spatial distribution of the transmittancy of different types of urban centers at different scales is one of the main and strategic concerns of experts, managers and spatial political logisticians. Meanwhile, the production of urban safe space based on the spatial organization of the centers involved in urban security, under the effect of spatial factor of activism, and the analysis of the spatial distribution of sensitive centers also requires the identification of factors affecting the spatial distribution of sensitive metropolitan centers in Tehran with emphasis on passive defense. The present study attempted to identify these factors using qualitative and quantitative methods. This study is a descriptive-analytical type that uses a meta-synthesis method for identifying the first factors affecting the spatial distribution of sensitive metropolitan centers of Tehran with emphasis on passive defense and also employs quantitative methods to investigate and explore factors and verify the designed model. The statistical population of this study consisted of 140 elites, specialists and experts in the field of defense, political geography and urban planning. Statistical techniques were factor analysis, exploratory and confirmatory and SPSS and Lisrel programs were used in data processing. The results showed that 54 items were classified into eight main dimensions (1. economic factors, 2. socio- demographic factors, 3. privacy factors, 4. access to services and infrastructures, 5. nature-environment considerations, 6. factors related to military geography, 7. physical factors and 8. Political-administrative factors) with a coefficient of variance of 17, 14, 12, 9, 6, 7, 5 and 5 percent, respectively, explain 86/22 percent of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that all pathways were significant with 95% probability and the effect of exogenous latent variables on endogenous latent variables (octagonal dimensions) was significant. The chi-square statistic also showed the fitting of the designed model.

In this study, with the aim of investigating the importance of passive defense activities in the logistical for the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran have been studied and analyzed. Therefore, the method of this study is “Survey” and its statistic population is a total of 200 persons; using a paired comparisons matrix, the environmental factors are prioritized separately. The sample size with a 5 % error, 95 % confidence and 0.8 % tolerable error in measurement hits 86 persons, which is considered to be 90 persons for higher accuracy and greater reliability of the sample size. In addition, the status quo is compared with the desired state and while determining the percentage of facility allocation, the formulation of relevant passive defense strategies is carried out. Then, using TOPSIS method, the strategies are prioritized and finally the appropriate strategy for passive defense is developed upon a resistive economy approach. This study showed that by means of the important pillars of the general policies of the resistive economy, it is possible to devise new strategies in passive defense against threats that have been difficult to mitigate before, and by which, it could be possible to resolve some of the problems in passive defense logistics in the near future.