policy making

The transformation of labor parties in Iran following the 1979 Islamic Revolution has been a subject of significant political and economic analysis. This study explores the historical development of labor parties in post-revolutionary Iran, examining their role in shaping policy and their influence within the framework of the Islamic Republic. The primary research question is: How have labor parties evolved in Iran since the Islamic Revolution, and what role do they play in policymaking? Using a historical-analytical method, this study investigates the structural and ideological shifts in Iranian labor movements, particularly in relation to state-society relations and economic policymaking. The findings indicate that while labor parties have historically played a minor role in Iran’s political landscape due to state restrictions and ideological constraints, they have influenced social welfare policies and labor legislation indirectly. The research also highlights the challenges faced by labor parties, including legal barriers, governmental control over unions, and economic shifts that have altered labor dynamics. Despite these obstacles, labor movements remain a key player in advocating for workers' rights, albeit within a constrained political environment.

Unsustainable development and imbalance between water supply and demand and its exacerbation in climate change conditions are among the important issues in the country's water resources management. In this regard, the need to pay attention to the development of a program compatible with climate change in the water and agriculture sector, considering various environmental, social and economic dimensions, seems inevitable. Considering the wide range of potential effects of climate change and at the same time their inherent uncertainty, the adaptation plan should be developed in a way that has maximum flexibility and side effects. For this reason, the issue of claimatization of governance should be included in many programs and documents of the country and in the discourse of different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran, regardless of their political orientations, because the nature of the impact and effects from the point of view of social and environmental issues, the side of climatization of governance has received little attention from different governments, and today it seems necessary to pay attention to this issue. Based on this, the present study investigates the opportunities and challenges of the climatization of governance in the discourse of different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a descriptive-analytical method. Based on the findings of the research, in the section of the climatization challenges of governance in the Islamic Republic of Iran, it was found that the economic challenges have been assigned the highest rank. In the next order, placed political-security challenges, which is ranked second with a score of 0.812. The third rank of challenges is assigned to environmental challenges with a score of 0.730, and the lowest rank is assigned to social challenges with a score of 0.415.

While it may seem that ancient thinkers didn't explicitly discuss the concept of security in isolation, the constant concern for security among humankind ensured it was addressed in their works, albeit using different terminology. For example, the authors of "Andarznameh" (political Books of Advice) were focused on preserving governance and kingship. This paper, through a case study of Siyar al-Muluk (also known as Siyasatnameh/Book of Politics) by Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk, aims to reconstruct the "logic of politics" as understood by these thinkers. By exploring their "intellectual world," we seek to show what meanings the themes associated with the contemporary concept of "security" could have held within their framework and worldview.

Analyzing the ideas in Siyar al-Muluk, it's clear that Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk identified three main pillars of security: the king (malik), the kingdom (mulk), and the realm (mamlakat). These three elements form an interconnected whole. The concept of justice (adl) for Khwaja wasn't just about modern-day fairness; it included this tripartite framework. Under this notion of justice, values like moderation, adherence to traditions, avoiding religious innovation, oversight of officials' performance, defending against enemy threats, and avoiding extravagance were crucial. Khwaja's idea of "good kingship" was a well-ordered system where everything had its place. In this system, all officials were chosen based on merit and capability, and the king would intervene if any deviation or misconduct was detected. This "ideal" state or "good times" was synonymous with a "just kingship," ensuring the well-being of the subjects and the prosperity of the world. Any departure from this justice was seen as a path to decline and downfall.

From Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk's perspective, all forms of policymaking are intrinsically tied to security policymaking, as the ultimate goal is to preserve power, governance, and kingship. Security policymaking focused on preventing threats from emerging, neutralizing them in their early stages, and eliminating any actual and critical threats. It seems that Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk identified three main types of threats: 1) threats from foreign enemies and rival kings; 2) "hard" threats from internal enemies, which he often referred to as "Khawarij"; and 3) threats arising from "deviation from justice," or in modern terms, system malfunctions or dysfunctions.It seems that Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk devised strategies to counter each type of threat. For external threats, he emphasized the need for a ready army and the expenses for maintaining it, a well-stocked treasury, the king paying soldiers' salaries, keepingsubjects content, and showcasing the Sultan's majesty and greatness. According to Khwaja, internal "hard" threats, like uprisings and rebellions, stemmed from the gradual growth of latent or invisible "soft" threats. These were often caused by the spread of false religions and bad beliefs, which laid the groundwork for rebellion and sedition against the government. To counter these threats, Khwaja recommended continuous examination of religious affairs, strengthening true religion, purging the government and bureaucracy of heretical influence, and combating the Khawarij and heretics.When it comes to the third aspect of security, maintaining "justice," he highlighted several necessities: fulfilling royal duties and establishing good governance, preserving and expanding desirable royal qualities, continuously overseeing officials' work and punishing misconduct, preventing multiple job holdings, avoiding delegation of authority without supervision, creating and maintaining a network of informants, ensuring subjects’ access to the Sultan, monitoring and supervising the army, and basing jobs and titles on merit.

While the modern concept of security isn't explicitly outlined in Siyar al-Muluk, it serves as the cornerstone and unifying thread connecting the various aspects of Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk's intellectual framework. This perspective sheds new light on his intellectual world.

Currently, due to the lack of attention to cyber space policy making in the country, the opportunities in front of it have not been used well and the damages caused by it are spreading. Policy-making has several elements, including problem recognition, design, formulation, legitimization, implementation, and evaluation. Cryptocurrencies are one of the achievements of blockchain and although most of the countries are looking to use its benefits, they have faced many confusions in relation to it and so far they have not reached a comprehensive opinion in relation to this issue and countries have taken different approachesThe current research is a mixed form, and qualitative data was collected in MaxQda software and using the data theorizing method of the Qualitative Analysis Foundation and open coding. The desired model was confirmed by the method of partial least squares (PLS) quantitative analysis The dimensions of the desired pattern were confirmed Policy makers of cryptocurrencies by recognizing issues such as governance, jurisprudence, technical, financial and economic, legal and judicial as well as capacities such as; monetary and banking, investment and job creation and the capacities of cryptocurrencies and dealing with issues such as cryptocurrency mining, buying and selling, maintaining and supplying primary coins will be able to understand the interaction and mutual effect of its various dimensions; Analyzing the opportunities and threats and internal and global experiences, to obtain a comprehensive and comprehensive view of various areas and issues of cryptocurrencies.

Foreign trade in essential goods in the country has faced the most sanctions in the past two decades, significantly impacting market stability, economic welfare, and food and social security. Therefore, it is one of the most important challenges policymakers face. The aim of this research is to provide a model for analyzing foreign trade policy of essential goods under economic sanctions. This study is applied-developmental in nature and employs a cross-sectional survey method for data collection. The research participants consist of executive officials, policymakers, and university professors related to the subject. In the qualitative section, insights from 15 individuals were utilized, while 183 participants contributed to the quantitative section of the study. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-designed questionnaire. For data analysis, a grounded theory approach was used in the qualitative section, and Partial Least Squares (PLS) was employed in the quantitative section. Given the positive and significant relationships among the identified components, the proposed model is relatively comprehensive and complete based on the implications and characteristics of foreign trade, making it more suitable than other models presented by experts, especially those designed for non-commercial societies.

The scope of inferring a strategic problem, especially in the early stages, can be wide and scattered, and since it is not predefined, some perceptions or assigning meanings to these problems are necessary to design, select and apply a solution for them. The importance of identifying the formation factors of strategic issues comes from the fact that, according to some thinkers, it has a special effect on the organization's strategies and can identify weaknesses, strengths, threats or opportunities for the decision makers to make policy in the organization. Strategic issues in the J.A.A. armed forces. The minds of the commanders and managers have always been focused on themselves, and in fact, the way the commanders and managers look at the issues and issues facing the armed forces of J.A.A. exist, how to recognize these issues and their formation and the factors that play a role in this way, play a significant role in making strategic decisions and policy making.This research, while identifying and enumerating the factors of formation of the system of strategic issues in the armed forces of J.A., examines their effect on policy making. For this purpose, the researcher used the "descriptive-analytical, survey" research method, after itemizing the research variables, by distributing a questionnaire in the form of a 10 x 5 matrix among experts and experts related to the subject in the form of a statistical sample of 80 people. did In the end, it is concluded that among the factors of formation of the system of strategic issues in the armed forces of J.A.A. The factors of "Measures and demands of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (Supreme Commander-in-Chief), high-level documents and directional elements", "emerging, disruptive or disruptive technologies" and "environmental monitoring and strategic analysis" have the greatest impact on policy making, which, of course, are the special attention of commanders and He also requires the top managers of the armed forces in these cases.

this paper aims to investigate the media policies governing national media in Iran following the revolution. As national media is a multifaceted and extensive organization covering various domains, this research focuses on the policies applied to the news anchoring sector. News anchoring is crucial in media due to its continuous and direct connection with the audience, making it highly influential in attracting and impacting viewers. However, the anchoring model is primarily shaped by the overarching policies of national media rather than individual characteristics. The central question of the article is: What effects do the prevailing policies of Iranian national media, including television, have on persuasive news anchoring? The findings indicate that moving away from traditional anchoring, redefining the mission of news anchors as creative message deliverers, identifying target audiences and competitors in terms of influence, and recognizing their needs and expectations necessitate changes in media policy and oversight. This study employs a qualitative methodology using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The statistical population includes Tehran residents who are audiences of national media, as well as experts and scholars in the field of news anchoring.

Basically, among the components that affect the defense doctrine in each country, And the main focus of the Iranian army's manpower, especially the ground force, is based on the soldier's manpower. Therefore, the aim, method, research findings and conclusions of this research are summarized as follows:

to improve the quality of military service and to optimize the recruitment method according to Iran's demographic changes.

The research method in this research is descriptive. With an institutional approach, the researcher validates and answers the research questions by conducting expert analysis and using the Delphi technique and library method.

The aging of the Iranian population, the halt in population growth and the quantitative increase of single-child families, as well as the increase in the social participation of the female population (feminization of the military) are among the findings of this research, which are effective on military service in the coming decades.

The result of this problem-oriented research is to present executive proposals for military service in accordance with demographic changes in Iran in the horizon of 1420. By analyzing the trend of demographic changes in Iran, the researcher has reached innovative results such as the feminization of military service and the move towards the professionalization of the army in Iran.

Smuggling of goods and currency is one of the problems that has its roots abroad. The consequences of trafficking go beyond mere economic loss. Trafficking can destabilize communities and contribute to wider regional tensions. A large part of these problems is related to communication between countries, so the purpose of this research is to examine the problems and provide solutions for changing Iran’s policy and convergence with the Central Asia and Caucasus region in the face of this event. The main question of this article is how to change the approach to combating the smuggling of goods and currency between Iran and the region of Central Asia and the Caucasus? The major challenge we face in dealing with the problems of trafficking is the difficulty in conceptualizing the complex issues of collective action, which, with the involvement of many local actors and social networks, takes on another challenge. Public administrators around the world operate very differently in political and socio-economic contexts. As a result, the resources and capacities of public administrators in these areas vary greatly, as globalization has intensified in recent decades, national and regional boundaries, economic, social, political and ideological issues have increasingly been transcended. In fact, many of these issues are beyond the norm. Traditional patterns that emphasize the role of formal organizations are insufficient to address many problems, including trafficking. As a result, concepts such as multi-level governance are increasingly studied. To address complex social, political and economic issues it is necessary to use multi-level policies and multi-level personalities to create solutions to deal with smuggling of goods.Research question: Each of the problems that occur in countries has an external nature and effect. In other words, internal crises have regional and international roots and with the continuation of the crisis, these consequences will spread and with its continuation, all its effects and consequences can be recognized. Meanwhile, the manner and type of governance within countries has a significant effect on creating and solving problems. In the meantime, there are multi-level governance that can strengthen and improve the fight against trafficking. The main question of this article is how can we change the approach of combating smuggling of goods and currency by considering multi-level governance in regional policy making?

Research hypothesis:

 In response to the main question, the hypothesis is raised that multi-level governance strengthens and improves regional policy in the field of combating goods and currency smuggling.

In this research, the method of text and content analysis of the type of "content network" introduced by atride - stepperling will be used. This method tries to access the text from main themes, organizing themes and inclusive themes; therefore, first, the text analysis of all interviews and the extraction of basic themes, in other words, the delivery of the text, will be carried out. Then, the method of abstracting and extracting the themes of the organizer and finally discovering and explaining the network of themes of governance factors related to the fight against smuggling of goods and currency will be done. Therefore, qualitative and visual analysis methods based on data and content analysis have been used in this research. In fact, by viewing the relevant documents and receiving the primary data, documents, recordings and results of the interviews are accurately and regularly evaluated and analyzed, and objectives and questions are explained with a qualitative method.  The data collection method is interview, and the data analysis method is thematic analysis. The sampling method was targeted and snowball, and smuggling experts were contacted to collect data. The data and findings of the research include the opinions of interviewees about the proposed strategies for policymaking in the fight in different dimensions, which were analyzed and presented in the form of comprehensive themes. According to the findings of the research, the re-design of the police to fight the smuggling of goods and currency has been investigated at the transnational level and in operational and executive dimensions. To determine the validity of the research, the research tool was approved by several elites in the field of security and law enforcement concepts, and to check the reliability of qualitative research, there are several strategies that are used here to verify the reliability of data by the experts. Therefore, after extracting concepts and themes and drawing a network of themes between them, they were asked to confirm the researcher's understanding of the data by sending the results to several elites. The aim of this task is to ensure that the researcher has correctly analyzed and classified the data correctly.

The data and findings of the research include the opinions of the interviewees about the proposed strategies for policy making in the struggle in different dimensions, which were analyzed and presented in the form of 7 overarching themes and 23 strategies. According to the interviews conducted in the field of operations and implementation of the fight against smuggling of goods and currency, there was a lot of emphasis on the need to change the structure of the relations between countries in dealing with smuggling. These changes are expressed in dimensions such as decision-making and operations, budget, participation of foreign parties.

According to the interviews conducted in operational and executive fields in the fight against smuggling of goods and currency, the need to change the structure of relations between countries in combating smuggling was emphasized. These changes are expressed in dimensions such as decision-making and operations, budget, participation of foreign parties. In an operational and transnational framework, the most important solutions provided by the interviewees are the creation of security agreements and information sharing between different countries.

The present study seeks to analyze the policy making of Basij jihadi camps based on a process model that, with a qualitative approach and an inductive approach, using the analysis of relevant documents and also existing interviews (24 people) from national, provincial officials and activists of jihadi camps, the process of the said camps in 5 steps (identification of problems and dilemmas, determination of goals, formulation and formulation of policy solutions, implementation and obtaining feedbacks, evaluation of the implemented policy) were analyzed, and finally, the analysis of policy making for the realization of upstream documents has been analyzed. The findings of the research from the interviews in the stage of implementation and receiving feedback included three main categories including managerial, organizational and environmental factors. In the field of organizational factors, the categories of "lack of educational program", "weak continuity of goals", "incomplete identification of the region" and in the field of environmental factors, the categories of "exaggeration of deprivations", "damage to native culture" are among the challenges of the implementation field. It is camps. The results of this research also show that the quality of implementing the policy of jihadi camps requires the attention of the officials and preventing the application of taste and politicking in the more favorable implementation of these camps.

The position of knowledge in policy-making has been discussed and disputed by academics for a long time, but it has been more seriously considered in recent decades. One of the most important approaches in this field is evidence-based policy-making, which was proposed in 1997 as an alternative to ideological and opinion-based policy-making. This research examines and criticizes this approach and argues that although the idea of evidence-based policy-making is desirable and ideal, but because scientific and research evidence - especially soft sciences such as humanities and social sciences - are products of social relations and not objective, it is not possible to realize the idea of evidence-based policy-making as an alternative to ideological and opinion-based policy-making. In addition, even with the assumption of objective and pure human knowledge, considering that the nature of policy-making is intertwined with interests, power, bureaucracy, and the like, there are many obstacles to use scientific evidence in policy-making

The preparation and compilation of the general policies of the system and the macro-policy-making process in the country is a collaborative matter; therefore, the evaluation and measurement of the output of this process require an integrated and coherent view, which, in addition to comprehensive statistics, examines the details of each of the general policies with a holistic approach. Therefore, the present research was conducted to design the evaluation framework of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran system using the database theorizing method. Qualitative research approach and data were collected as "library and field." After the documentary review of the research literature, with the help of the "database" theory and using the "in-depth interview" tool, first-hand data were collected to design the desired framework and analyzed in three different but interconnected phases: "open, central, and selective coding." Based on this, a number of 162 general concepts were extracted, based on the grounded theory method, in six areas: causal conditions (including 4 subcategories and 26 concepts), background conditions (including 5 subcategories and 53 concepts), intervening conditions (including 2 categories, subcategories, and 14 concepts), strategies (including 6 subcategories and 23 concepts), central phenomenon (including 3 subcategories and 25 concepts), and consequences (including 4 subcategories and 21 concepts) were divided, and the final framework was drawn accordingly.

The increase in the importance of governance knowledge along with recent scientific researches and productions necessitates the formation of a network and a system of scientific communication around the governance knowledge.

Therefore, the present research aims to use the scientometric method and the technique of co-word analysis; To draw a map of the field of knowledge of governance based on all 1136 internal scientific-research articles that have been indexed in the Persian Islamic World Sciences database and Noor specialized magazines in the period from 1390 to 1401. Excel and VOSviewer software have been used to analyze the network of concepts, prepare data and draw a scientific map.

The findings of this research consist of 196 keywords related to the governance network.

Also, after the keywords "good governance" and "good urban governance", keywords such as "urban management and planning", "public participation" and "sustainable development" are among the most frequent keywords in governance research; which have the most co-occurrence.

Macro policies, which are formulated and announced by the Expediency Discernment Council, are considered to be one of the most important upstream documents of public policy in the country. The pathologies that have been made about the failure of macro policies have mainly focused on the policy implementation stage. The current research has tried to deal with the pathology of the formulation stage of macro policies. For this purpose, by relying on the theoretical literature in the field of policy making and interviews with experts in this field, it has been tried to identify the harms of the policy formulation stage, which has led to the failure of the policy in implementation. Also, based on the pathology, a proposed framework for policy reform has been presented in the drafting stage. This research, based on qualitative methodology and thematic analysis method, and conducted through interviews with policy makers and implementers, shows that the implementation of fundamental changes in the policy formulation stage is necessary to prevent policy failure in the implementation stage. Among the most important harms identified in this research, we can mention the ambiguity in the legal and substantive status of the policies, the lack of clarity of the strategy, the undesirable multiplicity of policies, the lack of appointing a supervisor, and "not having an executive guarantee".

Cyber terrorism, as one of the challenges of the present era, has been introduced as a serious threat to international peace and security in most of the legal documents related to cyber security, and the need to fight against it has been emphasized. Threats caused by terrorist acts are no longer within the framework of a certain territory and have become a global threat. Terrorism targets values that are the foundation of the United Nations Charter, such as: respect for human rights, the rule of law, laws and regulations regarding the protection of civilians in war, tolerance and tolerance between nations and countries, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. The current research, which was carried out with the descriptive-analytical method and the use of library resources, aims to answer the question of what are the international obligations of governments in dealing with cyber terrorism. Based on the findings of the research, it has come to conclusion that the most important commitment reflected in the international anti-terrorism treaties is the criminalization of such acts in the criminal laws and that the member states should include the field of accepting universal jurisdiction in their criminal laws that includes territorial judicial proceedings, proceedings based on the nationality of the criminal and the victim. According to treaties and judgment, it will be based on the defendant's residence and these requirements include the extradition of criminals.

This article examines the social policy in the field of women heads of households in Iran and the world and tries to answer two questions: What is the current state of policy in the field of women heads of households in Iran and what is the ideal situation? The research method in this research is qualitative and analysis is also used. The statistical population of the research is experts in the field of women heads of the household, and according to the existing limitations, 10 experts in this field were selected for the interview by random and snowball method. The results of the research show that the budgetary and gender components, the lack of comprehensiveness of the policymaking approach in dealing with women heads of households, the lack of strong will for the implementation of laws and the multiplicity of parallel institutions in policy-making are the most important achilles heels of policymaking in the field of women heads of households. It is in Iran .

As the Internet has expanded and public interest in virtual spaces has grown, countries around the globe have implemented various policies in this area. Acknowledging the importance of this issue, the Islamic Republic of Iran has also developed policies pertaining to cyberspace, as evidenced by the "Strategic Document of the Islamic Republic of Cyberspace," which serves as a foundational guideline. Despite the emergence of numerous analyses on this topic, many of these works reveal significant shortcomings. This research seeks to identify the missing components within Iran's virtual space policy framework to cultivate a perspective that effectively aligns with these policies and achieves the intended objectives. The methodology adopted in this study is descriptive-analytical, relying on documentary and bibliographic resources. This article draws upon the theoretical framework articulated by the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, who has consistently underscored the importance of public participation in national affairs. It critiques the directive nature of current policies and the dominant top-down approach. The findings suggest that policymakers' disregard for crucial elements such as "persuasion," "legitimization," and "feedback" within the policy cycle—factors that the Supreme Leader has consistently emphasized—has hindered the ability to cultivate public satisfaction and has contributed to limited success in this domain.

In today's extremely complex and evolving world and limited available resources, without looking to the future and making policies and planning correctly, it is not possible to reach the destination, and perhaps societies that, due to neglecting the future and suffering from everyday life, are doomed to fate. They were infected with failure. Policymakers need to formulate policies for unknown and uncertain futures, and futures researchers have a significant contribution to this process, but futures research is often overlooked as a policy-making element. This writing with descriptive analytical method and using documentary and library method, its main goal is to examine the relationship between future research and policy making and to improve the relationship between future research and policy making and to examine the possibility of establishing a relationship between this research and policy analysis. It is the way of typology of indeterminacy. In this article, a conceptual framework is proposed for the relationship between policy analysis, policy making and the field of future research so that they can mutually benefit from a common approach and tool. This integrated framework is intended to guide policy analysts in the appropriate use of futures research approaches so that they can improve their analysis and contribute to better policy. Also, activists in the field of future studies are encouraged to align their approaches with the needs of policy analysts and in this way lead to an increase in the absorption of future studies works in policy analysis.

The politics of friendship comes directly from discussing the conditions of human beings with one another.Living and communicating with others is important and undeniable based on human social nature.Now a day,with the expansion of private space, as opposed to the narrowing of the circle of human common space, friendships have faded. The issue of violence and enmity in the Islamic world has gained particular prominence with the rise of jihadi takfiri groups, as often theorized and elaborated by scientific and academic research.However, the issue of friendship, which is otherwise a political issue from Schmidt's point of view, has been less addressed, especially in domestic research and especially in political philosophy. Contemporary Muslims have not been followed.Therefore, the present study seeks to discover indicators of friendship in the political thought of Imam Khomeini as a contemporary Muslim thinker and leader of the Islamic Revolution based on the theories of Hanna Arendt and Jacques Derrida (with emphasis and adjustment). To accomplish this, it is important to use the approach Schleiermacher's hermeneutics used qualitative content analysis, indentation and inference method. On this basis, the main question of the research is “How does the concept of friendship in Imam Khomeini's thought make sense of politics and politics in the Islamic world?” and its hypothesis is that categories such as vows and covenants, power, acceptance of differences, acceptance of differences, acceptance The other is that forgiveness, responsible friendship, and negative self-negation are decisive in the form of friendship politics in their thinking system.

Policy-making in social spheres represents rationality and efforts to guide and lead the society and organize the social situation with the great authority of the ruling power. Therefore, one of the important areas of policy making is ethnic diversity. In this regard, ethnic groups are one of the important areas affected by the process of globalization, which has made the Islamic Republic of Iran face many serious issues. The purpose of this article is to present the desired requirements in ethnic policy with an emphasis on the era of globalization. In this regard, the current research seeks to answer this question: "What are the requirements and requirements of ethnic politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran, considering the era of globalization?" In the present research, descriptive-analytical method was used and the method of data collection was library method. The hypothesis of the research is that the Islamic Republic can be considered as a suitable model for ethnic policies in Iran by adopting the pluralistic and unitary model based on Iranianness-Islamism as the main component of comprehensive and balanced development. The obtained results indicate that elements such as; Employing ethnic elites in local jobs and positions, establishing the citizenship model as the basis of politics, cultural pluralism, economic solutions as the requirements and requirements of ethnic politics in Iran are mentioned with regard to the issue of globalization.