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“Theories of International Relations” written by Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater is an endeavor for explaining foundation of the theories of IR. and to analyze the principles of each theory. This book is consisted of twelve chapters and tries to analyze the relations among actors in international relations. Although the philosophical approach of the writers cased ambiguity, and insufficient explanation about the great debates especially the methodological one can be considered as flaws of the book, but great logical order and good explanation about new approaches such as International ethics makes this book a suitable book for understanding theories of international Relations. In fact, the verity of the writers caused different ideas and thoughts to be gathered and analyzed in one masterpieces and a good introduction made it understandable for readers. The book is a comprehensive explanation about different approaches and theories in international relations and can be useful for post graduate students.

This article has attempted to answer this question that: How political philosophy has been undergoing transformation and evolution in terms of its themes and contents from the beginning of its formation until now?
This article has shown that Political philosophy passing through truth-oriented, virtue-oriented ethics and eudaimonism which formed within the framework of the hierarchical cosmos/god based attitude and the foundations corresponing with it, consisting of the deductive epistemology and the elitistic anthropology at the pre-modern paradigm, at one hand resulted in one type of diachronic and historical ideas based upon concepts of the right, history and freedom in the humanistic modern paradigm and also resulted in the formation of the group of the critical currents and ones’ which demanding revival of the classic pre-modern political philosophy And eventually political philosophy is transformed to the narrative at the framework of the anti-essentialist, anti-rationalist and anti subject-oriented post-modern paradigm. This article by taking advantage of the paradigmic approach, has presented typology of the political philosophy at the three pre-modern, modern and post-modern paradigm and meantime, has shown the evolution and transformation of themes of the political philosophy.

The State has been discussed as highest as the executive branch within the territorial boundaries. The State-at least in modern age- is manifestation of the relationship of power and domination that existed in all communities. Anarchism as an ideology¡ is pessimist toward the institution of “government” and “governmental power”¡ and considers every kind of institution as a destructive factor of moral and social life of humans. On the other hands¡ in the age of globalization¡ as the recent political social situation¡ the elements of dominance are faced with major challenges. One characteristic of the idea of globalization is reliance on the intellectual context of postmodernism movement that challenges the values of the modern era. The main feature of this movement is the rejection of absolutism¡ that In this regard¡ does blames structure that is formed by the Power and State¡ and involves in the critique of domination in the political community. Based on this fact¡ this question is raised that considering the pluralism and the critique of the popularism¡ in “globalization” situation¡ is there a route for the assertiveness the “Anarchism” ideology. Our hypothesis would be that in the age of globalization¡ Due to the Expanding Decentralization approach in different domains¡ It can be said that State powers is scattered and their tasks is limited and on the other It can be said the Dream of a society without State¡ and moral society based on “Anarchism …” can be realize in some areas. Therefore it can be attempted to explain and analyze the fate of government in the globalization situation by rereading the ideology of Anarchism-in the viewpoints of two of most prominent of contem rorery intellectuals of this school; “George Woodcock” and “Saul Newman”.

The present day macro theories of International Relations do not properly address new problems of world politics namely: climate change¡ ecological changes¡ hunger¡ epidemic deceases¡ migration and so on. Therefore different «thoughts» which are not based on facts and criteria of International Relations'' discipline found a way into it. One of these areas is the concept of «human security» on which there are no consensus on its principles¡ structure¡ and attributes. Without proper scientific grounds some of these «thoughts» confer the responsibility of human insecurity on the developing countries. Thus the question here is how and on the basis of what paradigm we can find the relationship between «power» and the lack of «theorizing» in this regard in International Relations. By scrutinizing the basis of post-modern paradigm regarding human security and the relationship between power and knowledge it becomes clear that the important roles of industrial nations and capitalist system are neglected. Therefore their explanation of the concept of human security went beyond scientific criteria and thus cannot help theorizing this concept in International Relations properly.

The formation and alliance of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the Cold war era, especially after the war, had been one of the keys and controversial issues of the international relations researchers. The explanation for the reasons of formation and alliance of this organization is formed in three theories which are, realism (classic and new), liberalism (classic and new) also social constructivism, in different ways. This article, meanwhile investigates weight of each of these three theories, it is trying to present a theoretical framework compilation which is able to be a more efficient explanation of the alliance of NATO, especially after the cold war. Based on combined framework, in analyzing the causes of the continuation and development of this organization, we must consider the factors like; the anarchic structure of the international system, the polarity of the international system, the role of major powers in the system, the position of the international institutions as well as the internal factors and forces and the domestic policy in the process of formation and alliance of the unions like NATO. Meanwhile, mental phenomena, material factors must be measured together and be investigated entirely. In this kind of explanation, different factors at different levels, to understand trends alliance of NATO are considered. Eventually, in explaining this issue, the role of identity, especially the process identity which based on that, western identity with a particular interpretation of democratic values in front of non-western identity with different values is considered. In fact, this dual identity results to alliance the organizations like NATO that its aim is to protect the constructed identity in front of Lt. made identity.

Two Islamic Revolutions of Iran (1979) and Egypt (2011) have been among the important and influential revolutions in the West Asia and the world being seriously taken into account by Revolution theorists. Here, the main question is that what the role and position of ideology has been in the course of revolution especially in the developments after collapse of the former regimes in these two countries. Enjoying the viewpoints of the fourth generation of revolution theorists particularly John Foran and Jack Gladstone, the paper is an attempt to investigate and compare these two revolutions in both domestic and foreign aspects. The findings of the research show that because of enjoying the coherent ideology of revolutionary Islam inspired from the political culture of Shia and under the auspices of Imam Khomeini’s charismatic leadership, the Islamic Republic of Iran has played a fundamental role in creation of revolutionary situation, fall of Pahlavi Regime, and establishment and stabilization of the fledgling Islamic Republic Regime of Iran while the Egyptian revolutionists did not enjoy such kind of coherent intellectual-ideological support.

Security is the vital and important subject in international relations. Theories of International relations provide different views about the states of creating secure condition or emergence of insecurity. Thus, the question of security has been a mind-challenging subject for theorist of the field for a long time. The question that is about to be addressed in this paper is: what homogeneities and heterogeneities exist between postmodernism and neorealism in the security domain? In this matter the hypothesis is that regarding the positivist and post-positivist approaches of the two, neorealism and postmodernism schetch different views about security. Using library resources and with comparative methodology, the present inquiry tries to deal with discussions about security from the viewpoints of neorealism and postmodernism, to show similarities and differences in this respect. The findings indicates that neorealism has reinforced -super-governmental dignity in the field of security. However, the common basis of all postmodernist derivisions critiisizes state as a main and exclusive actor in the established positivist security approach.

The article provides a new and different understanding about the history of development mentality in the West. The author argues that the development mentality in any society is a product of the Great Games of Distinction and Contradiction in the history of that society. In this context, the author believes that the history of development mentality in the West, more than any case, is the product of five Great Distinction and Contradiction Games of "Greek/Non-Greek", "Christian/Non-Christian", "Premodern/Modern", "Orthodox/Radical" and "Modern/Postmodern". He explains the roles of these five Great Games of Distinction and Contradiction in the history of development mentality in the West due to the current content and form and believes that the current game of "Modern/Postmodern" instead of death of the development mentality lead to the immortality and historical incompleteness of development mentality in the west, Because “the post-development stream“ (as a product of the Distinction and Contradiction Game of "Modern/Postmodern"), is a part of development mentality feild in the West and grow of the post-developmentalism will smooth the basis of emergence of "logical literature of development" in future rethinking, at least theoretically.

The concept of tradition is one of the major issues in the Muslim World. So every interpretation on this issue has an effective social and political impact. Throughout his life, every Muslim always interacts with tradition and the way he interacts with the world around him draws inspiration from tradition. As a result this tradition that shapes the worldview of each person. Back to tradition and Critical Reader is a historical and inevitable necessity, because in the past few decades, the rejection of tradition has been a failed project. Therefore, to make present and future, there is no way other than a return to tradition and reread it. This requires knowledge of the methodological debate and adopting a systematic intellectual project by the scientists that's entered into this field. Muslim thinkers in the twentieth century by adopting modern research methods, have to reread tradition. One of these scholars, Mohammed Arkoun (1928-2010) was an Algerian outstanding scholar of Islam. In this study, according to his conception and definition of tradition, we will examine his research methods of reread tradition.

Apartheid means separation and segregation and separate development of geographically diverse ethnic groups. In light of the passage of liberal and Marxist theories of discourse analysis, this article reviews the nature of apartheid policies in the occupied territories since 1948. The article attempts to answer the question that what was the articulation and Israeli Apartheid discourse formation process? The research hypothesis is that Apartheid discourse in the time of articulation, exploited from identity making and equivalence by relying on Judaism to use as an instrument for achieving its political benefits. The dialogue seeks to create a new meaning system through the bond of various identities in a common project. Based on this, social order is comprised of different scattered elements. These different and sparse elements consist of the external elements and forces are immigrants who settled in Palestine. In fact, Zionism, integrated floating identities and deserted Jewish elements to create identity and meaning system in the Occupied Territories through power mechanisms for legitimizing and abrading. This article is in two parts, the first part is due to the emergence of ethnic groups and geographic expansion and In the second part Israeli society by addressing a public space and assess the gaps and crises, stagnation, discourse hegemony and the emergence of competing discourses of Post Zionism is checked.

A number of Western theorists in the field of social sciences frequently asked from other scholars to open their eyes to this fact that the withdrawal of religion from the public sphere is not possible. On the contrary religious groups and their issues are playing an important role in the public sphere. Post-secularism refers to the fact that what has been considered the marginalization and the overthrow of religion from the public sphere has changed dramatically. Post-secular accounts try to minimize the assumption of a normative priority of the secular over the religious, and advocate a process of mutual understanding, with a reciprocally acknowledged epistemic parity as the possible outcome of the process. This paper attempts to investigate the relationship between religion and politics in the post-secular society. It indicates that as the post-secular era is the product of post-modernism, modern or pre-modern theory cannot analyze the relationship between religion and politics and we need a new theory.

The research in progress is tries to examine the impact of post- Zionism as a critical dialogue on Israeli society developments. The author by exploiting Adorno’s negative critical dialectics approach is looking for detect factors that protect and safeguard special kind of relations between subject and Object.

As one of the important subfields of International Relations, Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) has attracted less attention than other IR subfields, particularly in Iran. Yet in the 1950’s until the 1970’s this subfield was developing fast and it was supposed to be flourishing conceptually and theoretically. Together with the questions raised against behaviorism and positivism in IR, FPA theoretical achievements were challenged and it experienced a degree of decline. However, it has become more popular amongst IR scholars since the 1990’s. This article seeks to explain FPA revival on the basis of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of academic articles dealing with foreign policy published before and after the 1990’s. It suggests that the end of the Cold War and its aftermaths which could not be satisfactorily explained by IR systemic theories, the emergence of new analytical and theoretical frameworks in IR that could in principle deal with domestic as well as international phenomena, and new analytical facilities that could be used within the existing quantitative approaches in the FPA contributed to the re-emergence of FPA.

In the scientific research performed during the past two decades، relatively less attention has been paid to the role of cultural factors (compared to material ones) in the international political process. Identity، especially collective identity، is one of these cultural factors which have a considerable role in the definition of national interest and formation of states'' foreign policies. This paper''s goal is to present an analysis of the concept of identity and its role in the international political process from various existing theoretical perspectives.

Contemporary religious revitalization not only has revealed that in the present circumstances، whether good or not، religion has gained a new position in the domestic and international politics all over the world but also it has challenged secularization theory and has attracted sociologists and social thinkers. By raising the concept of post-secularism، Jurgen Habermas tries to discuss religion and its role in the political and public sphere of present liberal democratic societies and reach an understanding that how religious people can participate completely in the liberal democratic politics of modern pluralist societies. This article tries to discuss his ideas about the role of religion in the public sphere and the differences between Habermas and liberal thinkers، particularly John Rawls.

The main argument of this article is to analyze the Islamic Awakening developments and the way new security disciplines development in Middle East is affected by this event. Since the revolution of people in Arab states is known as uprising against dictator governments and Colonial, it can be an important factor for redefining the novel disciplines in the region which considering Saidism or after- colonial elements and the correspondence among these revolutions and this study, we testify the formation of the type of order focused on reviewing Saidism studies in Middle East. So in this article first of all, we analyze disciplines from the perspective of realism, liberalism, Copenhagen school and post colonial and then the Genealogy of disciplines in Middle East. Islamist role has been also discussed and article is finished by a discussion about the security disciplines governing on the region after the Arabic revolutions, so we can conclude how Arabic revolutions have effects on the formation of new security discipline of Middle East.

The post-colonialism approach in international relations is one of the most recent trends in the discipline. This approach focuses on non-Western and underdeveloped countries, and tries to expose and change the complex power/knowledge relations that define the current world order. Post-colonialism has a different definition for the past, present and future of international relations, and presents a different view on interpreting world affairs, highlighting undiscovered aspects of international relations. Theoretically, post-colonialism is charged with the task of shedding light on those aspects of the international relations field which other approaches leave untouched. The theory plays two roles with regard to the other theories in the discipline: objecting main stream theories and complementing the critical international relations theory. The present study focuses on the complementary role of the post-colonialism and critical international relations theory, analyzing its research capabilities.

Territoriality is considered in the political geography and geopolitics as one of the fundamental issues. Territoriality is man making political structure that seeks to divide space. Territoriality is political nature or the nature of the dispute and no existed without ruthless dividing of space into separate parts and the exclusive allocation of space. Therefore, territoriality is purposeful process and may pursue various purposes, including economic, security, identity, stimulus or even emotional. This paper intends to use the three elements of "space", "power" and "identity" to explain the formation process of discursive territoriality and using three categories: the context (proximate or distal), analytic form (post-/structuralize or interpretive-explanatory) and political stance (involved or detached), achieved the systematic and purposeful discourse analysis in critical geopolitics. And finally, with local and mouffe's theory of discourse divided into three interdependent apparatuses: the discourse apparatus, the identity apparatus and the politics apparatus this result is achieved the ways in which critical geopolitics scholarship has understood and made use of discourse analysis.

The states in order to provide national security were ever stabilizing their own sovereignty in a proper area that was determined in the framework of political borders and was able to be marked that’s dimensions and limits. But, rising post-modernism, which was followed by rising local identities and non-government identities and non-government organizations (localization) and global and multinational companies and international or beyond national organization (globalization), this kind of sovereignty lost its own centralization and performed both global and local forms in the world. Therefore, the states in order to defend and protect the realm of political geography of their countries, sometimes was affected from global issues and sometimes from local one. Thus, in this condition, making coordination between these two subject (global and local issues), will guaranteed survival and duration of sovereignties. So, it can supposed that two series of factors that are effected by infra national(localization) and ultra-national(globalization) can change the realm of state's sovereignty in the post-modern period, answering this question that what are the effective factors on the realm of states sovereignty? Sure, this change does not mean that national governments and political boundaries declines; but, the new and changed form of states with a new function are appeared. So, it seems that international organizations, states and social movements are factors that influence sovereignties in the post-modern period. Thus, the purpose of present paper is to explain new specialties of the states’ sovereignty in the post-modern geopolitics. In this way, with a descriptive-analytical method, new form of sovereignty in the post-modern period which is in a different form comparing with sovereignties form in modern period will be analyzed noticing global, national and local changes.

Zionism is the product of a political interpretation of the Jewish religion in the nineteenth century, which could gradually and with the support of western countries make a unified discourse and focus Jews’ public opinion on Palestine territory, and with the establishment of a Jewish state in Middle East in addition to giving the promise of peace to the Jewish refugees in the specified land, proposed the para territorial idea of from Nile to Euphrates, but this fragmented society is faced with different challenges in political, sociological, population, strategic areas and intellectual, identity discourse issues, so that vast changes has happened in the dominating ideas underlying the foundation of a Jewish state. The changes in academic levels inside Israel, which has brought in new intellectual challenges to society and the governing board, by reviewing and revising the formation of Zionist discourse consideration and evaluation of the achievement of the aims and objectives. The process has many similarities with the flow of post modernism against modernism in west. Transition from this intellectual operational stalemate point is possible through alternative discourses and new resolutions which are in accordance with the internal and external realities of Israel and the region. Suppositions show public interest would be drawn to the new intellectual proposition which is more conforming with the reality & probability of arc-typical & station.