security

The Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 marked a turning point in the political, social, and security developments of the West Asian region. This revolution not only transformed Iran's internal structures but also had extensive impacts on the power dynamics in the region. As a result of this transformation, the Axis of Resistance emerged as a politico-military movement. This axis, consisting of Iran, Hezbollah in Lebanon, Syria, Palestinian resistance groups, and other allied forces, has significantly influenced the balance of power by altering the strategies of regional and international players. In this context, the Islamic Republic of Iran, leveraging its ideological, geopolitical, and military capabilities, has played a crucial role in leading and expanding this axis. To analyze the role of the Axis of Resistance and the changes it has brought to the region, neorealism, particularly the views of Kenneth Waltz, provides a suitable theoretical framework. This theory emphasizes that changes in the distribution of power and global and regional structures lead to the formation of strategic alliances and shifts in power dynamics. The Axis of Resistance, by weakening strategic rivals and strengthening regional alliances, has played a key role in redefining the regional order. The Axis of Resistance, through its military power, active diplomacy, and security strategies, has altered the political landscape of the region and influenced the policies of Western and Arab countries. Some of its most significant effects include:Role of the Axis of Resistance in Changing Security Strategies: The Axis of Resistance, as an influential force in the region, has impacted the security and military policies of various actors. By establishing military bases and supporting resistance groups, this axis has created effective deterrence against potential threats. These actions have not only strengthened Iran's security beyond its borders but also paved the way for countering the aggressive policies of the West and its regional allies. Shift in the Regional Balance of Power: The Axis of Resistance has challenged the unilateral policies of the United States by creating new power poles in the region. Through increased military and political cooperation among regional actors, this axis has intensified existing rivalries and altered the balance of power. Countries that were previously dependent on U.S. policies are now seeking new relationships based on shared interests with Iran and resistance groups. Consolidation of Iran’s Regional Influence: One of the key outcomes of the Axis of Resistance has been the expansion of Iran’s strategic depth in neighboring countries. By capitalizing on the power vacuums created by U.S. failures in Iraq and Afghanistan, Iran has strengthened its presence in these nations. Support for resistance groups in Syria and Lebanon has further solidified Iran’s position as a regional power. This influence has not only ensured Iran’s national security but also enhanced its geopolitical standing at the regional and international levels. Failure of Western Strategies in Regional Order Formation: The policies of the United States and its allies aimed at establishing a new regional order that sidelines Iran have encountered multiple obstacles. Western efforts to contain Iran through sanctions, diplomatic pressure, and support for internal opposition have failed to diminish its influence. Instead, the Axis of Resistance, through maintaining cohesion and coordination among its members, has shifted the balance of power in favor of Iran. This trend has led to the failure of Western strategies in shaping their desired regional order. Increasing Regional Actors’ Inclination Towards the Axis of Resistance: In recent years, many regional players previously aligned with Western policies have gradually gravitated towards the Axis of Resistance. The success of this axis in countering security threats and maintaining regional stability has led some countries to show greater willingness to cooperate with Iran and its allies. This shift in approach has facilitated stronger regional cooperation and reduced regional dependence on the West. The victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the emergence of the Axis of Resistance have brought about fundamental changes in regional and international politics. By forming strategic alliances and supporting resistance groups, Iran has managed to shift the balance of power in its favor and reduce the traditional influence of major powers in the region. The Axis of Resistance, as a model of political and social convergence, has curbed the aggressive policies of its rivals and altered their security and military strategies. This process, in addition to strengthening Iran’s position, has paved the way for the formation of a multipolar order in West Asia. Overall, the Axis of Resistance has proven to be a significant force in shaping the political and security landscape of the region and influencing its future trajectory.

In a macro perspective, the state-nation building process in Afghanistan, as a historical challenge, has gone through a tense period of civil wars and foreign interventions due to its wide ethnic and religious diversity. These structural problems have prevented the provision of sustainable security in the country. On the other hand, Afghan society experiences many complexities in various aspects, including social, economic and political, as well as beliefs, values and mental attitudes. These complexities have increased in Afghan society due to cultural, ethnic and religious diversity. The introduction of manifestations of modernity, such as new technologies, new ideologies and modern social structures, has led to the emergence of problems in the coordination of these developments with the traditional values and norms of society. In general, these developments have intensified the waves of conflict between traditionalists and modernists among different groups and strata of Afghan society and have made its management more complex. This article analyzes Afghan security from an intellectual and social perspective. Accordingly, the present article seeks to answer the question of what consequences the conflict between tradition and modernity has had in Afghan society in recent centuries and how it has affected Afghan security? In response, the hypothesis is put forward that with the arrival of manifestations of modern civilization in Afghanistan, especially since the era of Amanullah Khan, this society has gradually suffered an ideological split and has become fattened by fundamentalism as a result of the destructive conflict between modernist and traditionalist forces.

This research is developmental in terms of its purpose and the research method is qualitative and of the type of document analysis and the tool for collecting information is whistleblowing.

The data indicate that ideological conflicts between conservative and reformist forces in Afghanistan since the early 20th century have, while creating transformative waves, consistently had negative effects on the country's development and social stability process. This theoretical and practical conflict between the two streams of thought has weakened the state-nation building process, which aimed to create a unified national identity, and as a result, Afghanistan has become an environment full of internal tensions and security threats. On the one hand, traditional forces are trying to preserve and strengthen their ethnic and religious identities, and on the other hand, modernist forces are seeking to implement new global values in the country's social and political structures. This identity dialectic has exacerbated social crises and increased tensions, and by reducing the effectiveness of the state, it deepens existing gaps. Ultimately, this situation has had major impacts on Afghanistan’s national security, and its results are clearly visible at various geographical and political levels of the country, especially in the strengthening of radical and fundamentalist groups.

The conflicting waves of tradition and modernism will continue in the future. This conflict could exacerbate further social and political instability in the future, as different groups with different values and beliefs will not be able to agree on a common national identity. These gaps could provide a suitable space for radical and fundamentalist groups to exploit these turmoil and expand their influence. Also, the strong resistance of traditional groups to modern changes could slow or halt reform processes and social and economic development, which would ultimately negatively affect the country’s security. As a result, this conflict could expose Afghanistan to further security threats in the future, including the intensification of terrorist group activities and increased internal instability.Keywords: Security, Afghan society, ideological divide, tradition, modernism.

  The relations between China and Iran in the era of globalization have question and focus of this research is what is the security and political strategy of Iran and China, emphasizing the 25-year cooperation document between Iran and China. In order to explain this issue by using the analytical-descriptive method, it can be said that China has chosen two requirements at the macro level of foreign policy) a) strengthening stability in China's security environment (in regional and international spheres) and b) attracting resources international necessary to advance the process of economic development (economic and political resources). In this regard, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a country with rich oil and gas reserves, can be an estimate of China's needs. Also, in the field of the international system, both the countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and China have not accepted the order desired by the United States and are trying to change this order. In this framework, these two countries can complement each other and expand their areas of cooperation. In fact, it can be said that the security and political results of the 25-year agreement between Iran and China can be seen in cases such as opposition to the American world order, security independence from America, ignoring US and Western sanctions, support for the multipolar world, China's opposition to The interference of foreign forces in internal affairs and the weakening of Iran's stability and security and regional and global peace were considered.

From the beginning of the formation of the Zionist regime in the occupied land of Palestine, the policy of establishing and communicating with ethnic and racial minorities and influencing them was part of the goals and strategies of the Zionist regime in the Middle East, and inciting various ethnic groups and clans was part of the Zionist conspiracy to determine The danger of countries that are not aligned with the Zionist goals and the creation of ethnic conflict in the Islamic world was that which crystallized in the framework of the "environmental strategy" of the Zionist regime. After the fall of the Baath government in Iraq, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq has become one of the targets of the occupation regime of Jerusalem, which has caused significant problems for the axis of resistance until today. This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the relations between the Zionist regime and the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and the challenges that these relations have created for the axis of resistance in a descriptive-analytical way.

The position of a country in a constantly changing and evolving region plays a cruial role in determining its status and role in the international system. Generally,It is believed that small states act more as power recipients rather than, sources of power,in international affairs.Qatar is one such country.It is known for its bold and adventurous policies in the Middle East and beyod. throughout history, policymaking and international interactions have been guided by conscious human actions and social organizations. However, recent advancements in artificial intelligence have brought fundamental changes to this landscape.Artificial intelligence,as one of the most important emergin technologies, has had widespread effects on all aspects of human life, including the foreign policies of nations.This trend is particularly expanding in developing countries.Qatar,as a key countries in the Persian Gulf region, especially in the fields of diplomacy and security,seeks to leverage this technology to strengthen its position in the international system.The country has made significant investments in research development, and the implementation of artificial intelligence across various sectors, and has integrated its as part of its national strategy. form the perspective of political theorists,this technology is regarded as a powerful tool in realizing Qatar,s national vision for 2034 playing a key role in its achievement.This research examines Qatar,s investments and advancements in artificial intelligence. Using the theoretical framework of the Copenhagen School and a descriptive-analytical approach, it is based on the assumption that Qatars investment in artificial intelligence can elevate the country to a superior position in various fields, including foreign policy

This study aims to identify the security implications of the normalization of relations between Arab states and Israel and to assess its impact on the Resistance Axis. The research problem focuses on examining the regional initiatives of the Zionist regime in the process of normalizing Arab-Israeli relations, with particular emphasis on the Western-Hebrew axis. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, this research combines qualitative methods based on document analysis and note-taking with quantitative methods involving statistical analysis and surveys. This article is of an applied research nature, seeking to discover the consequences of a specific event by identifying existing issues and dominant trends, thereby adopting a descriptive approach.The establishment of strategic relations between Arab states and Israel enables the latter to enhance its espionage and intelligence-security operations against the Resistance Axis through Arab countries. The findings indicate that the normalization of Arab-Israeli relations impacts the security of the Resistance Axis from various perspectives, including the creation of a threat balance against the Resistance Axis, the formation of new regional alignments against the Resistance Axis, the expansion of U.S. influence in the region, the growth of terrorist groups, the failure to establish a stable security regime and arrangements in the Middle East, and the regional isolation and weakening of the Resistance Axis.

The conflict involving the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and its urban branch, the Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement (YDGH), in Kurdish cities of Turkey has, for several weeks, destabilized national sovereignty in these regions and stripped governmental forces of their security control. The social ramifications of this conflict echo crises faced by several Muslim-majority countries in the Middle East.This study, while addressing the primary question of how Turkey's foreign policy confronts the PKK and its impact on the strategic security considerations of the Islamic Republic of Iran, explores the social and political developments within the Kurdish community. Additionally, it examines the approaches of the PKK and Kurdish political movements in Turkey. Methodologically, this research is descriptive-analytical. Data were collected through documentation and referencing credible sources such as books, articles, and reports, as well as field observations and the researchers' experiences.The findings indicate that by creating insecurity and altering the conditions in Iraq and Syria, Turkey has not only jeopardized the Iran-Iraq-Syria energy transit route to the Mediterranean but has also cast a shadow over the North-South transit corridor with the achievements in Karabakh.

This article examines artificial intelligence technology as a modern and challenging phenomenon over the past decade. This technology has had a significant impact on the economic, political, and socio-cultural life in many countries. In this review article by using the descriptive-analytical method, the authors strive to define artificial intelligence within modern scientific discourse and introduce two practical applications of AI technologies. They discuss the "practical mode", which is used for effective management and accident prevention in industrial machinery, medicine, transportation, construction, oil and gas industries, mining, the nuclear sector, and more. Additionally, they introduce "generative AI", which is used for translating large texts, predicting business processes, evaluating financial and commodity markets, assessing societal feedback to any economic, political, and social changes, mastering risk management, and more. The article also explores the main challenges and risks of AI for modern society, including the creation of fake narratives, information bubbles, saturation, and other manipulation tools employed by technocratic elites in their quest for dominance. The concentration and distribution of AI development centers in specific areas could lead to increased inequality and tension between the North and South regions. Controlling the AI domain to protect national interests and maintain modern international relations poses a fundamental challenge for political and economic groups, institutions, and society. Researchers attempt to make predictions about the impact on energy, which will intensify with increased energy consumption and competition over rare elements. This rapidly growing demand cannot be met by "clean energy", so the energy transition might be slowed down by AI. This research proposes international actions for control, risk assessment, and an in-depth analysis of AI's impact on the development of other sectors.

The South Caucasus, as one of the world's sensitive and tense geopolitical regions, holds particular significance in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This region is important to Iran not only from a security perspective but also economically. This study aims to answer the question of what Iran's security and economic interests are in the Nagorno-Karabakh region. The findings indicate that, from a security standpoint, Iran is concerned with the influence of Israel and the issue of territorial integrity. Economically, Iran views maintaining economic relations with Azerbaijan and Armenia as aligning with its national interests. The results underscore Iran's emphasis on avoiding external interference and the importance of regional countries' relations in both security and economic dimensions. This research is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and is based on library sources.

A ‘smart city’ is a buzz term and concept. The ‘smart city’ has mainly been discussed in the scholarly literature on urban planning, architecture, and geography. While the ‘smart city’ has been under-analyzed in international trade law, the term ‘smart city’ is commonly used in Asian trade policies. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) established the ‘ASEAN Smart Cities Network’ and the ‘smart city’ is now an important market opportunity for exporting smart technologies and services to ASEAN. Against this backdrop, this article addresses how smart cities can be regulated and governed by international trade law. The trade law perspective facilitates a broader understanding of smart city governance, which includes under-explored ‘global’ regulatory dimensions concerning the interaction between local governments and foreign firms. This article selects three relevant trade areas for discussions (1) Internet of Things in the context of trade in goods and services; (2) international standard-setting activities; and (3) data governance. It further considers what kinds of regulatory issues international smart city projects can add to the current digital trade discourse. Drawing on the smart city literature, the article points out additional problems concerning security and privacy that have not yet been acknowledged in digital trade.

Today, due to the expansion of human societies and the complexities in human behavior and relationships, the concept of security has become broader and more complex. According to Friedman, the simplest idea of security is the absence of anxiety and the ability to counter any potential threat from others. In line with this concept, in the later stages of Western society, the states envisioned by Hobbes and Locke emerged to provide security for citizens under the social contract. In the East, political thought texts, such as the Letter of Tansar, also discuss governance styles and the application of security. Based on existing documents, one of the duties of governments in the Iranian Empire was to establish and maintain security. During the Sassanid Era, they were able to reunite Iranian society and, by relying on the Ahuric principles of the Zoroastrian religion, establish order and security. Therefore, in the Sassanid state, security was grounded in religious legitimacy, which can be observed in the political Books of Advice of that era, including the Letter of Tansar. Based on this, the present paper, utilizing Quentin Skinner's interpretive approach, seeks to answer the question: What is the meaning and concept of security in the Letter of Tansar?

This study is organized around Skinner's interpretive approach and John Morrow's teleology-legitimacy model. Skinner finds textual and contextual readings insufficient for understanding political texts. He believes that, in addition to reading the text and considering its context, one must also understand the author's intention and purpose. In addition, Morrow's model, which stands as one of the most credible philosophical approaches for understanding the political order governing human societies, aims to identify the goals and functions of a political system. To achieve this, he specifies criteria to serve as a basis for political evaluation and norm-setting.

The most compelling evidence for the security-centric nature of the Letter of Tansar lies in its association of religion and kingship. The letter asserts that the alignment of these two elements results in security, justice, and public satisfaction. Tansar further emphasizes that the structure and organization of social classes form the foundation of societal security. He adds that the breakdown of the social and hereditary class system leads to insecurity, attributing this disorder to the absence of a king. Political and social security, governmental security, economic security, and religious security are among the most critical issues addressed in the Letter of Tansar. He views the monarchy and the king as the security referent objects and the ones responsible for ensuring it. Just as he believes in one God, he envisions a centralized system with a single king. Thus, based on the doctrine of one God and one ruler, He considers Ardashir to be the only individual capable of aligning earthly order with divine order through his possession of divine grace, thereby establishing security.

Drawing on the teachings of Zoroastrianism and the concept of Asha, Tansar highlights three crucial elements: cosmic order, true religion, and social order. He uses Zoroaster's ideas as the basis for establishing legitimate security in society. Tansar places the king at the pinnacle of society, responsible for maintaining security. He believes that the government's and the king's legitimacy stems from divine grace, which cannot be challenged. Tansar asserts that disrupting the earthly order - connected to the divine order - leads to various security risks, and the king must address these issues, even if it involves the killing of many people. Overall, the Letter of Tansar offers several recommendations for enhancing security in society through the legitimate rule of a religious king, resulting in the public good and the elimination of security threats. Key security issues in the letter include maintaining social order, responsibility, the vital role of the king, religion's role in legitimizing the government, utilizing secret operatives to oversee society, punishing offenders, and confronting heresy and religious innovations.

After establishment of the illegitimate regime of Israel, the security of the western Asia entered a new era in a way that fraternity-enmity patterns of this regime affected regional countries. Historical defeats of Arabs from Israel, the dependence of their security on the West and interaction of regional changes in the last decade propelled the Arabs-Israel’s relations toward a political current called normalization. Ambiguity in perceptions of regional actors, epistemological and methodological deficiencies in studying these relations and lack of literature in some variables of these relations motivated the current research to adopt an innovative approach to study this subject. To this aim, a multi-phase/multi-method approach blending both qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Research findings showed that in the construct of Arab-Israel normalization three economic-technological, ideological-political and military-security factors are involved which entail 24 different variables. It was revealed that many of these variable are the direct effect of the Islamic revolution.