security threats

This current research aims to design a pragmatic model of the security threats of the Taliban against the Islamic Republic of Iran, emphasizing the environmental factors of Hirmand. The current research is developmental in terms of its purpose; In terms of approach, it is done qualitatively and based on metacomposition. Based on this, the statistical population of the research includes a collection of articles that were published from 1392 to 1402 on the subject of Hirmand water, its security, and environmental issues. The authors selected 42 articles from among 160 articles by searching among prominent domestic scientific databases. After analyzing their content, categories and concepts were extracted and their prioritization was done using Shannon's entropy method. Based on the research findings, 28 concepts were identified in 8 categories and classified in the form of two categories of political-legal and geopolitical-environmental threats. Political-legal threats include political blackmail, non-compliance with legal laws, increased security and political movements of centrifugal forces, and geopolitical-environmental threats including hydro-political tensions, development of dam projects in Afghanistan, deviation in the Hirmand water path, the threat of Before the micro dusts and the destruction of the economy and agriculture of Baluchistan region.

Afghanistan must be considered one of the most important countries with a fragile government in today's world. A country under Taliban rule with specific ideologies and actions has become a source of numerous security, economic, and socio-political threats both domestically and internationally. Iran, with its long shared borders, has been on the front lines facing the consequences of Afghanistan's government inefficacy and fragility for several decades. With this in mind, the current article, focusing on the security impacts of this country on the Islamic Republic of Iran, seeks to answer the question: What threats and security challenges has the fragile state of Afghanistan caused for the Islamic Republic of Iran following the Taliban's return to power, and what solutions exist to mitigate these threats? In response to this question, it must be hypothesized that the fragile and unstable situation of the Afghan government under Taliban rule in managing and solving its challenges has led to threats such as Taliban behavior towards Afghan Shiites, ethnocentric and exclusive approaches in forming the government, the expansion of terrorist activities, securing borders, irregular migration of Afghan migrants, issues regarding the water rights of the Helmand River, and drug trafficking as the most significant security threats to Iran from Afghanistan. The research findings affirm that the presence of these challenges as security threats to Iran is acknowledged, and intervention by international organizations along with the cooperation of neighboring countries of Afghanistan and extra-regional powers to enhance the efficacy and power of the state in Afghanistan within the framework of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine could reduce the effects of these security threats for Iran. The current research is based on a descriptive-analytical method, and its data has been collected through library resources.

Forecasting the future becomes the basis of many decisions for the future. The purpose of this research is to predict future threats to internal security. This research is applied in terms of purpose, which was done with a mixed approach. The first part relies on the document research method and using the documents available in the FARAJA Strategic Studies Center, and the second part was realized with the Delphi method. The opinions of 12 experts regarding threats were collected through interview methods, and threats were presented to the experts in the form of a 144-item questionnaire. The opinion of the experts regarding these threats and their agreement, opposition or correction proposal was examined. CVI, CVR determined the degree of convergence of these opinions. This research showed that in 12 fields (virtual space, media, knowledge and technology, cultural-social, political, economic, environmental, information-security, legal, spiritual, demographic and organizational), there are 39 macro trends that can produce 140 threats in the field of internal security. Face internal security threats, the law enforcement organization cannot enter directly and independently in some areas, and to enter the areas where it has direct duties, it needs clear legal support and assignment of duties, approval of specific guidelines and instructions that prevent confusion. It is a mission for employees of the organization to take away the possibility of institutional abuses against the performance of FARAJA's duties. However, openness and transparency in the laws seem necessary to determine the limits of the powers and duties of the police.

With the rapid developments of artificial intelligence, the importance of the security of individuals and institutions has been greatly appreciated. In this research, the main goal is to investigate the different aspects of security with an emphasis on artificial intelligence technology. The main question is, what effect will artificial intelligence have on global security? The findings show that with the uncontrollable progress of technology and artificial intelligence, it seems that security will be affected, so that some consider it a new global threat, but on the other hand, others believe that artificial intelligence despite all Aspects of threat can be useful in ego enhancement. The most important emphasis of the threat actors include increasing the accuracy of weapons, penetration and accessing information faster with this technology. From the point of view of those who consider artificial intelligence as an opportunity to improve security, it is important to emphasize issues such as accurate identification, prediction and use of artificial intelligence in eliminating threats with a significant reliability factor and away from human error.

Security threats should be considered the main crisis in the West Asian region. This crisis has sometimes contributed to the formation and deepening of state security coalitions against threats. In the meantime, the United Arab Emirates and the Zionist regime in the post -Islamic Awakening process and promoting the Islamic Republic's position in the region, by sharing Iran's potential threats in particular and the Shiite Resistance Front in general, to a strategic coalition in the security fields. They did. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question of how "the security relations governing the UAE and the Zionist regime is an affirmation that the Islamic Republic of Iran is considered a common threat to the security and survival of the Zionist and UAE regime. For this reason, this has become a major basis for the formation of UAE security relations and Zionist leaders. The findings of the study indicate that the Zionist regime, emphasizing identity conflict, considers the Islamic Republic of Iran the biggest threat to its survival. The UAE also emphasizes the conflict of interest and limited role -playing, a sense of inferiority towards the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The Russian Federation in the post-Soviet era has faced with many security threats. This article has studied the approaches of the Russian Federation under Vladimir Putin seeks to answer the fundamental question, " Why has Russia put realistic pragmatism and foreign policy codes on its foreign policy agenda under Putin?" The paper's hypothesis is that "the geopolitical threats and consequently the fragility of the Russian Federation's national security in the post-Cold War space have been the most important driver of pragmatism in its foreign policy". security threats at both domestic and foreign levels seem to undermine Russian security at three levels: domestic, regional and systemic. This has prompted Putin whit comprehensive approach to concept of security, to turn to Realistic pragmatism foreign policy to counter these threats. Research findings show that behavioral codes such as selective engagement, Emphasis on the formation of a multipolar system in the international system and the strengthening of regionalization, the strategy of reviving its power as a global power, economization of foreign policy, Russian-oriented institutionalism in Eurasia, The policy of looking to the East and cooperating with independent governments from the West and counter-terrorism which all have been designed and implemented to safeguard Russia's interests and security and reduce the potential impact of these threats on Russian national security. In this paper, the research method is in the form of formative and analytical explanations and attempts to find the root of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables of the article.

The cyberspace is considered as the main source ofinformation.The need to pay attention tothe security of the cyberspace requires a special approach.There is no doubt that today the main infrastructures ofthe country, including economic,industrial, informational,security,etc.are located inthis space.Securityin this space will cause a seriousthreat tothe national security ofthe country.The upcoming wars will take place in virtual space.Virtual space has been named asthefifth battlefield after the sea,land,and airspace.Thecountry or several countries havebeen takenout ofthe hands ofthe governments ofthose countries,and themodern world stopped moving and dynamism within afew seconds and caused a disaster as disastrous as an atomic disaster.In acatastrophe,the basic condition is toknow the battle scene.First ofall, we need to know the cyberspace and the cyberspace correctly so that we can have the power ofmaneuver, war and defense inthat space.The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of the cyberspace onthe national security ofthe Islamic Republic ofIran in various areas, especially the political-security areas.Also,discovering the weaknesses and shortcomings in the field of cyber security with regardto the threats in the virtual space is oneof theother objectives of thepresent research,which wants to answer the basic question ofhow cyber threats affect the security ofthe IslamicRepublic ofIran in an analytical-descriptive method.The findings ofthe research show that the republicIslamic Iran is one of the most important countries targeted by cyber attacks in various fields, and therefore,speeding up infrastructure equipment and investment in the field of countering cyberthreats is one of Iran's strategic approaches in this field, which is analyzedin more detail inthis research.

An important development was made in Turkish foreign policy after Justice and Development Party got into power. The question is "What pattern did govern the security relations of Turkish foreign policy from 2002 to 2013? What security threats will follow for Iran? According to the security studies in Copenhagen School, it will be supposed that Turkish foreign policy from 2002 to 2013 had the considerable modification in the field of security and reduced the volume of security relations in terms of military individually and foreign policy of Turkish mostly relied on the multiple security subjects including the economic, social and political issues. Turkey's relationship with the USA, participation in Israel and Azerbaijan coalition, unity with Arab countries opposing Iran, posed a threat to Iran's security in the political-military, economic, and social fields. The aim of this study is to investigate the various dimensions and security effects of Turkish foreign policy.

the text.The statement of the second step, as one of the most important upstream documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran, describing the past forty years of the revolution, is an attempt to draw the road map of the Islamic Republic of Iran to enter the second period of the Islamic Revolution. The purpose of this article is to enumerate the most important security threats of the Islamic Republic of Iran, citing this statement. Based on this, the research question is entitled "What are the security threats of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the second step of the Islamic Revolution and what is the solution to deal with it?" It will try to analyze the content of the statement with a text-oriented approach and, by extracting the most important security threats of the Islamic Republic of Iran, it will also extract a way to deal with security threats from within the text. Therefore, the hypothesis of this article will be obtained by analyzing the text.

Security threats in cyberspace are an undeniable fact for the Islamic Republic of Iran. This is an issue that is now acknowledged by most people in the society and is not only stated by domestic analysts, but also by foreign designers and executives, who openly announce it and spend a lot of money and programs to implement it. The purpose of this study is to explain the dimensions of security threats in cyberspace by emphasizing the media against the security of the country.

In this research, a qualitative approach and a theoretical method have been used for research operations and data analysis.The method of data collection in this research is divided into two categories: library and field. Regarding the collection of information related to the literature on the subject and research background, library methods were used and to collect research data, field methods and interviews were used; Therefore, the present study is a combination (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of method.Where 32 members of the expert group include cyberspace specialists in the police and university professors In-depth selected interviews have been conducted.

Based on this, different dimensions were obtained, the main parts of which are:Causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and results; Also, the central phenomenon is the evolution of security in cyberspace, which is located in the middle of the pattern Where activities and process flows are formed.

After open, coded and selective coding, the four main areas are: The issue of government interventions in cyberspace, the dependence of the access-law debate, the dichotomy of virtual profit and loss, cultural-identity transformation.The main field of this research is the evolution of security in cyberspace, which is presented in the form of a model including strategic conditions and results.

Since the coming of Medvedev as the Russian president in 2008, Russia's foreign policy has changed. According to Russian foreign policy think tanks, Medvedev has been introduced as a liberal westward that has emphasized the improvement of relations with Western countries because of common security threats and the need for greater economic and political liberalization. This policy has led to changes in Russian foreign policy in the Middle East and Moscow's relations with regional powers. The two main questions of this research are: 1. What were the priorities and goals of Russian foreign policy during the Medvedev era? 2. These priorities have led to what changes in Russia's relations with Iran and Saudi Arabia? To test the main hypothesis of the study, which states that "economic development as the first priority of Russian foreign policy during the period of Medvedev's presidency led to the adoption of a Western-oriented approach by him and the Kremlin's re-examination of relations with Iran and Saudi Arabia." we examined the principles and patterns of Russian foreign policy, its foreign policy in the Middle East, and Russia's relations with Iran and Saudi Arabia during the Medvedev era. Finally, the result of this study is that the priority of economic development and the improvement of relations with the West, has led to Russia during the Medvedev period, the gradual cooling of relations with Iran and relative proximity to relations with Saudi Arabia.

After the end of World War II and the end of the West-East bloc's cooperation in defeating the Allies, the rivalry between the two poles took a new form. Destroyed Europe came under American protection, and the Communist Soviet Union consolidated its influence to the gates of Berlin. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed to protect the Western alliance against the advance of communism, although it played a fundamentally deterrent role and did not actually enter military operation until the end of the Cold War. But with the collapse of the Soviet Union, NATO faced serious substantive questions. Does its existence have anything to do with the revival of European allies after World War II, as well as the elimination of its communist rival? However, the founders stressed the need to maintain this security and defense institution, and since then, ie for three decades, NATO's geographical and thematic scope has increased and, of course, it has actually entered into several operations. But what is clear is that NATO's transition period is still going on, and there are debates and analyzes among politicians and strategists. Meanwhile, the formation and development of the European Union and the establishment of its institutions have made the issue of European defense and security a central issue for the pioneers of the idea of a united Europe, and this perspective is vital for a regional power like Iran. In these circumstances, the recent developments (Brexit, election of Donald Trump, terrorism and Middle East immigrants, cyber security, Russian movements and the emergence of extremism) necessitate effective action to shape the European Defense Organization and determine the scope of NATO's mission and performance. More than ever. In this study, using library and documentary sources and explanatory-analytical methods to study the existing trends and opinions, the perspective of this relationship is defined in the framework of institutional security cooperation approach and relevant scenarios and related challenges are presented. Since dependence on the United States is defined in the form of NATO, the dominant European view in this institution is essentially to maintain the scope of action within the borders of the North Atlantic Ocean, while the US approach is to expand the geographical area and subject matter of NATO missions.

Intelligence activities of opposing intelligence organizations can affect the different aspects of security of the Islamic republic of Iran. One of these dimensions is the political security. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of counterintelligence organizations in providing political security of the Islamic republic of Iran. In this research, relying on library resources, it is attempted to first address the concept of counterintelligence and the tasks and functions of intelligence organizations in general and in particular in the Islamic republic of Iran, and then examine the political security and its components. Copenhagen school's views have been used to understand political security in detail. To this end, the components of political security associated with each of the functions of counterintelligence organizations were identified and its questionnaires was designed by the researcher and completed by 20 security experts and specialists and then using Friedman test, the ratings and importance of each of the functions of security organizations in the components of political security based on the Copenhagen school were explained by a descriptive-analytic method. Finally, the findings of the research indicate that security organizations have 9 functions and political security has 13 components. The function of coping with the influence of political currents was most important in internal legitimacy of the political unit, which largely relates to ideologies and other constructive ideas and defining issues of the government. The function of anti-subversive and riot against security is of the utmost importance in the violation of sovereignty, the function of prevention and countering the conspiracies of adversaries against the revolution and political system is of the utmost importance in disrupting the political body of the government in order to weaken it before military attack, the function of fighting with crisis is of the utmost importance in promoting separatism, the function of sabotage and riot against security is of the utmost importance in disrupting the political body of the government in order to weaken it before military attack, he functions of knowing the status of internal and external enemies and protection of information, intelligence, documents and facilities is of the utmost importance in the violation of sovereignty and finally the function of coping with dissatisfaction is of the utmost importance in the component of the sense of discrimination and inequality

Prevalence of threats, competition, disputes and conflicts, arms race and political-ideological differences are major obstacles to attain sustainable security in the regions. In this respect, various power cycles give rise to different strategic environments that can create either opportunity or threat. The Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception to the rule. Hence, the main question of the article is that considering the existing threats in the realm of international and regional relations and shift in the global power cycle, what implications these changes will have for the strategic stability and regional security. The hypothesis indicates that shift in the global and regional power cycle and their linkage will give rise to a change in the world geostrategic map and the formation of a new construct of regional orders with a differing degree of stability and instability in geopolitical, geoeconomic and geocultural networks.

Although most researchers in the area of nuclear proliferation consider anarchy in the international system and environmental threats as the major motivation on the part of the states to obtain weapons of mass destruction, we have no integral analytical framework to answer the question of "how do security threats affect state's decision to proliferate?" So the present article presents an analytical framework according to which three variables of the level of environmental threats are studied, where the relative strength of these three variables and their effects on the nuclear situation of the proliferating country are examined as well. In answering the question of "why do some countries, despite facing security threats, avoid acquiring nuclear capabilities?", the hypothesis raised is that the country that enjoys allied nuclear support, has no incentive to become nuclear, where the proposed analytical framework is tested using the historical models of nuclear development.

The consideration of national security threats is an important area in countries' strategic studies because identifying, measuring and evaluating the nature of threats to national security is important in terms of the political system's strategy. The basic aim of any political system is to preserve territorial integrity, national interests and vital values that the danger of being threatened by other systems in the international anarchy is probable. Threats to national security may occur in military, political, cultural, social, economic and environmental contexts. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of all threats to the national security of nations in the theoretical framework of the positive discourse of threat posed by the Copenhagen School t. In response to the question of the nature of threats to national security, it was hypothesized that the substantive combination of threats, each with its own method, threatens the security of nations from different angles. The method of this research is descriptive -analytical and it is a theoretical-applied research. The findings of the study indicate that the nature of threats from an objective-minded, affirmative, existential-general, security-non-security, and ... points of view that represent the massive combination of threats as a hard, semihard and soft threats, each of which poses a challenge to National Security of countries. Furthermore, , in different circumstances, one of the substantive dimensions of the threat is centered and focused; therefore, the maintenance, preservation and promotion of the national security of the country depends on the recognition of this, so that security costs will not increase.

USA and Afghanistan`s Treaty of Strategic Partnership was signified to establish security, stability and improve political, social and cultural conditions in Afghanistan. Regarding hostile relations of USA and IRI, the treaty would bear some threats against IRI`s national security. However, main question in the field consists in: what threats would this strategic treaty being followed by a long time presence of USA in Afghanistan and IRI`s boundaries bear against IRI`s national security? The study, using analytical descriptive and library-based method, has founded that the treaty would be of threats in different political, military-security, economic and social levels.

Parallel to the developments of international system and behavior patterns of actors, security, as a key concept in the field of international relations, has developed. From primitive societies to the late 1990s, the dominant concept of security was narrow, but from 1991, the concept of broad security was introduced. Therefore, the function of the Security Council from 1991 to 2010 gained more significance as in this period the Council had a broader view to the concept of security and accordingly it included disarmament and arms control, terrorism, human rights, environment and communicable diseases as security issues. In this regard, the Security Council issued resolutions or discussed about them in its meetings

There are two guidelines specified in the scientific works available in relation to the extremist Islamic threats in Pakistan posed to the IRI’s national security: Some have enumerated threats associated with ideological issues against the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran by pointing to the factors that contribute to the growth of the Islamic extremism in Pakistan, ignoring the role of the Islamic Revolution with regard to such threats. Some others have considered the threats posed by the Pakistani extremists as a response against the revisionist character of the Islamic Revolution, thereby using the competition between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the conservative regional and trans-regional countries as a frame of reference for judging the threats posed by the extremists, which has caused them to fail to observe the threats originating from identity-based problems. Examining the roots and the identity threats themselves, this research then tries to understand how the Islamic Revolution is associated with the ongoing threats. The findings of this research show although factors like poverty, political instability, and Saudi Arabia’s support to extremist groups play an increasingly important role in provoking Islamic extremism in Pakistan, but the Islamic Revolution itself has managed to convert these potential factors to actual ones. In brief, both factors have brought various security threats to bear on the Islamic Republic of Iran, which include Anti-Shiism, threats originating from drug trafficking, the provoked separatist groups and the strengthened Wahhabism in the Southeast of Iran, and finally the threat stemming from the probable coming to power of such groups in Pakistan, and their access to nuclear weapons.

After the collapse of Taliban government, in 2001bc, the new Afghani government and the United States began to cooperate to counter various security-military threats. Kabul Washington Security treaty, which is an extension of the strategic treaty signed in 2012, was signed recently by the two parties. The present article tries to study the security treaty between Afghanistan The question of this article is "What implications does the signing of the above-said security treaty will have for the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran?". The article concludes that the presence of the United States of America in Afghanistan will lead to a threatened national security for Iran, a limited scope for it to act in the region, and a limited access to the intended national interests especially in economic and commercial areas in Afghanistan.