social gap

Saudi Arabia has always been a multi-sectarian and tribal society, and many disputes between the tribes and groups in Saudi Arabia have exacerbated cleavages between the classes of Saudi society. Despite the dawn of nation-state making during the reign of King Abdul Aziz through the suppression of tribal tendencies, the exclusion of participation in political issues and demands for equality in economic capabilities will lead to a growing expectation of having active roles in society and power. On the other hand, due to the existence of a monarch and pyramidal society in Saudi Arabia, the king does not consider his accountability to the people, and this means that the king is not accountable to the lives of the people which will cause the accumulation of protests and social pressures.Therefore, the main question of this research is what are the most important gaps in Saudi society and what are the effects and consequences on this society. In this respect, cleavages in Saudi society has been analyzed, using a descriptive-analytical method, while classifying the most prominent ones, using the theory of deprivation-aggression. All these steps have been fulfilled to investigate the relationship between fundamental gaps and political violence. The results of this paper show that following Bin Salman's reforms in line with the "Vision 2030" document, the growth of socio-economic gaps in Saudi society has been erupted. This provocation of gaps, in the context of deprivation among the social classes, has increased the risk of political violence.

iots of 2020 in many American cities and demonstrations and protests by anti-racist groups in this country once again drew public attention to the issue of racism in the US and its deep roots. Despite considerable changes in the recent decades, research shows that the US still suffers from racism, and race is still the source of deep problems in US society. “Race” will continue to be the source of social problems in the US for many years to come and any endeavor to show that America no longer suffers from racism tells us that race still matters. The present study draws on the data from a recent PEW study in the US, and after separating black and white respondents, compares perceptions of these two groups on different issues. Findings indicated that the race gap in the US is not limited to police misbehavior or economic equality and encompasses many other issues.

Good governance today depends on the best possible completion of the state-nation-building process. This issue has been placed as a serious challenge in the path of survival of the Zionist regime.  This regime has based its existence on a special and complex identity that at first glance, this special identity can be considered a strong point for survival and formation of a society;But the specific characteristics of this identity based on race and its lack of demographic diversity have created challenges for this regime. On the other hand, the fragmentation of the core of the citizens of this regime, who have migrated to this land mainly from outside the borders of occupied Palestine, is also a serious challenge to nation-building.  State-nation-building in Israel also faces multiple political, security, and economic implications. In this research and according to the subject, descriptive-analytical method has been used.Also, while studying the state-nation-building process in Israel and looking at the demographic context and identity of the Palestinian and Zionist Jewish community (Israeli citizens) as the most serious challenge, to examine the failures of this regime in completing the state-nation-building process that survives and His survival is in question, we will pay.

The nation-state or national government is one of common concepts that refer to making a politic unit in a specific geographical territory based on the wills of people there. While the basis of national government is the pervasive and unique identity in the specific land, cultural differences due to ethnic and religious tendencies are always basic and important obstacles in the formation of a national government.
Although in the past century ethnic and religious tensions and rivalries in Syria were the causes of many challenges in Syria, resent crisis make the Ethnic and religious gap in Syria deeper. Therefore the formation of identity challenges there, make a lot of trouble to form an inclusive national government.
This paper tries to answer the question “what are the obstacles to the formation of national government in Syria?“ therefore it considers the dominance of international and transnational identities, geographical gap and people- government gap as some basic problems to form this government. These factors make identity policy of elite rulers of Syria ineffective to make a national nation- state. As before, it will be the basic obstacle in forming a national government in the future.

Maintaining and strengthening national unity and integrity is one of the most important priorities of all political systems, because increasing the correlation coefficient can lead to reducing internal and external threats and providing good grounds for development and progress of the country. Iran is one of the countries that by relying on its historical background and civilization can overcome on the divergence challenges, throughout centuries. So despite, the occupation of this country and abstraction of some parts of vast territory by aliens at some historical sections, in recent decades,it continued to be a powerful and independent political unit with pervasive sovereignty. National unity and solidarity have been more exposed to domestic challenges and external threats and among them, the most important domestic challenge is the activation of some social gaps at some profiles of time. This article inevitably focuses on the role of external threats in weakening national unity on domestic factors and tries to investigate the ratio of four major social gap in Iran (generation gap, gender, ethnic and religious gap)with different dimensions of national unity (religious, territorial, political, cultural, social dimensions). The used method in this article is secondary analysis method of research findings and studied period is between 2001-2011. The obtained results show that in this time period, there is no serious disagreement between two ends of spectrums oriented to social gaps about the various aspects of national unity and national convergence in Iran has benefited from a good level.