trans-regional

Today, the positioning of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the geometry of power and role-playing at the regional and extra-regional levels has attracted the attention of many transnational actors to prevent the Islamic Republic of Iran from playing a role in global developments by creating threats. The research method in this article is a mixed method (quantitative-qualitative). In this research, SPSS statistical software was used to describe and analyze the data. Also, the current research is practical in terms of its purpose, and the nature of the current research is exploratory. The aim of the current research is to identify the extra-regional security-defense threats of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The statistical population of the current research is academicians, army and country officials, 100 of whom were selected through snowball sampling. The question of the current research is what are the extra-regional defense-security threats of the Islamic Republic of Iran and which one has the most impact. Based on the research results, defense-security threats are the most important with an average rating of 5.92. Then economic threats are in second place with an average rating of 44.15. Political threats are in the third place with an average rank of 4, and cultural-social threats are in the fourth place with an average rank of 3.65. Environmental threats with an average rank of 2.28 and geographical threats with an average rank of 1.01 have been assigned the 5th and 6th place, respectively.

The occurrence of revolutions in North Africa and the Middle East led to different regional and cross-regional actors adopt different approaches in the region. An issue that particularly president of Russia Vladimir Putin has paid much attention to it in his second term. Concern over the increased presence of America in the region and  its extension to Eurasia has caused tensions between Russia and  west. According to this issue, in this article we tried  to analyze the orientations and strategies of Russia in the Syrian crisis within the framework of defensive realism. The main question is that since the beginning of the Syrian crisis, how Russian Federation faced with it? the hypothesis is that the Russian Federation due to its different interests, especially security and military ones has attempted to prevent the fall of the Bashar al Assad government and its transition to the oppositions who are backed by western beside some Arab governments.