جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جاسوسی » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Intelligence activities are necessary for every government. However, since they may involve religiously illegitimate behaviors, they pose a challenge to an Islamic political system that is based on Sharia. This is why the issue has drawn the attention of scholars in the field of jurisprudence, particularly the issues of Islamic governance, ideal administration of the society, and efficiency of the Islamic government. The present study is conducted in terms of political jurisprudence, drawing upon the descriptive-analytical method and the methodology of ijtihad. It seeks to account for the Sharia-based legitimacy of intelligent agents in Islamic jurisprudence and the efficiency of the Islamic government in overcoming its adversaries in intelligence matters to achieve the Islamic objectives in governance. To be sure, agents involved in intelligence activities may be committed to Sharia-based, rational, or commonsensical regulations such as justice, protection of the order, maximal conformity to Sharia, conformity to collective reason, moderation, realization of religious objectives, exigencies, and protection of the lives of Muslims. Assuming that intelligence operations in the Islamic government are intended as means of overcoming the enemies and protecting the Islamic system, this research distinguishes the apparently illegitimate acts of intelligence agents into individual and governmental acts and highlights the primacy of refraining from committing anti-Sharia behaviors. Moreover, it shows that individual and governmental anti-Sharia practices are acceptable only if they fall under general jurisprudential principles and criteria, serving the ultimate purposes of Sharia.

Fear of crime has always been considered as a category at the first level of criminological research in England. In this article, which is written with a descriptive and analytical approach and with the aim of investigating the mechanisms used to detect crimes and maintain the internal and international security of the United Kingdom, it seeks to answer the main question whether there are coherent mechanisms for this purpose in the law of England. What is the position of the responsible organizations and how to apply the laws to detecting crimes in this country? The efforts of the authorities in this country to control crime and also to increase the sense of security in the society is exemplary. Regardless of the police and judicial system, the extensive information systems in this country play a prominent role in detecting and controlling crimes. The relevant organizations in this country are made up of two main parts, the first category is the organizations that are somehow under the supervision of the government, such as MI5, MI6, GCHQ and the police organization of this country, and the second category is The title of independent institutions can be identified, such as the Intelligence and Security Service of the Parliament or the SOCA organization and its replacements, which are fully connected with the first category organizations.

Establishing national security is a major task for every government system, so that the country's success in protecting the security is a good indication of integrity, authority and resident welfare of countries. In the field of national security, Comprehensive and impeccable laws are the most important tools for punishment and crime prevention against the security and tranquility. Reflecting upon Iran's Penal Code texts show that some cases are often hidden from view by ‎lawmakers.‎ using comparative study, this paper explores and examines the various aspects of the Islamic ‎Penal code Art. about some of the most important crimes against security, uncertainties in ‎Legislative elicitation‏ ‏and its level of criminalization comprehensiveness, and offers legal ‎strategies in this area‏.‏ Nowadays, the technical and economic strength is pulling power in every country, and criminalization practices of some crimes against the public interest in the laws of Iran generally differ from major Tends of Criminal Law in recent decades. As Economic, cultural and social security are among the new aspects of security, care should be exercised in formulation of regulations against security crimes such as espionage by law makers.

National sovereignty has always been the most important value of nations, and despite the efforts that have been made in the contemporary era to create a kind of transnational federalism, it can still be said that this concept in international law is almost an unconquerable tower and belief that is emphasized a lot. It is the nations. Various nations have always valued their sovereignty, and the rulers were trying to maintain their power and sovereignty, the dangers that crimes against security create for their sovereignty and independence, to create strict regulations about crimes against security.Espionage is one of the crimes that has a special place in all the divisions presented in the field of crimes against security. The main reason for this special situation should be considered the high level of danger this criminal poses to the country's security. This is why in most countries, towards all crimes against security and espionage in particular, a substantive and differential criminal policy is observed. In fact, today in the criminal law systems, there are many and different solutions that expand or contract the scope of criminalization in order to fight serious crimes. In today's developments regarding espionage, relying on the techniques and tools that originate from the internal capacity of criminal law, the three elements of the crime have changed so much that one can easily observe the aggressive and security-oriented criminal policy.

According to the sources of Imamiyyah jurisprudence, the book, traditions, and the biography of Imams (AS) and consensus, one of the barriers to marriage includes Muslim marriage with non-Muslims, but these sources do not specifically mention marriage to foreigners and its harmful effects. The most important question of the study is: "What are the negative consequences of the marriage of the members of the Islamic Republic of Iran's armed forces with foreigners in Imamiyyah jurisprudence and positive laws?". The research method in this study is explanatory and data collection tool is library and library sampling. In addition, it seems that marrying with foreigners on the basis of Nafy al-Sabil (negation of any way) rule leads to the domination of infidels over Muslims' affairs, the creation of a suitable basis for penetration into the country in the areas of culture, politics, economics, security, weakness in jihad, and the separation between couples. As the result, the marriage of this class with foreigners is not permissible on the basis of analogy of priority from the perspective of jurisprudence and Islamic law in the first place. The findings of the study indicate that various jurists have investigated in this field and on the basis of jurisprudential sources they have worked on the reasons of prohibition of marriage with foreigners and the consequences of this type of marriage. At the end, in the opinion of the researcher, regarding the importance of this issue, positive laws needs to be revised.

Betrayal ones to his own country is a political and security crime, the most aspect of it is espionage for foreigners. While many studies are done about the crimes, but there are few studies about espionage and Betrayal ones to his own country. The crime of espionage and Betrayal ones to his own country because of its covert nature and its high impact on national security is in very high importance for strategic policy makers. Thus, the aim of this article is to provide a general model for estimating the likelihood of espionage and Betrayal ones to his own country. This is done by literature review of espionage studies and overview the theoretical literature of sociology about crimes and social deviances. The model is made from two category of factors: situational factors and opportunity factors. It is argued that by study of these two factors the likelihood of espionage and Betrayal ones to his own country can be estimated. At the end of this article some indicators of the model are suggested.

formation of community to the formation of nation and states after the Westphalia treaty in 1648 until today time that information is important feature of the present age, spy has been done in two major area, or based on observation and gathering information based on the senses and human creativity or in virtual space and using exist instruments such as computer. This study after explaining about concepts and different categorize in spy area, then has practiced studying exist laws and related to spy in traditional criminal law and information technology law and in end presenting of strategy and suggestion in order to eliminate spy. Present study according to its goals and form the viewpoint of kind of research is applied and its method is descriptive analysis that researcher is trying to clarify it using documentary and library sources. Moreover this research is the application of quantitative methods and tools for data collection, use of statistical data and qualitative methods, study’ tools are reading documents and texts are concerned.The study’ purpose is exact distinguishing of spy’s concept in Iran’s law and considering in area recognize of law and related punishments that its results is to announce to parts that spy and related threats are against staff. Generally, as result of this study can say, announce about law articles and punishments and strengthen indoctrinating supervision besides following supervision are important factors in order to eliminate spy crime and related crimes.

public security and intelligence police to protection, preservation and survival of Islamic homeland's government. Intellectualshave reachedto this consensusontheresorttointernalself-controlthatone of themost important kindsofself-control is self-security So thatby creatingandinstitutionalizing self-securityculturein employees, anypersonfeelcomprehensiveandpowerful controller factor,so that direct to do right work, constantly and prevent catching staff in the trap of espionage. In this research, has explained importance and necessity of self-security in preventing of espionageand its main purpose was presenting a self-security model in prevention of espionage in personnel of NAJA's security and intelligence police and have answered to study questions based on what are the components of ideological aspect, recognizable and knowledge aspect, ethical and empathetic aspect? And what extent effect on preventing ofespionagein personnel of NAJA's security and intelligence police and have defined self-security, prevention, espionage and similar concepts and have explained about ideological, recognizable, knowledge, ethical and empathetic aspects and components, briefly and has engaged to environmental investigation of self-security, prevention and method's espionage and snags in NAJA's security and intelligence police.Validity and reliability of the questionnaire is ninety five – tenth(95/10) and questionnaire's description and research's method that is descriptive- explanatory have related and questionnaires have gathered in aspect of ideological with 3 components and 15 subcomponents, aspect of recognizable and knowledge 4 components and 14 components, aspect of empathetic and ethical with 2components and 12 component that aspects with Yes and No and components with scores 1 to 5 from very low to very high, respectively and views of 285 people from statistical community, received responses (answers) are descriptive statistics form and producing charts and tables in which 100 percent of the participants have answered Yes to concerned aspects, and have chosen components and subcomponents that are rated from 1 to 5 and the average lowest option 4.28 and higher mean score 4.78 that expressive very high effect of aspects and components that have chosen. Also via the means T-Test, descriptive statistics and via Friedman test, average of rating has distinguished and hypothesis has confirmed.