آموزش

Education along with finding ideas and creativity fostering in schools, especially in conservatories is of particular importance. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of education along with production based on idea finding and creativity fostering in the conservatories of Golestan province.

This study was conducted with a qualitative approach. The statistical population of the present study were experts familiar with the field of research, which according to the principle of theoretical saturation number of 20 people of them were selected as a sample with using the purposeful sampling method. The tool of this study was a semi-structured interview, which the validity was calculated by the content method 0.76 and the reliability was calculated by the agreement coefficient between two coders method 0.89. The data of the present study were analyzed by coding method in MAXQDA software.

The findings showed that the model of education along with production based on idea finding and creativity fostering in the conservatories of Golestan province had 56 components and 11 dimensions. The dimensions of the mentioned model were included content and organization (with 5 components), curriculum goals (with 14 components), teaching and learning strategies (with 7 components), connection with the labor market (with 3 components), participation in curriculum production (with 2 components), training and consulting (with 4 components), principles of compilation (with 3 components), evaluation (with 7 components), location activation and production facilitation (with 5 components), continuous interaction with scientific centers (with 3 components) and curriculum features (with 3 components).

Specialists and planners of the educational system, especially the education system of conservatories according to the identified dimensions and components can provide the basis for improving education along with production based on idea finding and creativity fostering in the conservatories.

A crucial aspect of economic growth intricately linked to demographic changes, particularly age structure, is labor productivity which in turn, is directly influenced by the level of investment in education and health. This article investigates the level and trends of human capital investment in urban Iran and its association with demographic shifts. The National Transfer Accounts methodology was employed to construct private and public education and health consumption age profiles. The Lee-Carter method was then applied to model these per capita rates over time. Our findings reveal that government expenditure on education increased in the early 2010s. However, university expenses primarily remain the responsibility of households. Comparing government and household investments in health and education, we observed that while the government has predominantly focused on education expenses, particularly in recent years, the majority of children's health expenses are borne by households. An inter-cohort comparison further demonstrates that, unlike older cohorts where education costs were primarily borne by households; newer cohorts experience a greater government contribution. Consequently, the findings from the cohort analysis largely corroborate those from the cross-sectional analysis.

Gifted schools are established with the goal of fostering and developing the capabilities of gifted students. However, these schools face numerous challenges, and identifying these issues and improving the educational quality of these schools, as the pioneers of the country's educational system, is of great importance. Therefore, the present study aims to diagnose the challenges of geography education in gifted schools at both the first and second levels of secondary education in the city of Karaj from the perspective of geography teachers.

This qualitative study was conducted using a phenomenol ogical approach. The participants in the study consisted of geography teachers from gifted secondary schools in Karaj, with 11 teachers selected as the research sample through purposive sampling and theoretical saturation. The data gathered from semi-structured interviews were analyzed using coding methods, leading to the extraction of sub-themes and main themes. .

The qualitative data analysis resulted in the identification of 4 main codes, 13 sub-codes, and 60 conceptual codes (open codes). The main challenges identified in geography education in gifted secondary schools, according to the teachers, included attitudes and beliefs toward geography as a subject, regulations and policies, educational challenges, and environmental challenges

geography education in gifted schools faces numerous challenges, and addressing them requires comprehensive support from authorities, teachers, and families.

Public relations are the beating heart of every institution and organization and they carry heavy duties and serious missions in different parts from communication with the media to responding to doubts and criticisms and honoring the clients. According to experts, informing and informing, persuading, encouraging, promoting and promoting, conducting social research and opinion polling and linking it to the resources of the organization and the general public are among the most important tasks of public relations. Public relations are not a job, but love, and as a communication bridge and a mirror of the whole view of any organization, it plays an important role in effective and purposeful communication between people and officials. This job knows neither time nor place, and a public relations officer must be accountable to the person in charge and the organization and most importantly to the people in any situation. In recent years, with the expansion of the virtual space, there have been many changes in the field of information and the duties of public relations, and in this space, sometimes some activists in this field appear as a reporter and produce news ahead of the reporters, take pictures and They. Today, mobile-based social networks are a platform that is both a tool for informing and finding information and can fulfill part of the communication needs of public relations. This is a golden opportunity for public relations to manage their communications and many affairs. Most of the people who use mobile phones use smartphones, and many consider mobile social networks to be an inseparable part of their daily life communications, in this case, is it possible to ignore and ignore this unconditional information portal.

According to the Entertainment Software Association (ESA, 2022), approximately 76% of adolescents aged 13 to 17 play video games, averaging about 7 hours per week. The Pew Research Center (2021) has observed a significant increase in online multiplayer gaming, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Iran, around 75% of adolescents participate in video gaming, amounting to approximately 34 million players. This trend affects various facets of adolescents' digital lives, including entertainment, education, lifestyle, and income generation. This research investigated the interconnected aspects of education and income generation in the digital lives of Iranian adolescents, drawing on interviews with 10 adolescents and 2 parents. The study employed theories from Haraway, Clark, Chalmers, and Latour to analyze these developments, focusing on how this interplay influenced adolescents' creativity and their potential for generating income.

Ethnography is a prominent method in post-human studies and new materialism (Berry, 2019: 48). Scholars, such as Latour (1979) and Lupton (2016, 2018, 2020), have employed this approach, often critiquing its traditional forms. Post-human ethnography encourages researchers to examine "socio-technical networks" and key actors through targeted interview techniques (Latour, 2005: 21-49, in Berry, 2019: 48). This research investigated adolescents' interactions with digital data using a combination of observations, document studies, and interviews and following the methods proposed by Logie and Quinton (2018). A purposive sample of 10 adolescents aged 11 to 19 was selected, along with interviews with their parents, ensuring adherence to ethical considerations. Data collection involved an integrated approach combining observation, document analysis, and semi-structured interviews to explore adolescents' emotional experiences with digital data (Lupton, 2018). The findings were analyzed using "material-discursive" frameworks, which highlighted the interplay between materiality and conceptual understanding.

Donna Haraway highlights the essential relationship between humans and technology. The concept of the "cyborg" (Bhavnani, Haraway, 1994) illustrates that humans are deeply interconnected with their environment, including technology and digital data (1991). This perspective suggests that contemporary adolescents, who are intimately linked with digital data, can be referred to as the digital generation (Baldiņš, 2016). They embody Haraway's cyborg concept as their cognitive processes are intertwined with technology, resulting in what is known as an "extended mind" (Clark and Chalmers, 1998). Interviews revealed that adolescents frequently learned through digital platforms, such as YouTube. For instance, Arman discovered how to change his laptop's operating system by following online tutorials, demonstrating that knowledge could exist outside the individual mind (Menary, 2010). Similarly, Mona enhanced her gaming skills by utilizing online resources. Participants noted that familiarity with various tools boosted their confidence and problem-solving abilities, supporting Menary's assertion that knowledge emerges from engagement with technology, thus emphasizing the connection between practice and external knowledge.Menary further posits that learning occurs through practice (Menary, 2012). Participants underscored the significance of being familiar with game environments, such as Minecraft, asserting that theoretical knowledge alone is inadequate. They compared this to navigation apps, where practical experience was essential for fully understanding their features. Anderson (2010) argues that the interactions among actors occur in a cyclical process of action. Much of this knowledge is acquired unintentionally through digital data, contributing to both basic everyday understanding and more complex explorations.Today's adolescents increasingly seek to generate income from their digital experiences. Their desire for independence, particularly economic independence, drives them to focus on income generation through their skills and knowledge. As Nguyn (2023) observes, key characteristics of the digital economy are closely linked to adolescent life, including the shift from analog to digital technology, evolving concepts of ownership, and the removal of age, time, and location constraints. This creates enticing opportunities for teens to engage economically without traditional ownership models. Economic interactions often occur without intermediaries, transforming social structures. Arman emphasized the necessity of engaging with the digital world for economic activity, asserting that failure to do so risked obsolescence. This perspective aligns with Latour's concept of inevitability, wherein technologies like smartphones are deemed essential. Today’s youth understand that participation in the digital economy is crucial for future success, a realization that has yet to be fully embraced by older generations.New actors have emerged in this space, including game developers, online game sales platforms, peripheral sales websites, e-commerce shops, and exchange offices. These actors influence one another and reach consensus within a dynamic economic cycle. Adolescents are increasingly aware of the various pathways, laws, principles, and stakeholders involved in this landscape. They critically evaluate how to leverage these opportunities for income generation, leading to the emergence of new actors and networks that diverge from traditional economic models.The intertwining of adolescents with digital data has multiple dimensions, impacting various aspects of their personal and social lives. Our study focused on two key dimensions of this interaction: education and income generation. While adolescents initially engage with video games and digital data primarily for entertainment, they ultimately develop additional motivations and dimensions that affect different areas of their lives.Our research revealed that adolescents' learning methods and interests evolved alongside digital data. These data provided a pathway for learning and fostered new opportunities for creativity. Today’s adolescents are less interested in conventional learning methods; instead, they prefer data-driven approaches that utilize digital tools. They expand their knowledge beyond merely accumulating information to learning about the effective use of tools and data.Conversely, in terms of income generation, adolescents cultivate creative ideas by recognizing the various actors and stakeholders within the digital economy. Their creativity in this domain stems from an understanding of these actors and networks, leading them to adapt their goals or strategies to align with data-driven objectives. For instance, they may aim to generate income through educational content on platforms like YouTube or others.Our research findings aligned with previous empirical studies indicating that the interaction between adolescents and digital data significantly influenced their career choices and income generation preferences. Furthermore, adolescents' values and preferences underwent substantial transformations as they engaged with digital data. This study closely related to the research conducted by Milesi (2022), which highlighted the reciprocal influence between gaming and adolescents, the blurring of boundaries between humans and non-humans, and the diminishing focus on human-centered perspectives.

Suicide is a public health concern. The family and society are impacted by the consequences of suicide, despite the fact that it is committed by an individual. Therefore, considering the importance of this phenomenon, researchers have endeavored to investigate factors affecting suicide from various the economic and social aspects. While previous research has investigated the impact of a variety of variables on suicide, researchers in Iran have neglected to consider the effect of women’s relative position in various fields with the interpretation of gender equality. According to the available literature, this phenomenon can affect suicide. Consequently, the objective of the present study was to examine the factors that contribute to suicide, with an emphasis on the women’s position compared to men in the education and labor market sectors from 2016 to 2022. In the provinces, the results of this research indicate that the ratio of women to men students has a positive and significant impact on suicide. However, the ratio of women’s economic participation to men due to factors such as increased access to resources for the family and reduced financial stress has a negative and significant impact on suicide. The findings indicate the importance of policymakers’ attention to women’s position in various fields, including education and the labor market.

 The armed forces must always be ready to deal with any aggression, and to maintain this readiness, it is very necessary to pay attention to the safety of the logistics system and storage of ammunition; Because being ready to work with ammunition and explosives in practical situations is a very necessary and undeniable requirement, and since one of the problems faced by military organizations is the safety of ammunition storage, where failure to do so reduces the lifespan of ammunition, lack of proper efficiency in time It will be used and followed by ammunition accidents, so the main purpose of this research is to explain how to improve the safety of ammunition storage in the Islamic Republic of Iran Army based on international standards, which in four dimensions of manpower training (theoretical training, practical training) , safety of places and facilities (public places, ammunition dumps, repair and renovation workshops), safety equipment (fire alarm, fire extinguishing, unloading and loading, grounding and lightning arrester systems) and safe methods and procedures (standards, instructions and processes safety) has been investigated. Based on this, the type of applied research and its method is descriptive and with a mixed approach. Also, in order to analyze the information obtained from the questionnaires, the descriptive analysis of frequency and frequency percentage was used, and the results show that the opinions of experts and the results of the questionnaire are in line with the literature and the theoretical background of the research.

This article has tried to show the importance of cultural capital in the formation of music learning process in Iran. The instrument studied in this thesis is the piano and it has moved forward based on Pierre Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital of the French society of the 20th century. From Bourdieu's point of view, cultural capital includes the understanding and knowledge of culture, beauty, sublime arts, having general knowledge, good taste, and appropriate behavioral methods that originate from the family background and the type of class of the individual. Bourdieu believes that the presence of high cultural capital in a person can have a serious effect on the development of his artistic activities, this research tries to measure the nature of this theory and the importance and impact of the child's cultural capital in relation to music education. In order to show the importance of cultural capital in the student's learning, it is not only the child's musical intelligence that can affect her late or early learning. Rather, the amount of his cultural capital can have a key effect on the learning process. In this research, the research method of qualitative content analysis has been used.

Education is the most important measure of development, and in most educational systems, it has become one of the basic concepts in macro policies, and improving the quality of education is the most important task of any organization.

This research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of its practical purpose and method, in such a way that each of the experts gave a personal interpretation of the real experience during the interview, and by coding those indicators, they were counted, and then the results obtained were compiled in the form of a questionnaire. And the paths were analyzed with variance-based software.

Optimizing the role of educator in promoting the unit training of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army was classified in 4 dimensions: 1. educational records, 2. research activities, 3. educational activities, and 4. motivational factor.

The results of the findings, the qualitative part in the form of reflecting assumptions and in the Smart pls software, after confirming the validity and reliability of the internal and external model, were quantitatively tested in the community, and the findings of the path test also showed that educational records with a path coefficient of 0.762, research activities With a path coefficient of 0.800, educational activities with a path coefficient of 0.784 and a motivational factor with a path coefficient of 0.936 affect the optimization of educator role in promoting the unit training of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the conceptual space of commodification of education and its consequences. The research method was grounded theory and the target population consisted of high school students, families, teachers, principals, and officials in Mashhad city. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and data saturation was achieved after conducting interviews with 32 individuals. The reliability and validity of the data were confirmed by experts and participants.The study's findings showed that the commodification of education occurs at three levels: the commodification of learning, the commodification of students, and the commodification of teachers. The underlying conditions for this phenomenon are organizational and familial. The interventionist conditions include social and familial networks, the prevalence of non-governmental schools, and the existence of a parallel educational system. the contextual conditions consist of privatization of education and government policies. the strategic action of the target community in response to the commodification of education takes two forms: resistance and acceptance. Ultimately, the consequences of this phenomenon can be economic, cultural and social, educational, and psychological.

The purpose of the present study was to reflect on pedagogical content knowledge in geography education, in order to identify and explain the constituent components of that knowledge with a review of the relevant scientific literature.

This research is a qualitative research and the research method used in this study is observational research. In the research study, the researcher conveys his personal summary of knowledge and experiences in a field to others; Therefore, in this study, the researcher, after library study, has made an observational inquiry about educational content knowledge and identified its constituent components and explained and explained them in the field of geography education. The verifiability of the findings has been done through peer review.

The results of this study are the enumeration of pedagogical content knowledge components in four sections: audience knowledge, specialized knowledge, curriculum development knowledge, and personal knowledge.

5 questions and problems are asked for specialized knowledge, 7 questions and problems for audience knowledge, 5 questions and problems for curriculum development knowledge, and 3 questions and problems for personal knowledge. The problem has been identified in order to provide the basis for more researches in this field by introducing potential research issues and questions of the constructive components of educational content knowledge of geography education.

The situation of health and life expectancy among the people of a particular society is a criterion of that country's tendency to provision health goods and services. Governments can be effective in improving life expectancy by spending more share of the budget on these areas. Despite the importance of this issue in the development of countries, some of them need the help of international organizations, including the United Nations, due to lack of financial and capital resources or low quality of investment in the health and service sectors. The United Nations has taken effective steps in order to provide Official Development Assistance to various countries according to Millennium Development Goals. Due to the importance of this issue, this study examines the impact of formal per capita development aids and education on life expectancy in selected countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region during the period 2000-2019 by using FMOLS and DOLS estimators.The results indicate that Official Development Assistance Per Capita, education, health expenditures, and GDP have had a positive and significant impact on the life expectancy index in this paper. Also, the research findings indicate a negative and significant effect of maternal mortality rate on life expectancy in these countries. Keywords: Net Official Development Assistance Per Capita (ODAPC), Education, Life expectancy index, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO)

In recent years, the environment and its related issues have received much attention as one of the important issues in the media and social media. On the other hand, the media also plays an important role in creating people's awareness of environmental and biological issues and taking action to protect the environment. became. The qualitative research method is thematic analysis. In the first step, topics with environmental themes between the two media, television and Instagram, were compared and analyzed in two time frames - the second half of 2018 and the first half of 2019 - through targeted non-probability sampling and thematic analysis method. The results of the research showed that television mostly through information, at the national and regional level, and Instagram mostly through education and at the international level, issues with environmental themes such as water, air pollution, management of energy consumption, natural resources, They have released waste, greenhouse gases, global warming and biodiversity. Also, the issue of water has the highest frequency in both media, and the issue of managing the consumption of energy carriers has had the least share in both media. In addition, in another article extracted from the thesis, the presentation of the media model of environmental communication from the point of view of experts was examined, which considered background factors such as political-legal factors, social and cultural conditions, and intervening factors such as technology and audience in building trust in television. Promotion and promotion of environmental culture.

Organizational resilience in the crisis conditions is one of the important and effective concepts in crisis management for facing natural hazards. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of designing an organizational resilience education model of crisis management of universal centers to facing with natural hazards and prevention from psychological and social interventions.

The current research was descriptive from type of correlation. The statistical population of this study was all employees of the universities of Karaj city in the 2022-23 academic years with number of 850 people, which according to Cochran's formula the sample size was determined to be 264 people. The samples of this study were selected with the random cluster sampling method and responded the researcher-made questionnaire of organizational resilience of crisis management (125 items) and the data obtained from its implementation were analyzed with the methods of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS-27 and Smart PLS-3 software.Fidnings: The findings of the present research showed that the organizational resilience education of crisis management of universal centers to facing with natural hazards and prevention from psychological and social interventions had 125 items, 12 components and 3 dimensions. The dimensions were include individual (with two components of psychological factors of resilience and creativity and innovation), structural (with six components of resilience planning, adaptive factors, commitment and management, crisis culture, learning culture and leadership and decision-making) and operational (with four components of knowledge use, communications, effective public participation and operational knowledge of resources and equipment). The factor load and average variance extracted of all components were higher than 0.50 and the combined reliability of all of them was higher than 0.80. Also, the organizational resilience education model of crisis management of universal centers to facing with natural hazards and prevention from psychological and social interventions had a good fit and this model on all three individual, structural and operational dimensions and each dimension on its components had a direct and significant effect (P<0.001).

The results of this study about the designed organizational resilience education model of crisis management of universal centers to facing with natural hazards and prevention from psychological and social interventions can help to crisis management specialists and planners to face hazards in order to increase organizational resilience.

If teachers use attractive teaching methods, it can be expected that students will have more academic progress. The purpose of this research was to investigate the possibility of using cartoons in improving the geography teaching process.

For this purpose, a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and 1-month follow-up was implemented. The statistical population includes all male students of the 10th grade of conservatories in district 3 of Isfahan city, and among them, using multi-stage cluster random sampling, 3 conservatories and one class from each. Selected. Then, a teacher presented a discussion about Iran's population issues during 4 one-hour sessions for each of the classes using one of the traditional lecture methods, a lecture using real images and a lecture using caricature images, and the necessary tests done. . The obtained results were checked and analyzed by the covariance method in the software (SPSS21).

In the post-test phase, the teaching method using cartoon images was more effective than the other two methods; But in the follow-up phase, both methods of teaching speech using real images and cartoon images showed their positive effect and were recognized as more effective than the traditional speech teaching method.

Gamification is considered a powerful tool for learning, developing skills, increasing user engagement, changing behavior, and building culture. Gamification is a broad concept that is constantly evolving to meet the ever-increasing demands of modern man. But it can be used in many different ways.Considering the important role of media in education and learning, the main problem of this research is how gamification can be used in media. The purpose of this research is to identify the capacity of gamification in the production of educational programs in audio media for children. This research has been done with qualitative method and by analyzing the themes of interviews of 9 experts in the field of child psychology, digital gamification and radio producers (as the most inclusive listening media). The results of the semi-structured interview with these experts were analyzed in the form of four main themes of "radio and children", "gamification and children's education", "gamification in the media" and "gamification of the educational program on the radio".The findings of this research showed that the effectiveness of teaching and learning through radio can be understood by referring to the theory of cognitive learning in psychology. Cognitive theorists emphasize perception, thinking, memory,

A school that claims to govern human life must have a certain way of governing. The opinions of this arena are in the middle of the two poles of people-centered and God-centered. Considering the reliance of any superstructure theory on the fundamentals, first of all, we must see what the foundations are in order to determine the main orientation of Islam in the role of the people in governance.In this research, a descriptive-analytical method was used, and its approach is to analyze the described opinions based on the principles of Imam Khomeini's ijtihad. The purpose of this research is to answer the question whether Islamic principles support popular governance. What are the foundations and implications for the people of the foundation of governance, especially in the field of education. The article consists of two main parts, in the first part, the foundations of epistemology, ontology and anthropology, which every idea of ​​governance is based on, are discussed, and in addition to the above, the social ontology, credit and social perfection of human being are discussed as the main pillars of Islamic governance. Is.In the second part, how the principles of jurisprudence are involved in the derivation of social rulings is followed, and in jurisprudence discussions as the final part of the research, the cultural-grammatical literature of Islam is examined to promote the governance of the basic people in the field of education. The results of the research, both in the field of epistemological-historical issues and in the field of jurisprudential-principle issues, show the strong reliance of Islamic good governance on the role of people in different areas of society administration. Keywords: basics, governance, Imam Khomeini, education, people

Since development is not a multi-dimensional phenomenon based on the economy and a developed country must be developed in all aspects, an important part of it is the human development index. The human development index appeared as one of the important development indicators in the development program and caused the factors affecting the imbalance of the human development index level to be investigated in this program. The purpose of this research is to discover the factors affecting the imbalance of the human development index level among the provinces of the country and to design the paradigm of the human development index. Using descriptive statistics, the comparison of human development indicators between provinces was made, then qualitative data obtained from expert interviews were analyzed with the help of Maxqda software, and the paradigm of imbalance of the level of human development index was achieved. Five factors that are the cause of the imbalance of the human development index have been identified, which include: educational facilities, health and welfare facilities, inappropriate planning, unbalanced development and economic poverty, so these factors lead to the formation and realization of the balance in human development between the provinces. They will be. Human indicators are unevenly distributed in the country and the border provinces often have less of these indicators and its focus is in Tehran. Relying on a single-product economy, lack of security, isolation in global interactions, lack of a strategic plan are among the significant factors in the lack of human development in the country.

The results of the research showed that family, educational and media factors play a key role in reducing drug useIn this regard, in the current research, the change of attitude towards drug use was tested based on family, educational and media factors.

This was a descriptive-correlational structural equation modeling research. The statistical population of the present study includes all the students of Payam Noor Behbahan University in the academic year of 2001-2001, numbering 950 people, based on the Karjesi-Morgan table, 274 samples were selected using available sampling method. Research tools include; Questionnaire of attitudes towards drugs and family role scale, educational centers and media. Structural equation method and AMOS version 28 software were used to analyze the research model.

The findings showed that the research model has a good fit. Also, the role of the family, educational centers and the media have a direct and negative effect on reducing the positive attitude towards drug use.

The results showed that it is important to pay attention to the family center, especially the role of parents in raising and controlling their children in adolescence, which can reduce the positive attitude towards drug use. Also, activities focused on education, awareness and production of media programs with regard to needs assessment, understanding the social environment and the taste and expectations of the new generation can, along with family factors and education, cause a decrease in attitude To provide a positive response to drug use in students.

the use of morphotectonic indicators in the evaluation of tectonic activities is a useful and reliable tool. teaching these indicators, it provides the basis for identifying tectonic areas and helps us in planning as well as possible. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of teaching morphotectonic indicators to geography students using GIS and Google earth.

parameters such as basin Asymmetry Factor (AF), basin shape (BS), Ratio of valley – floor with to valley height (Vf), hypsometric integral (Hi) were studied and calculated in three classes (Class 1) = active, class 2 = semi-active and class 3 = Quiet) were classified. After calculating the mentioned indices, the amount of tectonic activities in the basins was evaluated using Index Of relative active tectonic (Iat)

After calculating the mentioned indices, the amount of tectonic activity in the basin was evaluated using Of Index relative active tectonic (Iat) , based on which the Sadkharv basin was evaluated as having a high tectonic activity.

It can be said that the parameters used in this research show the sensitivity of these indicators against active tectonic movements, which can be reliable evidence to prove the existence of neotectonic movements.