اشتغال

Among the important issues in the field of women and family, the status and position of women's employment and the policy, legal and planned measures for it are to achieve the desired status of the policy system. The content and how the policy system addresses this issue is undoubtedly one of the factors that influence the determination of the desired situation and position for it. Accordingly, the present study seeks to examine the course of policy developments in the field of women's employment and its impact on the family institution. In this regard, using the analysis of qualitative content, the text of all policies and laws adopted in the main institutions of policymakers and legislators in the pre-revolutionary era and, more importantly, the Islamic Republic of Iran was examined through statistics and explanation of the issues and issues addressed in these policies and laws, as well as the approaches governing them. What is important here is that while examining the evolution of women's employment laws, it has an impact on children and spouses. However, many of the overall policies on women's employment Lack the support to be operational and therefore remain within the slogan.

The development of humanities can be affected by a set of factors, and in this regard, the role of humanities is very effective. Based on this, the researcher's goal is to investigate and analyze the sociological analysis of humanities, how and to know the factors affecting the development of humanities in Iran, which is done by survey method and The Delphi technique was performed using a questionnaire tool. The statistical population was the graduates of various fields of human sciences, especially social sciences and sociology, and 420 people were selected as a statistical sample using SPSS Sample Power statistical software. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. The results show that the relationship between the variables, lack of politicization and development of humanities (.536), employment of graduates in administrative positions with development of humanities (.523), nativeness and development of humanities (.521), economic efficiency and The development of humanities (./479), the existence of theorists and the efficient force of humanities and the development of humanities (./451), the per capita study and development of humanities (./416) is a meaningful relationship. The results of multiple regression, economic efficiency (R2=0.451), the existence of theorists and efficient forces (R2=0.445), lack of politicization (R2=0.381), indigenousness of humanities (R2=0.374) ) and the employment of humanities graduates in administrative positions (R2=0.301), shows the amount of internal changes of the dependent variable.

The main purpose of the research is to explain the barriers to women's entrepreneurship in Iran by using the meta-analysis approach.The statistical population of the research is the research conducted on the topic of barriers to women's entrepreneurship between 2012 and 2021. Purposive sampling was employed to identify 24 studies that met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The third edition of comprehensive meta-analysis software was employed to analyze the data.The research results indicate that the aggregate effect size of women's entrepreneurship barriers in Iran is 0.481, which is evaluated as medium to high in Cohen's interpretation system. Based on the research's results, the most significant obstacles to women's entrepreneurship in Iran are cultural, social, economic, and background barriers . Cultural barriers have an effect size of 0.388, while social barriers have an effect size of 0.429, economic barriers have an effect size of 0.523, and contextual barriers have an effect size of 0.549. Background barriers with 0.549 have had the greatest effect on women's entrepreneurship.As indicated by the research findings, women's entrepreneurship encounters numerous obstacles, including cultural, social, economic, political, and contextual obstacles.  Ultimately, these barriers have resulted in women's unwillingness to participate in entrepreneurial activities and their non-participation in entrepreneurial activities, as well as concern and discouragement. According to the results, removing these barriers and increasing the willingness of women in entrepreneurial activities will lead to wealth production, technology development, productivity, and training of entrepreneurs, development of entrepreneurship and promotion and improvement of the quality of life of women

The purpose of the current research was to design a model of entrepreneurial development for agricultural transformation and supplementary industries in a specially selected province.The research methodology employed in this paper was grounded theory, and the study was qualitative in nature. The data was gathered through semi-structured deep individual interviews with 15 entrepreneurs (founders) of agricultural transformation and complementary industries in Mazandaran province. The entrepreneurs were selected through purposive sampling methodology. A three-step conventional content analysis procedure was employed to assess the feasibility of designing an entrepreneurial development model in order to achieve the research objectives. The data was analyzed using MAXQDA2020 software. In order to enhance the validity of the data, the contributors were requested to evaluate the procedure that was employed. Ultimately, triangulation was implemented to improve the conformability.The following components were included in the model that was derived from the research: Causal conditions, including infrastructural-political factors, natural and unnatural capacities, the enhancement of the added value of agricultural products; Strategies including the application of government support policies, infrastructure reform, technological and innovative requirements, knowledge and communication requirements, marketing requirements, agricultural diplomacy, and the development of infrastructure and human resourceswith a propensity for entrepreneurship. Intervening conditions (inhibiting and promoting factors); background conditions (certain individual, psychomotor, and economic characteristics of entrepreneurs and farmers, as well as climate change and natural resources); and consequences (improving the value chain of agricultural products, increasing productivity, economic growth, country comprehensive development, food security, and reducing unemployment).It is recommended that entrepreneurs prioritize the sales and marketing sectors by analyzing and observing the state of agricultural transformation and supplementary industries in Mazandaran province. It is also advised that entrepreneurs develop target markets, utilize digital marketing strategies, enhance their knowledge, and develop packaging and branding in order to modify and enhance the markets associated with complementary agricultural transformation industries.

The objective of this research is to compare the duration of unemployment among Iranian men and women who have visited labor centers. The current study is a secondary analysis, and the statistical population of the study consists of all job seekers aged 15 to 45 who have referred to job centers throughout the country from the beginning of 2013 to the end of October 2019. The study was conducted using the survival analysis statistical technique. The results of this study indicate that women experience longer periods of unemployment than males. The average duration of unemployment among job seekers aged 20 to 24 is shorter than that of other age categories. Job seekers who are married, divorced, or widowed are at a lower risk of unemployment than those who are unmarried. The risk of unemployment is highest among job candidates who lack education, while the second highest risk is borne by individuals with master's and doctoral degrees. The findings of this investigation suggest that the age and gender composition of the populace must be taken into account when formulating policies and overseeing the labor market. Given that women comprise half of the country's population, it is imperative to capitalize on this capacity, especially in the context of departing the demographic window and implementing strategies to reduce unemployment and establish stable employment. Furthermore, the role of job applicants in marriage, childbearing, and child training, as well as the limitations of job diversity, must be thoroughly considered and prioritized.

Public relations is a concept with two scientific and practical dimensions. At the scientific level, the focus is on teaching concepts, knowledge, skills and many other aspects of the public relations. At the practical level, performance of the workers and the public relations’ department are taken into consideration. One of the most important issues at both scientific and practical dimensions is skill. Skill in public relations is an important concern which connects a graduate to the job market. A graduate will have more chance to find a job when the skills meet the market’s demands. Otherwise, the chance will be lost.In this article, we studied skills public relations graduates need to enter the job market. To this end, we conducted in-depth interviews with workers in the field of public relations with more than five years of experience. Then, we analyzed the data, using method of thematic analysis. As the result, the interviewees pointed to 34 skills required to work in public relations which are categorized under news-content, ceremonial, technological, individual-social, scientific-planning and multimedia.

Humanities graduates have serious concerns about their employment status in the society. The increase in graduates in this field, especially due to the growing number of higher educational institutes in the country, requires policymakers to adopt more logical and practical measures to deal with the problem. Using future research, the current paper aims to draw a picture of the employment status of humanities graduates. The research method is qualitative, with the statistical population being professors and experts in the field of humanities. There is purposeful sampling method where the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. After implementing the interviews, its components were identified at the level of litany, social causes, discourse/worldview and myth/metaphor. At the litany level, categories of "unemployment crisis", "abandoned and marginalized humanities", "inefficient/unskilled humanities" and "lack of independent identity" were created. At the level of systematic causes, a set of cultural-social and economic factors are marked as fundamental ones. At the level of discourse/worldview, product-oriented, post-modern, Islamic humanities and problem-oriented discourses were used. At the level of metaphor/myth, metaphorical interpretations of the boy of engineer, Professor Balthazar, the Achilles heel of national development and advanced/regressive sciences were used. Finally, with a literature review and referring to the interviews and going back and forth and asking the opinion of experts and specialists, the two driving forces of an engineering-like and top-down view against the provision of open intellectual and academic space and the policy of unifying sciences were found. In contrast to the development of interdisciplinary studies approach, four scenarios were identified and developed.

The purpose of this article is to show how housewives are represented in Iranian cinema in comparison with their real situation. The trend of increasing literacy and higher education among women and the relative stability of women's employment indicate that a significant number of housewives possess higher university degrees. Therefore, the quality of life of these women has been enhanced. The fundamental issue of this article is the discrepancy between actuality and its depiction in cinema. Saussure’s semiotic technique and the textual analysis method were employed in this study to identify the explicit and implicit meanings of the text through paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis techniques. The number of six films produced in the 2020s was analyzed. The primary character in these films was either a housewife or the film’s subject matter was related to household. The first and most significant findings of the study are that the quality of life of Iranian households has been enhanced by an increase in higher education as evidenced by statistical data. Secondly, Iranian housewives are in fact facing a challenging situation due to the unjust circumstances within their families. They desire an independent financial source and the participation of men in household chores. Despite the fact that the quality of housewives’ lives has improved as a result of their increased education, the representation of these women in the analyzed movies remains stereotypical and inferior.

The distance between the real self and the ideal self as a problem that generates other social problems has been less noticed by sociologists. This study is conducted in terms of qualitative methodology and using semi-structured interview technique. After reaching saturation with 33 students and scholars from Tehran University, he wants to answer what social issues society should expect after facing the reality of employment and understanding the distance between the real self and the ideal self. The results of this study show that abnormality, cultural conflict, and disorder are three social problems that a disorganized society must prepare to face. This study also found that the distance between the real self and the ideal self can lead to social disorganization and disorganization. leading to a personality. In the discussion of social disorganization, the disorder of lack of specialization, lack of attention to business regulations, lack of business regulations, administrative corruption and lack of meritocracy, and in the discussion of social disorganization, cultural conflict, entry into illegal issues, immigration, lack of job dignity, and degree orientation are considered. take Personality disorganization is also described in the codes of philosophical despair, anger, feeling of shame, lack of independence, materialism and scientific miserliness. In this research, the students and graduates of the field of psychology, which is one of the trends in the field of humanities, showed that it was less difficult than other fields, so the structure of the field of psychology as a representative of pure soft sciences showed stronger with the attention of students and graduates of graduate studies.

The transition of graduates from various levels of the education system, whether it be from schools or universities, into the labor market has become a significant concern in many countries. This concern arises from the realization that a rising unemployment rate, particularly among educated youth, can have numerous economic and social repercussions for societies. Extensive research conducted by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2019 and the CEDEFOP in 2020 has highlighted the critical role of the mismatch between Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and the demands of the labor market in exacerbating the unemployment crisis in low and middle-income countries. Consequently, recognizing the importance of establishing a harmonious relationship between TVET and workforce employment within the labor market, this study aimed to address the following question: To what extent does a balance or imbalance exist between the representation of TVET and employment in the three key sectors of industry, services, and agriculture within the country? With this objective in mind, this research endeavored to provide an overview of the current state of affairs concerning the presence or absence of equilibrium between TVET and employment within the country, while also underscoring the necessity of revising the educational development process based on the requirements of the labor market within this particular educational subsystem.

The present study was an applied research conducted using a quantitative approach and employing a descriptive-analytical method. Secondary research methodology was utilized in this study. The statistical data sources for this study comprised registration statistics of graduates from technical and vocational high schools at the second level, individuals, who have acquired skills through informal training offered by the TVT Organization, as well as graduates from Technical and Vocational Universities and Comprehensive Scientific-Applied Universities during the academic year of 2019/20. These data were categorized according to industry, services, and agriculture clusters. Additionally, data from the labor force census plan in the academic year of 2019/20 were also incorporated. Sampling and data verification processes were conducted using a complete counting approach and all the recorded data were included in the analysis. To address the research questions, descriptive-fuzzy tests, such as averages and standard deviations, were employed, along with inferential tests, such as single-group t-tests, ANOVA, and the TOPSIS and TOPSIS-A methods for data analysis.

The research findings shed light on the current state of compatibility between employment and technical, vocational, and skill training within the sectors of industry, agriculture, and services of the country. Both the descriptive and fuzzy sections of the study revealed a lack of satisfactory alignment between training and employment nationwide with a significant mismatch observed across all three sectors. Specifically, the results indicated that mismatch existed in all clusters, with industry and agriculture experiencing a more pronounced disparity. The mismatch within the services and agriculture clusters primarily stemmed from a shortage of technical, vocational, and skill graduates in the fields related to these sectors. On the other hand, the imbalance within the industry cluster was attributed to an excess of technical, vocational, and skill training surpassing the demands of the labor market. This discrepancy characterized by a shortage of training in the services cluster and an oversupply of training in the industry cluster reflects a common characteristic of less developed societies. It stands in contrast to prevailing and future employment trends worldwide. Unquestionably, this trajectory will inevitably lead to a crisis of mismatch and a surge in unemployment in the country's labor market. In conclusion, the research findings underscored the urgent need to address the imbalance between training and employment in the country. A comprehensive review and revision of the education system, specifically tailored to meet labor market demands within this particular subsystem, are imperative. By aligning technical, vocational, and skill training with the evolving needs of industries in the country, the nation can navigate towards a more harmonious and prosperous labor market, thereby mitigating the risks associated with mismatch and unemployment in the future.

Identifying the variables affected by the Covid 19 epidemic crisis can help policy-making to further strengthen and sustain society in similar crises. Given that social and economic factors can also exacerbate the crisis, so identifying them is essential in controlling this disease and similar crises. In the present paper, using the probit regression model, the effect of demographic factors and several other socio-economic variables such as income class, socio-economic status and borrowing on employment status after the corona was measured compared to before in Mashhad. . Data in this article were collected online using a questionnaire that amounts to 1093 questionnaires. The results show that recipients of loans and grants, tenants and people with the lowest income levels have experienced worse working conditions. With increasing education, the impact of the corona has diminished. People with lower socioeconomic status have experienced worse job status. Men have lost more jobs than women, as well as unpaid and paid jobs, and those in the private sector have suffered the most job damage during the Covid 19 period. The results show that by supporting low-income groups, as well as investing more in education and upgrading education, and providing more support to the government and other low-income support institutions, can reduce the damage caused by the corona.

Iran\'s economy is also facing the problem of unemployment due to the abundant supply of labor resulting from the high population rate and the inability to attract them in the country\'s economic activities. Due to the fact that the majority of the country\'s population is young, the issue of employment is considered as one of the main challenges of Iran\'s economy, which will lead to adverse consequences if not given enough attention. Meanwhile, one of the concerns in Aliguderz city is the issue of employment and unemployment. Therefore, it is necessary to research the issue of employment and unemployment in the city and explain the effective factors, components and indicators in this field, in order to provide the possibility of comprehensive employment management in this city. Therefore, the main purpose of the research, which is of a descriptive-analytical type, is to examine the causes and factors of unemployment in this city and the ways out of it, looking at the opportunities and challenges, in order to identify the peninsulas and introduce the existing capacities, the field of management provide comprehensive ignition in this city. The result of the research indicates the fact that Aliguderz city suffers from severe imbalances. For example, despite the reputation of the city and the existence of tourism capacities, stone mines, agriculture, animal husbandry and fish farming,which are potential capacity in creating employment, we are witnessing an increase in unemployment and, of course, migration

The importance and impact of social security on economic variables is one of the topics studied in recent years. Most of these studies have examined the impact of social security expenditure on economic variables. While social security is made up of two parts, resources and expenditure, the review and comparison of the effectiveness of both parts should be considered. In this study, the impact of social security resources and expenditure on economic growth and employment in Iran during the period of 1988 to 2020 has been investigated.

This study has investigated the impact of social security resources and expenses on economic growth and employment using the structural vector autocorrelation (SVAR) model.

In response to fluctuations in unemployment insurance resources, it initially increases and then decreases. The response of economic growth to fluctuations in insurance and unemployment insurance expenditures is positive, but the effect of fluctuations in insurance expenditures is greater. Additionally, employment decreases in response to fluctuations in insurance and expenditure resources, but the effect of insurance resources is greater. In response to fluctuations in insurance expenditure, employment initially increases and then decreases, while in response to fluctuations in unemployment insurance expenditure, it initially decreases and then follows an increasing trend.

Increasing social security resources through insurance premiums should be done with high sensitivity so that it does not have adverse effects on growth and employment, especially in the short term. To increase social security resources, attention to unemployment insurance resources can have a much better effect. The coordination of the social security system with the macroeconomic policies in the adverse economic conditions can increase the efficiency of this system in the economy.

The number of female-headed households has risen in recent years in Iran and the difficulties that these women and their families encounter have prompted politicians and organizations to pay special attention to the employment and empowerment of female-headed households. For this purpose, using the Meta Synthesis method of the documents in this field ( 66 research and official documents ), analysis and then in-depth interviews with informants and stakeholders at three levels of the micro ( female-headed households ), medium ( Social worker), and macro ( Managers and decision makers) were carried out. 24 people were interviewed at different levels of this research. Thematic analysis was then used to analyze the data. The findings in the four areas of vulnerability context, types of livelihood assets, processes and structures, and livelihood strategies of female-headed households reveal that there are many challenges and issues that prevent interventions in the area of employment and empowerment from being as effective as they should be. The validity and reliability of the answers were checked and confirmed. Based on Meta Synthesis and in-depth interview findings, 24 significant challenges and 104 issues were identified in these four areas.Keywords: female-headed households, empowerment, employment, economic empowerment, social protection

Employment and human resource activity is one of the important topics of economic geography and one of the important challenges of policymakers. In addition to young people, the problem of unemployment also includes disabled people looking for work. In this regard, a research was developed with the aim of investigating the employment of people with disabilities according to the local advantages of Ardabil province.

This research is applied and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population was 25,378 disabled people working and unemployed in Ardabil province. Based on Cochran's formula, 380 people were determined as a statistical sample. 83 research questions were proposed by the authors and then randomly assigned to the statistical sample. And finally, it was analyzed using spss software.

Among the factors affecting the employment of the disabled, individual, government, occupational and general factors had the greatest impact, respectively. The analysis of the relative advantages of Ardabil province showed that Ardabil province has a higher relative advantage in terms of agriculture, trade relations with Azerbaijan, and tourism, but factors such as lack of comprehensive information and marketing system, weak tourism and commercial infrastructure, weak communication networks, Poor irrigation efficiency, lack of conversion and processing of agricultural products have caused poor employment in this province.

In all the cities of Ardabil province, there is a huge difference between the number of unemployed and the number of employed. The average age of disabled people in 80% of the cities was between 30 and 35 years. This is despite the fact that nearly 91.55% of disabled people in the province had low education and sometimes no education, and only 6.65% of the total disabled people in the province were employed., and thus the need for a basic action for practical training to activate and empower this group is tangible based on the relative advantages of Ardabil province, and more detailed programs should be developed.

The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran. The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies. The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.

This research has investigated the impact of the support policies of the 9th to 12th governments on the problems of poverty and economic misery in Gilan province. In order to collect data, a technical interview was used and the purpose sampling method. The interview continued with 37 interviews. Data analyzed with MAXQDA software. The results show that in the field of health, the Ahmadinejad government focused on prevention and treatment in the family doctor plan, job creation, providing all sections of the society with health booklets and reducing treatment costs, and the Rouhani government by creating structural reforms in the health and treatment system and providing the basis Extensive insurance coverage has taken positive steps. In the field of housing, Mr. Ahmadinejad provided a platform for the development of urban development with his comprehensive management of housing distribution and created many jobs for young people and job seekers. This is while, as a result of Rouhani's government's policies, problems such as the formation of a housing bubble, a decrease in the amount of constructions, and also the intensification of internal migrations are observed as a result of the loss of employment opportunities. The Ahmadinejad government, by implementing redistribution policies, the Imam Reza Stamp Fund plan, the plan for early-returning enterprises, the distribution of equity shares and the targeting of subsidies, and the Rouhani government, by expanding the support umbrella for government institutions, tried to reduce the degree of relative deprivation among different classes. Society to reduce.