بازار

Every economic action, including transactions, must be interpreted within the context of social relations Social life is inconceivable without exchange, despite the significant role that transactions play in the market. However, the fundamental concept of this article is that the social structure of the market influences the formation of transactions, which are not only subject to supply and demand and economic, technical and mathematical indicators, but also by the social relations between buyers and sellers. The objective of the present study was to construct a theoretical framework and comprehend the social embeddedness of marketers’ transactions using a qualitative and systematic grounded theory approach. The data was collected from the bazaars of Ardabil city using targeted and theoretical sampling with the maximum diversity method and a semi-structured interview technique with theoretical saturation of 20 people. Three methods of category identification and analysis were employed: open, axial, and selective coding. Around the core category of fragile embedded transactions, the primary categories of the research were identified: economic challenges, network of transactions, profiteering, ethical norms, multiple transaction styles, and transaction costs. Qualitative results showed that market transactions are not solely contingent upon economic indicators, personal interests, price, and profitability; rather, they are interwoven with the moral norms of the market, the social network of transactions, and tolerance. The quantity of social embeddedness of transactions is fragile, indicating that there is a potential for a deviation from the embeddedness of transactions toward fragile embeddedness.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the problems of charities in relation and interaction with the state and the market. This study is based on the theory of appropriate configurationsss between the three arenas, which explains the interaction and communication between civil society, the state, and the market, and tries to provide a different explanation from the two competing approaches. In this approach, charities are non-governmental and non-market organizations that can be understood in their relative independence and the way they interact and relate with the other two arenas, and their issues can be seen. In addition, these types of organizations have economic and welfare goals and functions that they try to do differently from the state bureaucracy and the market. The method of this study is of qualitative type and semi-structured interview with 129 people who are involved in charitable institutions in Iran, which was conducted during one year. The findings show that the most important problems of these organizations in relation to the state are: govtization of charities as much as possible, lack of effective laws, competing ideas of big charities, lack of integrity of authority in licensing and supervision. The main challenge of these organizations in relation to the market is the indifference of economic enterprises towards social responsibility and charity organizations. With such problems, charities become cogs of the state bureaucracy, which only have obligations and responsibilities to the state, and their function has only a relief aspect, which is the beginning of their decline.

Cities are complex space systems that are directly related to economics, politics, and power. In the process of understanding the urban world, exploring the mechanisms governing cities through the lens of political economy to read the relationships and mechanisms governing cities is of particular importance. Whereas cities can be a center of spatial inequality and deprivation of the right to citizens as well as a center of development. The present study was conducted to identify the mechanisms governing the city of Sanandaj and its citizens. The study field is the city of Sanandaj. This research has used a qualitative method and specifically grounded theory for data analysis and in-depth theoretical sampling with 32 citizens was conducted in-depth interviews. Based on the data collected from the research field, four main deducted, including: The mechanism of malfunctioning of institutions, market policies and capital accumulation, widespread expropriation and deprivation of the right of citizens to the city were established. These categories indicate that in the study area (Sanandaj city) the mechanism of institutional policies and market forces through the expropriation of large property and deprivation of rights to the city from citizens, produces and reproduces a kind of inferiority. Thus, "subordination through expropriation" was concluded as the core of study.

This article provides an introduction and critique of the book " Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism" by Benedict Kohler. In this work, the author extensively uses historical evidence to argue that the motivation for wealth creation, entrepreneurship, engagement with free markets, and global trade has roots in the teachings of Islam and the culture of early Islamic centuries. In doing so, he critiques and complements Max Weber's idea in the famous book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" and attempts to demonstrate that the origin of capitalism can be traced back not to the era of the Protestant Reformation in Europe but to the early Islamic period in the Arabian Peninsula. Although this book is a noteworthy interdisciplinary research with many innovative points, some serious criticisms can be addressed, including the lack of reference to primary sources, overlooking ongoing debates and ambiguities regarding the history of Islam due to the insufficient availability of clear and sufficient evidence from the first two centuries of Islam, the relatively low reliance of the author on Quranic verses, neglecting a nuanced understanding of capitalism, and adopting a reductionist approach towards religion in downplaying its role to mere ideology.

Tourism is a category that has existed for a long time with its own forms in human societies and hasgradually evolved through historical stages until the present day. There is commercial tourism in Bushehr city.The statistical population related to this research includes all citizens over 18 years old and under 60 years oldin the city of Bushehr, as well as organizations active in the field of tourism in 1402, the number of citizensaccording to the latest housing census of Bushehr city is 275,678. to be (Housing Population Statistics System,1402). The statistical sample was 381 people using Cochran's formula, who were selected as available. Theresearch method is descriptive-correlational in nature and practical in terms of purpose, and researcher-madequestionnaires were used to measure the research variables. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSSsoftware and hypothesis testing was done with structural equation method available in SmartPLS software. Theresults of this research showed that the factors affecting sustainable tourism in Bushehr city have beenconfirmed in terms of theoretical analysis, and the standardized regression coefficient of the effect of marketsociological factors on tourism in Bushehr city as a dependent variable is equal to 0.141. The coefficient ofdetermination (R^2) for the variable of influence of market sociological factors on sustainable tourism inBushehr city and its components is equal to 0.177 and also the t values related to the variables and componentsare more than the basic and standard value of 96. is 1 and it is significant at the level of 0.05, and according tothe R2 values, it can be mentioned that among the variables, the greatest impact is related to the commercialmarket and stores from the components of the sociological factors of the market, and the least impact is relatedto demographic power.

The main topic of political economy is discussion about the type of relationship between the public and private spheres. The public spheres refers to the field of politic that it’s main institute is the nation-state. The private spheres refers to the field of economic that it’s main institute is initially the national market And in the next stages, is the regional, international and global market. Based on this, the possibility of entering the discussion of Iran's political economy, there is, when first, two institutions of the national government and the market have been formed, So that we can talk about the type of their relationship. In this regard, this current research seeks to examine this fundamental issue that how and when were the institutions of the market and the national government formed in Iran? And it is based on this hypothesis that the institution of the market in Iran is not a natural thing and has not internal roots, rather, it was established in the second half of the 19th century under the influence of foreign factors. Also, in relation to the state, it is based on this hypothesis that the external factor of international wars was the cause of built the state in Iran.

The aim of the present article is explaining the views of Imam Ali (AS) on the methods of achieving economic justice in the market system. The method of the article is descriptive-analytical. The economic way of Imam Ali's government is also working in contemporary society by establishing the necessary groundwork and observing its requirements, and it is possible to solve economic problems by updating methods and relying on those principles. Poverty has been strongly condemned in the teachings of Nahj-ol-Balaghah, and the elimination of it has been introduced as a platform for creating justice. According to the teachings of Ali (AS), the market system needs to be Organized precisely, competitive and intelligent, and continuous monitoring of all guilds is one of the most important duties of officials. Illegal economic activities damage the market and harm everyone by preventing people from doing business activities. Governmental officials should refrain from pricing goods and, in addition to creat a cultural and educational environment for all, especially economic actors and marketers, design comprehensive systems in which the supply and demand system - from production to consumption - are precisely managed so that all transactions becomes transparent and ascertain economic justice.

Iranian hand-woven carpet as a domestic and national art and cultural text of society is facing many problems and challenges today. Explaining the reasons of these problems or some of them has been less studied from sociological point of view despite the presence of this cultural product in social life. Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of action is one of the most important theories in the field of sociology of art, which has made it possible to analyze different areas of art. The analysis and attempt to formulate the field of carpets according to this theory is the subject of this research. Since hand-woven carpets encompass numerous fields, this study examines three market fields (large manufacturers and exporters), designers and weavers, which are closer than other fields within the framework of this theory and Bourdieu’s system. In this way, the art of carpet weaving and hand-woven carpets are studied and analyzed according to the principles of action theory. Some of the research findings are as follows: Among the carpet fields, the bazaar field has a wider scope and is closer to Bourdieu’s vision of the field and the actors and the pursuit of power and capital. The actors of this field belong to the wealthy class and have all kinds of capital, but they try and compete with each other and exercise symbolic power and violence to gain more capital and resources. Designers and weavers belong to the middle and lower classes and have no capital and other resources. In the field of designers and weavers, although the actors try to make profit, there is no competition and symbolic power. Hence, the type of class, the type of profession, and the position of these actors, and finally the amount of capital and income they earn, do not matter and do not correspond to the market class. Even if one recognizes the need to study the impact of other fields on carpets, it has been shown that the field of Iranian hand-woven carpets, depending on its size, is restless and opaque and does not have the necessary independence, the power to use force and conflict to distribute or balance the capital in all its own fields.

The paper aimed at reviewing the approach, method, and field of futures studies in social sciences. To do this, it used two different approaches: critical public sociology and methodological critique that raised issues of methodology and social science philosophy focused on the critical realism approach. Therefore, two questions arose: firstly, could futures studies as a scientific field produce valid science? Secondly, what critique does public sociology provide for futures studies? Research findings revealed that futures studies which is the systematic studies of open and macro systems, complex structures, and intentional and volunteer actors, has low efficiency.  They also demonstrate that despite the explicit claim of futures studies and its scholars for constructing a better and more egalitarian world, they have always been of service to the state and market that have created the current situation.

This article examines the rise and fall of the Kermanshah bazaar and its role in Kermanshah province in the 13th century. The theoretical approach of the article is based on the views of ‘Karl Polanyi’. To gather the data, we used the historical research method and examined documents and the Bazaar itself. According to the data, the following reasons made Kermanshah Bazaar flourish and gain a strategic position: the will of European countries to trade in the 19th century, the decline of Trabzon-Tabriz and Caucasus-Puti-Tabriz routes due to silkworm disease, digging the Suez Canal, and the use of steamships in the Tigris and Euphrates. The data also reveals that the Bazaar was imposed by the international system and it could not use capital, labor, and land in trade. Thus, it was a "docking market" that was outside the production mode and its role was limited to the city of Kermanshah. As a result, it changed the morphology of the city and attracted a large number of merchants to Kermanshah. After a century, however, with the outbreak of World War I, this bazaar fell because of the "Currency Inspection law" and the construction of the national railway.

Taking care of the body is one of the achievements that has become a fashion and lifestyle today; But what matters is how the body is shaped by taking some of the supplements on the market. The prevalence of some hormonal drugs among athletes is due to the tendency to have a different body. The present article seeks to be able to identify and analyze the mechanisms and relationships that expose the body to the market by demonstrating how to reproduce such an issue. To achieve the goal, the concept of bio-power in Foucault and post-Foucault has been used and a qualitative method has been used to explain the activities of actors. The data from this study are the result of a semi-structured interview with 35 people who have taken both hormonal drugs and share in the market for buying and selling them. According to the research findings, the use of hormonal drugs among individuals is the result of contemporary fitness and lifestyle discourses that have produced a kind of knowledge in this field. This knowledge, by being tied to profit-based relationships and the complementary drug market, leads to the formation and production of specific forms of subjects in Has been marketed. In fact, manipulation and control of the body have taken place through the normalization of the use of complementary drugs, and new medical and quasi-medical subjects recommending the use of such drugs have led to its reproduction.

Taking and prescribing medicine has a specific treatment protocol that doctors can prescribe for people according to different diseases. However, there are some drugs and supplements in the Iranian market that are used not only for therapeutic purposes but also for the purpose of beauty and increasing bodily functions. These secondary uses are regulated and managed by the market with some existing cultural discourses about health and body, which are normalized and normalized in individuals. In other words, part of the problem is the practice and set of rules at the macro level, and the other part is the result of cultivating discourses that provide the conditions for these drugs. On the other hand, special body diets and the importance of the body, the induction of drug use has increased, which leads people to make decisions in order to consolidate a certain pattern of use of these drugs. It is not always in the interest of individuals, in fact, where individuals' decisions lead to satisfaction that is not in their favor, these decisions form a market equilibrium that is in the market's favor, where it benefits the most. These conditions provide opportunities for it puts people and the market to achieve their goal through irrational and profitable ways and processes. The Ministry of Health is trying to play its role as a regulator and on the other hand as a supporter of the pharmaceutical industry, but due to the expansion of the market for these drugs in Iran, there is no proper oversight of their treatment protocol and economy.

This treatise on qualitative practice, i.e. interview, documentary method, and content analysis, has addressed this issue. Drug laws and regulations, press releases upstream documents, and reports have been reviewed, in addition to in-depth socio-cultural issues of in-depth 65 interviews with consumers and stakeholders and officials have been used in this area. In order to analyze the data, the thematic analysis method was used.

  The research findings are based on a multifaceted process: Institutional level: The role of regulatory institutions in the marketing process and the role of existing policies in the country's pharmaceutical system in the field of hormonal drugs. The second level is the coordinates and relationships of the main actors, in other words. In this study, we address the most important subjects of the hormonal drug market in this logic. The third: cultural discourse, where medical and quasi-medical discourses remove consumer subjects from the heart of marketing processes.  In fact, the policies of the field of hormonal drugs, by objectifying their subjects as members of society and also in constructing them, try to show that subjects themselves have the freedom and freedom to choose to buy and consume, that is, the subject who is the elector and can determine the goals and tools to achieve those goals.

marketization is the product of a mechanism of three aspects of the problem, each of which cannot explain the phenomenon of marketization without other markets or marketing is the mechanisms that affect the expansion of the market for hormonal drugs. A set, or in other words, a network of actions in the political-economic and cultural fields, plays an important role in the normalization and maintenance of these technologies and knowledge and the construction of a bio-political subject. Bio-politics emphasizes the flourishing of life and shapes marketing projects through regulatory changes and disciplinary norms in the form of a lifestyle.  That is, all the mechanisms that make it possible for the body to consume certain conditions, are more inclusive of the decisive and authoritarian tools of power.with some existing cultural discourses about health and body, are normalized and normalized in individuals. In other words, part of the problem is the practice and set of rules at the macro level, and the other part is the result of cultivating discourses that provide the conditions for these drugs. On the other hand, special body diets and the importance of the body, the induction of drug use has increased, which leads people to make decisions in order to consolidate a certain pattern of use of these drugs. It is not always in the interest of individuals, in fact, where individuals' decisions lead to satisfaction that is not in their favor, these decisions form a market equilibrium that is in the market's favor, where it benefits the most. These conditions provide opportunities for It puts people and the market to achieve their goal through irrational and profitable ways and processes. the Ministry of Health is trying to play its role as a regulator and on the other hand as a supporter of the pharmaceutical industry, but due to the expansion of the market for these drugs in Iran, there is no proper oversight of their treatment protocol and economy.

One of the concerns of most social scholars is the commodification of altruistic activities. In the conventional economics, it sometimes happens that some human activities that concern supporting others are looked upon as commodities and trade of goods. This article deals with western scholars' view on the mentioned issue. Using a library research, the critical views of scholars such as Polany, Sandel, Slater, Tonkiss, Frey, are reviewed and their criticisms in two philosophical-fundamental and economic-psychological areas are taken into account. The sum of these views ultimately lead to three propositions: 1- literal commodification results in real commodification 2- monetary validation causes the emergence of crowding-out and framing effects among those involved 1- in regard to altruistic functions, internal impetus is more effective than external one.

Abstract This article investigated the religiosity of marketers and its relationship with commitment to business ethics in the market of Babol. The most important views in theoretical framework were Durkheim and Weber's theories. The research method was survey, and was used stratified sampling. Data was collected through a questionnaire, and the sample was 378 people in the market of Babol city. The questionnaire was used to measure the commitment to business ethics variable was self made questionnaire. The scales was used to measure religiosity variable were made by other researchers. The findings showed that the degree of religiosity and jurisprudential religiosity were weakening and informal religiosity was strengthened during successive generations. In addition, the results indicated that by weakening the degree of religiosity and jurisprudential religiosity, and strengthening informal religiosity, the commitment to business ethics has been weakened. Thus the relationship between religiosity and commitment to business ethics was confirmed.

One of the common phenomena in erroneous Socio-economic relations in market is "deception (ghish) in transaction" .The aim of the present research is Access to the causes of the Tendency of Businesspeople to Deception (Ghish) in Transactions Phenomenon in the city of Qom. The present research is an applied one which is conducted using documentary and survey methods. Consumers of necessary goods in the city of Qom were the statistical population. The number of the selected sample was 353 people, that answered to the Research questions by Random method in the Market – Neighborhood. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was obtained by visiting judges. The alpha of all questions was 88. The results showed that 45.6% of businesspeople had high and very high and 54.4% had low and very low tendency towards deception in transactions. The results of regression showed that Variables professional ethics, and religion the direct effect of reducing, And variables and surveillance, institutional environment, Loyalty, trust, technical skills, And socio-economic status indirect effect on variable dimming fainted in the transaction. Research the suggestions to improve religiosity, professional ethics, trust, Market monitoring, technical and communication skills, and institutional environment. The results are applicable for trade unions, monitoring centers, and sellers.

One of the common phenomena in the markets is the phenomenon of "secret trick". The aim of the present research is to achieve a model to explain the tendency of shopkeepers and merchants towards secret tricks. Methodologically and theoretically, this analysis employs qualitative method and the grounded theory. The validity of the concepts and categories was determined through referring to experts and specialists. The research sample includes 45 shopkeepers and artisans and merchants in the city of Qom.
According to the results of this study, a large variety of determinants are responsible for the secret trick. This covers such determinants as lack of religiosity, self-justification, mismanagement in business, greed, lack of professional ethics, lack of appropriate supervision, lack of education, and approaching the goals quickly. In conclusion, the research findings of this analysis tend to sit well with the the fraud triangle theory developed by Donald Cressey (1953).

All over the world, the market is a key concept which influences both everyday life events and political discourses. The market is considered to be a very complex social and economic phenomenon which can also be studied sociologically. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the sociology of the market and the impact of social, cultural and economic changes on business functions in the recent three decades of 1360 – 1380 in Qaesarea bazzar in Isfahan. The research population consisted of the businessmen of Qaesarea bazzar in Isfahan and the other markets connected to it. 384 individuals were selected as the sample. The data were collected using questionnaires, historical documents and interviews. The results indicated that social changes have had a positive effect on cultural functions (Z=21/924) and on political functions (Z=81/026). Also, Cultural changes have a positive effect on economic functions (Z=2/149) and on social functions (Z=31/832), and on cultural functions (Z=12/792). Economic changes have a positive impact on economic functions (Z=68/07) and on social functions (Z=6/058).