ترجمه

Encyclopaedia Iranica is a major English-language reference work on Iranian studies, under publication in the United States for over four decades. The entry on children’s literature, written by Ehsan Yarshater, was included in Volume V, Fascicle 4 of the Encyclopaedia Iranica and published in 1991.This article presents the second encyclopedic entry dedicated to Persian children’s literature—following the earlier entry “Adabīyāt-e Aṭfāl va Nuwjavānān” in the Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-e Fārsī (edited by Muṣaḥeb). Now, more than thirty years later, Yarshater’s article has been translated into Persian with necessary corrections and annotations.

One of the most obvious factors affecting the development of the humanities is the explanation of methodology. This helps the researcher to gain a better understanding of the procedure of religious studies and the context of the development of religious texts, and through this passage, the factors of discovering and extracting the deep layers of the meaning of the verses can be provided in the form of new styles. The article seeks to use the methodological path to examine the translation of Mohammad Yazdi and describe his style, as well as the foundations and principles of his translation. Mohammad Yazdi has made great efforts in his translation to maintain the aspect of trustworthiness. And since ancient times, methods have been expressed for translation, as well as the translation of the Quran into different languages, especially Persian, which has been common since ancient times. And due to the wide spread of general literacy of Iranians and the turning to study and attention to the meanings of the Quran, the process of translation has been increasing and has been widely welcomed by the Iranian people. Mohammad Yazdi's translation is one of the most famous translations in recent times, and it has contributed greatly to the establishment of the modern method of translating the Holy Quran into standard and contemporary prose. However, by examining the translation briefly, it can be seen that his translation method was faithful-semantic and sometimes interpretative-free, and at the same time descriptive-analytical.

This issue of Broken Mirrors is dedicated to the translation of the Asfar-e Khamsa (Five Books of the Torah) distributed by the Anjoman-e Kalimian-e Tehran (Tehran Jewish Society). The introduction focuses on a few general points about this work; the first section discusses some of the translation’s features, followed by the second and final section, which presents observations based on modern Torah lexicons.

The evidence presented in this issue, with a greater focus on the old translation, is categorized into three main areas: 1. Excessive literal translation; 2. Certain mistakes; 3. The nuances of Arabic translations in the old translation (a new focus). In other words, aside from the third area, which is introduced here for the first time, the other pieces of evidence in this article fall under the same previous categories and complement them.

In ancient Persian writings, the words "tarjuman" and "tarjomeh" have been pronounced in various ways, and lexicographers have carved out roots for these two terms. In this issue of "Writingd," nine articles by Ignace J. Gelb are translated, exploring the roots and meanings of the word "tarjuman" in the ancient languages of Sumerian and Akkadian, shedding light on the various forms of this word in its contextual usage during the ancient Near East.

This paper is a critical study of two Persian translations of Oscar Wilde’s playscript “Salomé”, which brings under study the issue of textual manipulations in translating the mentioned playscript from a textological viewpoint. It is to be said that the selection of the two translations under study, one by Abdollah Kowsari and the other by Abolhasan Tahami, has been based on the feature of the popularity of either the translator or the publisher and the choice of the typological items included in this study has been made on the basis of comparing the texts of both Persian translations with the original English version of the playscript “Salomé” published in 1894. The central question in this study addresses the ways by which the source text of the playscript has been manipulated in the two Persian translations, a question whose answer has been sought in three overall patterns of 1) elimination of certain parts of the English text in translation 2) addition of certain parts to the translated text and 3) distorting the stylistic patterns of the text, by looking into a sample of problematic items detected in the texts of both translations. Examining the samples drawn out in this study is suggestive of translational manipulation in both translated texts, and supports the finding that the effort by the two translators at rendering this literary playscript has made the Persian versions of the work undergo a range of undue distortions in the textual level as compared with the English text; what has brought about the textual transmogrification of the work in translation.

The book “Symmetries of Islamic Geometric Patterns” written by Seyed Jan Abbas and Amer Shaker Salman has been translated into Persian by Amene Agharabi. Due to the authors' mastery of mathematics, the book has a different approach to other works in the field of Islamic patterns, which has made it attractive and useful for both researchers in the field of Islamic art and mathematical sciences, but its topics and points cannot be understood in its Persian translation. According to the main text of the book, it seems the lack of understanding of concepts is related to the quality of translation. Therefore, the present critique is about the Persian translation of this book. In order to evaluate this translation, the entire English text of the book was adapted to the translated text. Cases were criticized in 6 categories; 1) Incorrect translation, 2) Untranslated words and phrases, 3) Multiple translations for one word and multiple words with one translation, 4) Reverse translation, 5) Changes in the sentences and paragraphs of the original text, and 6) Selection of unfamiliar equivalent. The existence of serious and many problems in Persian translation has caused the text to be incomprehensible and as a result, the reader has been deprived of a different and valuable points of view of this book which are vital issues. Finally, the book needs serious revision in translation.

Born in the second Hijri century, Jahiz is one of the most brilliant thinkers of his time who has had deep ideas about translation and meaning. It can be argued that these ideas are at the same level of importance of those of modern ideas. In this article, these ideas of Jahiz are investigated, based on what he has said in his book “Al-Hayavan”. Therefore, after "introduction", first Jahiz and particularly his book “Al-Hayavan” is introduced; then his ideas about translation and meaning are analyzed. In that book, he has explained the difficulties of translation, the capabilities translators need for translation, and the severely difficult task of translating religious texts. He also believes it is imperative for translator to have the same command of the languages from which and to which he translates. For Jahiz, the knowledge a translator needs to have about the subject matter of the text in his hand must be at the same level of the knowledge the writer of the text has about it. These ideas are at the same level of clarity and exactness to the ideas provided by modern thinkers and theorists. Moreover, whatever Jahiz has said about translation, clearly indicates he has had a clear and exact understanding of meaning and the known and hidden layers of the meaning of a text.

The verb is one of the important pillars of grammar, the structure of which is disputed by grammarians. Hence, research to remove ambiguity has become one of the most important necessities of grammar. In this article, with a comparative study of verb structure in both Persian and Spanish, with regard to the verbs of the book "El libro de los abrazos" and its Persian translation, first the cause of disagreement about verb structure, then the way out of them provide an appropriate comparative classification of verb properties in both languages. During the research, it was found that the main reason for the disagreement about the structure of the verb is related to the type of division of language morphemes by the experts and the position of the preposition in it. After reviewing, we put the preposition below the lexical morpheme and considered the result of noun / adjective / adverb / verb / preposition+ verb as "compound verb" and the result of noun / adjective / adverb + derivative verbs as "derivative verb". In addition to providing a comparative division of verb structure in two languages and removing ambiguities about derivative and compound verbs, it became clear what the reason for the frequency of compound verbs in Persian compared to Spanish was.

The book “Sociological Research in Modern Persian Fiction” is the translation of the book “A Study of Recent Persian Prose Fiction with Special Reference to the Social Background” written by Reza Navabpour, which is one of the most accurate books on the analysis of contemporary Iranian fiction. By the dialectic examination of literature and history, from the Constitution revolution to the 1979 revolution, the author has studied not only major historical events, but also micro-political events with a deep critical looking, and how they have Influenced fiction. Despite the socio-historical approach to contemporary fiction, relying on no sociological theory, but in the method of new historicism critics, it examines contemporary fiction in relation to heterogeneous and conflicting discourses and shows the implicit positions of the text in relation to those discourses. But the characteristics of the translation of the book by Abolghasem Serri; Including the inconsistency of the type of translation with the text and subject of the book, linguistic, structural and content nonchalance, misleading and unpleasant purism, which may inadvertently involve the reader in the language of the text, has led to an inaccurate translation.

This research is based on a structured analysis of the book written by Pierre Bourdieu, called "Photography, a Middle-brow Art". This study is a descriptive analysis of the different sections of the book from different perspectives. In this research, we considered the Persian translation of the book. Moreover, the origin of the work and the effectiveness of its contents after more than half a century from its publication, along with its advantages and disadvantages were discussed. We also compared the Persian translation to the English version. The translation of the work was also examined, which revealed that the book has a decent translation quality, despite detecting a few errors in some sections. It can be concluded that due to the long time since its publication and the speed of change in its concerning fields, namely sociology and photography, most arguments in the book can no longer be cited. Also, because the book contains discontinuous articles and does not have an explicit conclusion, it does not have the desired unity in general, which might result in the fact that each section can be read independently.

The Safavids, who began their rule by claiming to support the Shiite religion, used various methods to promote and spread Shiism, one of which was the material and spiritual support of writers and translators by compiling valuable books and translating the works of scholars. In the past, they could have played an important role in promoting religion in Persian.Among the many translators who dealt with this issue in the Safavid era, Ali ibn Hassan Zawarai is considered a distinguished figure due to the variety and multiplicity of his works. A study of his scientific life and works as an example of the prolific translators of this era leads us to his role in promoting the Shiite religion.Ali Zavarei completed his education with a number of famous scholars of the Safavid era and published his works under the support of Shah Tahmasb. While translating, he went to a number of fundamental and famous books on the topics of Qur'anic exegesis and Imamate from great Shiite writers such as Sheikh Saduq, Tabarsi, Ibn Tawus, etc.

Quality assessment of literary texts translation has always been irregular since some theorists believe that faithful translation to the original text is impossible. Therefore, through time, various theories for literary texts assessment have been created. In this paper with the comparative study of the value system of Lorca's "The moon" romance discourse and its Persian translation by Shamloo, has been emphasized the importance of discourse and context in the analysis and translation of literary texts, via investigating the factors such as assumption, previous background, utterances, the principle of cooperation, connection and coherence and theme. Besides, it has been shown that to what extent the translator could remain faithful to the source text by observing the discourse and context of the target language; as in this way Shamloo in the translation of “The moon” romance, has preserved all the linguistic coherence and also established rhetorical coherences except in one case. Therefore, by assuming that we know the necessity of paying attention to the discourse and context of the source-language and target-language in translation, Shampoo’s translation of “The moon” romance could be considered a faithful translation to the original text.

One of the necessities and conditions of a good translator is to benefit from specialized knowledge of the subject of the works in question. A translator who is unfamiliar with the subtleties, details, and specialized terms of a particular discipline will certainly not be successful in translating a book in that field. Among the translations of historical books, one of the works recently published by Ilm Publishing is the book "Arabs and Iranians" by Scott Savaran, which is translated by Ms. Samaneh Kadkhodai Marghzar. A critical review of this translation shows that the translator, due to unfamiliarity with the language of the major works of Islamic history (i.e. Arabic) as well as her lack of knowledge of history, has committed hundreds of big and clear misunderstandings starting from the book index and continues to the last page of the work. The following article lists some of these errors only in the appendix of the book, along with other considerations about translating the work.

Reviewing the Persian translation of Umberto Eco’s  “Art and Beauty in the Middle Ages” (translated by Faride Mahdavi Damghani), is the subject of this article. The article does not concentrate on evaluating the original book, which is widely acknowledged by those who are involved in this field, and just outlines its subjects, chapters, and also its importance. In order to review the translation, the first 25 pages of the Persian text have been checked against the English one, which is introduced as the source of translation, and the errors have been divided into four categories and in each case, in addition to an explanation, the suggested translation is provided, too. The large quantity of errors is eloquent of the necessity for a serious revision to the translation of such an important book, which is usually used as a source by students and those who are interested in art and aesthetic studies.

Translation is one of the most important tools for knowledge transfer, especially for the academic community, so translation of a book like its original version has a special value and importance. One of the most valuable and academic books is "Microeconomic Analysis" which is written by Hal.R Varian which is one of the top scientific sources of microeconomics. Ney Publishing has published this book which is translated by Mr. Reza Hosseini and now it is one of the educational resources of microeconomics in postgraduate studies in Iranian universities. Given the valuable position of this book, its translation requires a critical review and this article has tried to evaluate the weaknesses and strengths of this book according to the analytical-descriptive method by quantitative and qualitative analysis. It means discussing the appearance features, writing, edition, idiomatic translations, and text translation. It has been concluded that the translation of this book is quantitatively acceptable, but it has qualitative disadvantages that are not sufficient for the translation of an academic scientific book. It is suggested that due to the numerous editions of the book's translation and its importance, the next editions of this translation should be reviewed and the proposed corrections can be considered.

The present paper aims at introducing “Verbal Hygiene” by Deborah Cameron (1995, 2012) and assessing the quality of its translation into the Persian Language. In her book, Cameron discusses long-standing debates among proponents of two competing perspectives on language use. On the one hand, there are the traditionalist grammarians who contend that any change is undesirable. Accordingly, they seek to prescribe standards for using language. On the other hand, there are the linguists who argue that language is naturally in a state of flux. “Verbal Hygiene” is a term coined by Cameron to refer to all discourses, practices, and measures directed at regulating language. In this paper, the quality of the Persian translation of the book was assessed based on the model proposed by Katharina Reiss for translation criticism (Reiss, 2000), and it was shown that the translation is poor and quite unsatisfactory. Misinterpretation of the source text, incorrect rendering of the concepts and meanings, grammatical calques, lack of fluency, inappropriate equivalents, and intermingling spoken and written styles of language use are among the deviations in the target text.

The history of Iran and Turkey, two large neighboring countries with a history of ups and downs and with many historical, cultural, and religious commonalities have been intertwined for centuries. One of the important periods in the history of these two lands is the period of Safavid (ruled: 907-1135 AH) and the Ottomans (1357-687 AH / 1288-1938 AD). In recent years, due to the need to pay better and more accurate knowledge of Ottoman history and culture, we have witnessed some small but hopeful progress in the field of translation and authorship in this subject. One of the latest researches in this field is the translation and publication of the book Government and Society in the Ottoman Period in 1397, which was written by a number of prominent Turkish writers in the late twentieth century. The first part of this article is a brief look at the Ottoman background, research in Iran and the introduction of translated and authored works in Persian written by Iranian scholars in the form of a book on the subject of Ottoman history; In the second part of the first article, different sections of the book of Government and Society in the Ottoman Period are introduced as the last and one of the most important works translated from Turkish on the subject of Ottoman history and civilization, and then the characteristics of this book and its place among similar works will be expressed.

Translation is seen a tool which connects different cultures and translators play an important role in acquiring a coorect knowledge of a country's culture and literature. In fact, translation bridges the gap between different nations and cutures. Upon collecting the data concerning the books translated from Turkish into Persian, how well these two nation know each other and the role of translation in this process are investigated. The results showed that literary books are mostly translated and Persian literature is tended to be conservative. It is also proved that other famous authors are unknown to Iranians and this is the task of the translators to make these authors known.