تروریسم

Terrorist acts and methods are considered clear violation of Principles and objectives of the United Nations. They are a serious threat to international Peace and Security. Nowadays terrorism is an international issue and terrorist actions are convergent with the global process. Therefore, confrontation with terrorism is one of the most important challenges of criminal Justice in the internal and international arena. One of the concerns in Iran has been security challenges by the terroristic groups in the past years, especially Pejak measures in the west of country.Expansion of Pejak terroristic acts affected by various internal and regional factors and they has challenged national security. It seems that along with the geographical element, factors such as economic, Socio-cultural and political issues have played a role in its expansion. The ultimate goal of the Right to Development is the permanent individuals’ welfare based their free and meaningful Participation in the development process and fair distribution of the interests. Pejak has limited the Internal Development right actions such as Extortion, Terror, Treat, etc. Iran has been trying to push back Pejak with military attacks for many years and there is to file complaint against Pejak and theirsupporters.

Applied research. It was done with descriptive-analytical method and data collection method is a library which was obtained through studying books, articles, reports, international documents and observing documents.

Pejak, proceeded terroristic measures in the west of Iran for many years. One of its traces was destruction of the international Right to Development mentioned in the international documents. Because of insecurity and threats by Pejak, investors didn't invest in these areas. Destruction of infrastructure and allocating part of budget to arms and fighting and also Destruction of the right for decision for land are among the violation the Development Right, committed by Pejak. In addition to military actions against Pejak, this group should be responsive for terroristic measures and destruction of Development Right in the internal and foreign legal forums.

The incident of September 11, 2001, from the point of view of many, was a terrorist event that focused American foreign policy around the fight against global terrorism. America's response to this event is considered very broad and contains various scenarios, including the country's attack on Afghanistan, which created a huge change in this country. Over the past fourteen decades, many analyzes of this event have been conducted, but historical research and analysis have not been conducted on the hidden angles and scenarios of this incident. Therefore, the main goal of the current research has been the historical analysis of the hidden and hidden scenarios of America around this incident. This research was carried out with a qualitative approach and with a systematic review of researches and related documents, and a descriptive method - historical analysis. The findings show that: promoting legitimacy-oriented hegemony, monopolizing the leadership of the fight and defining global terrorism, pursuing America's global interests in the shadow of the fight against terrorism, fighting global terrorism and using it as a tool to intervene in other countries, looting Afghanistan's resources and putting pressure on other countries. The oil sector, irresponsible withdrawal and neutralization of the region, drug trade elites, and the pursuit of US political interests in the region have been among the most important US scenarios related to this incident.

Video games have become a popular form of entertainment among different groups of people around the world so that the game industry has become a high competitor of Hollywood movies. War as the old sign of hostile relationship among people has become the main theme of many video games in order to attract more audiences. Research on how Iranians and Muslims are represented in video games has become important because the games have become a hegemonic tool for manufacturing consent about American military actions in Islamic countries. Most Iranian research studies about representation of minorities in video games have used research methods such as discourse analysis, narratology and semiotics. These methods cannot explain how new media technological features in comparison with non-interactive media represent minorities. Our research method contributes to Iranian research studies about representation of minorities in video games. In this research, we have analyzed structural characteristics of popular video games such as “Battlefield 3”, “Splinter Cell: Black List”, and “Call of Duty: Modern Warfare” to explain how game features are used for representation of Muslims and Iranians as terrorists. We have also analyzed political video games such as “America’s Army”, “Kuma/war” and “America’s Army 2: Special Forces” that are manufactured by American military organizations for recruiting American young people in military organizations. We found that antagonists’ appearance, names and cloths are used to represent Iranians and Muslims as terrorists. Political oppsitions between Iranian and Islamic countries with U.S.A are represented as protagenists’ missions

Maritime terrorism is one of the serious and complex threats that challenge global security. This type of terrorism carries out violent attacks with the aim of creating terror and disrupting maritime transport، international trade and coastal security. The need to deal with these threats at the international level is of great importance due to its wideranging effects. Coordinated and effective international actions، including the adoption of international laws and conventions، information exchange and multilateral cooperation، are necessary to prevent the spread and continuation of this type of terrorism. Therefore، the current research entitled "Combating maritime terrorism from the perspective of international law" has comprehensively investigated issues related to this issue with a descriptive-library approach. In this research، various issues such as the criminalization of maritime terrorism in international conventions، the nature of the crime of maritime terrorism and the jurisdiction of governments to combat it، the actions of international organizations in dealing with maritime terrorism and the international obligations of governments to prevent and suppress maritime terrorism are analyzed and investigated. has taken. The results of the research show that effectively dealing with maritime terrorism requires strengthening international laws، increasing coordination and cooperation between governments and international organizations، and effective implementation of international commitments. By providing scientific and practical solutions، this research can help to improve international efforts in the field of dealing with maritime terrorism.

The relationship between terrorist groups and organized criminal groups, which is known as the crime-terror nexus, has become an increasing concern for national and international peace and security. With the lack of financial resources, terrorist groups have prioritized participation in criminal activities as the best and easiest method of financing, and in addition, they benefit from cooperation with organized criminal groups.The nature, scope and forms of interactions between terrorist groups and drug trafficking groups are very complex and remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature, motives and content of the Nexus between these two criminal groups.

This research is a descriptive-analytical method using library and Internet resources, and is written by taking notes from analysts and studying related legal documents.There is no theoretical consensus regarding the form and nature of the nexus between terrorist groups and transnational organized criminal groups. The nexus between two groups is not the same all over the world and varies based on time and place and under the influence of environmental factors. What is certain is that this nexus is beneficial for both groups. In such an atmosphere, these groups benefit from each other based on mutual needs, and such a relationship proves a dangerous and destabilizing relationship. Although the international legal mechanisms to combat terrorism and transnational organized crime are independent of each other, dealing with the nexus between terrorism and transnational organized crime requires the simultaneous use and combination of international legal mechanisms against terrorism and organized crime in all Its types

In the era of globalization and advanced technology, terrorism is no longer limited by national or regional borders. By enlisting the help of cross-border allies and with connections to communications and financial networks, terrorists are usually able to organize and execute their terrorist activities anywhere. However, the insurgents succeeded and adapted to the global trend, the efforts and counter-terrorists remained national and national, and this enabled them to cooperate through the existing loopholes in the international system that was set up for prosecution and punishment.

The research methodology in this analytical research is descriptive, and by collecting information from books, articles and scientific sites, the role of police in pre-empting and combating terrorism has been explained.

we conclude that the police, as a force for maintaining peace and security, are based on a community-based policing approach, and by studying the history of terrorist activities, the use of public and specialized counter-terrorism strategies, the use of the capabilities of their specialized police, including: Police Interpol, Cyber Police, Information Police, Border Police, Special Units and Political Consultative Organizations, each of which have the expertise necessary to prevent and combat terrorism, and the future of terrorism and anti-terrorism methods will play an effective role in countering terrorism.

Terrorism can be considered as a relatively complex phenomenon whose manifestations are constantly changing and this phenomenon has been closely related to the power system and power-oriented structures throughout history. Also, the advancement of technology has been able to transform the methods of crime detection, especially important crimes such as terrorist crimes. The European Union has made important achievements in this field, and on this basis, this research, we will discuss what effect does the advancement of technology have on the detection of crimes?

Regarding the criminalization of terrorism in the documents of the European Union, it should be said that the European Union tried to standardize the fight against terrorism in the field of criminal law by virtue of the European Union Treaty. The European Union's strategies in detecting terrorist crimes include legislative strategies in dealing with crimes, Europol's actions in detecting terrorist crimes, and Frontex actions. The legislative strategies in dealing with crimes include the adoption of the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (1977), the adoption of a common position policy in the fight against terrorism (2001) and the council's decision-making framework in the statistics of terrorist crimes. Also, Europol's actions in detecting terrorist crimes include the establishment of a laboratory with modern technology, the formulation of Europol's crime detection strategy (2020) and the actions of the European Union Border Management Organization (Frontex). Using modern technology, these institutions have been able to work efficiently in detecting crimes, especially terrorist crimes.

The extradition of terrorist criminals is one of the basic measures and strategies to deal with and pursue terrorist crimes. This research aims to explain and measure the approaches of police diplomacy as the most important strategy in the extradition of terrorist criminals in the light of legal and international standards has taken. 

A descriptive-analytical research method was conducted with a qualitative and documentary approach, in the documentary part, information was collected by using research sources, and in the qualitative part, through targeted interviews with 9 security police experts. The public and university professors regarding the approaches of police diplomacy in the extradition of terrorist criminals, their expert opinions have been obtained through the Delphi technique. 

The results of the research and the results of the Delphi interview indicate that, according to the experts, the basic approaches of law enforcement diplomacy are based on "exchange of training, knowledge and police experiences", "discourse creation and police negotiations", "intelligence-security, criminal cooperation and exchange of capacity-building capabilities" law enforcement of INTERPOL member countries" and "promotion of multilateral international cooperation in the field of dealing with organized and transnational crimes, especially the extradition of terrorist criminals". International system, facing the international environment and transnational, regional and international actors and activists, in addition to using the capacities of international law and international conventions on terrorist crimes, strategic and police mechanisms under the title of police diplomacy to extradite criminals to the country and police and judicial search. It has benefited and by applying this diplomacy with the authority of the international police, constructive effects and favorable achievements have been brought to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

the eastern border areas of Iran, due to the presence of factors such as poverty and deprivation of border residents on both sides of the border, geographical and geopolitical location of the borders, security instability and political tensions in Afghanistan, etc., in addition to insecurity and potential threats, cause violent movements. It has become a terrorist group. The purpose of the current research is the pathology of dealing with terrorist groups in the borders of Sabeb province.

the current research is practical in terms of its purpose; And in terms of nature, it is descriptive-survey. The statistical population includes all the commanders of border regiments and border posts of the Sub-Border Command, which was selected using the non-proportional multi-stage cluster sampling method in the number of 30 people. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire; For the validity of the questionnaire, face validity was used and Cronbach's alpha formula was used for its reliability, and the results show a good correlation (a>70%).

The findings indicate that the "guidance and command" variable ranks first with an average of (4.79); the "Equipment and facilities" variable with an average of (4.66) second place; the "Education" variable with an average of (3.77) ranks third; And the variable of "supervision and inspection" with an average of (2.17) ranks fourth in the direction of effectively dealing with terrorist groups.

education factors; Equipment and facilities; guidance and command; and the monitoring considered in the vulnerability of the marine and border units of Sistan and Baluchistan province are effective in dealing with terrorist groups. Therefore, commanders and managers should be extremely careful in upgrading the level of these components in border units.

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the existing criminal strategies in the criminal laws of Iran and England against terrorism. In this research, the topic was analyzed with descriptive and analytical methods by accessing library sources and internal and external documents. Terrorism and related crimes are heinous crimes against humanity. In addition to national security, this series of crimes is a threat to international security and, in its broadest form, human life. Carefully in the approach of Iran's criminal laws, the Law on Combating the Financing of Terrorism (Amendment 2017) has taken a valuable step towards stating the examples of terrorist crimes, but there is no mention of the punishment of these crimes in the said law. However, it is possible to punish the perpetrators by resorting to other criminal regulations, which is not without problems. In English laws, we see a unified system in defining terrorist crimes and their punishment. The beginning of these laws is the Anti-Terrorism Law 2000. By maintaining this integrity, in order to keep its anti-terrorist laws dynamic, the UK has passed other regulations by supplementing the previous laws. In the meantime, the British system has a single system in the face of terrorist crimes.

To achieve their goals, terrorists need financial support and must somehow secure their financial resources. Since the beginning of the conflict in Syria in 2011, the Western and Arab countries supported the Syrian rebels, and the peak of this support was the recognition of the Syrian opposition coalition by 130 countries. With the emergence of ISIS, a new chapter began, and it was likely that the Western and Arab countries would not support them due to their terrorist activities, although the international coalition against ISIS was formed, but the evidence showed that some groups, governments, and countries supported this takfiri trend.

This article has been done in a descriptive-analytical way.

From the point of view of international documents, terrorism financing means providing all kinds of financial and technical resources, as well as any permanent and temporary facilities for terrorists, which are clear examples of governments supporting terrorism. Nevertheless, one of the criteria for explaining the criminal nature of terrorism from the perspective of international law is to identify the level of responsibility of states and individuals in financing.

With the occurrence of the Islamic revolution in Iran, Islamophobia has gained wide dimensions and is perceived as "Iranophobia". Before the widespread use of the concept of "Iranophobia", discussions of oriental studies, in general, raised a kind of Islamophobia in a different way. In addition to that, xenophobia and racism tendencies in the contemporary world have helped the development of this concept. The main goal of this article is to know the roots and foundations of Iranophobia based on the constructivist conceptual framework. Constructivism aims to put a finger on the identity of the states instead of emphasizing the ability of the states or the distribution of power as one of the structural features of the international system. Imaginations can affect identities, interests, and policies, and changing the direction from capabilities to identities is what governments can do to explain their position in the structure, so even though governments have basic capital such as self-help, security and They act according to national interests, but if they cooperate on the basis of principles, maybe their opinion about their identity and what kind of relationship they can have with the rest of the world and the international system will change. The main question of this research is what are the roots and foundations of Iranophobia? The main hypothesis from the point of view of this research deals with the category that the anti-Western political discourse after the Islamic Revolution of Iran has caused the formation of Iranophobia. The competing hypothesis of this research is that the Islamic Republic of Iran, by preserving its identity as an actor with a unique identity, is trying to deal with Iranophobia through cooperation and dialogue with the West.

extremism is a complex phenomenon that threatens public order and security at both national and international levels. Despite the adoption of tough measures such as resorting to military operations, criminalization, prosecution and punishment of criminals, this phenomenon is expanding as one of the most challenging threats. One of the most important means of spreading extremism is spreading extremist views in various ways, including through educational mechanisms.

In a descriptive-analytical way, this research deals with the issue of governments' commitments regarding education monitoring as a tool to curb the promotion of extremism in children.

In order to prevent extremism, it is necessary to provide measures to dry the roots of extremist thoughts and attract people to extremist ideologies and condemn these thoughts and actions. In this approach, education plays a significant role. For this reason, its prevention requires the adoption of comprehensive policies, consisting of hard and soft measures, of which prevention measures based on education are the most important. Education has a broader role and position than a human right in the framework of human rights obligations of governments. Therefore, considering the ability of education to influence extremism, it is necessary to redefine this institution based on the totality of governments' obligations beyond the obligation to respect the right to education.

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International aviation industry, as one of the most important infrastructural industries that has an essential and inseparable link with international trade and transportation, is an attractive target for cyber criminals. The synchronization of this large industry with the growth of information and communication technology, which results in the emergence of intangible and complex spaces such as cyberspace, as well as the growing dependence of the aviation industry on this emerging and growing phenomenon, creates the ground for serious risks and threats against the aviation industry. But the advancement of technology and the dependence of the aviation industry on it should not be an obstacle to the security of the aviation industry as the safest method of transportation and one of the important industries related to the world trade. Establishing and developing a strong and sound legal framework for organizing and establishing order in this regard, monitoring and preventing dangers and threats against it, and confronting the perpetrators of this crime and punishing them is essential. Therefore, in this descriptive-analytical study, we seek to examine the legal resources available in this area to determine the extent to which international aviation regulations are deterrent against cyber attacks against aviation security. By studying the documents and sources, we came to the conclusion that despite the efforts made, the existing scattered regulations are not enough to counter cyber attacks, and the only way to deal with these threats is to find a global solution.

Although committing terrorist crimes is not a new topic. But the threats posed by this ominous phenomenon to various societies today have created a strong determination in national and international criminal policy to a purposeful fight against this transnational organized crime. Because, as a result of the spread of new technologies and the process of globalization of crime, significant changes have taken place in the nature and extent of this type of crime in the world. At present, the threats posed by terrorist acts do not fit into the framework of a given land and have become a global problem. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the developments of Iran's criminal law policy against organized crime of terrorism with the approach of globalization of crime.

The present study is theoretical in nature, purposeful, applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical research in terms of writing style. Data collection has been done through library study by referring to academic and electronic scientific resources.

that Iran's criminal law policy does not have effective and coherent mechanisms to combat the phenomenon of terrorism and the legislature has acted poorly in criminalizing and allocating independent legal material to this crime. However, in the judiciary, moharebeh and corruption on earth are considered as examples of terrorist operations. However, this lack of coordination in criminal and judicial criminal policy is not very pleasing to the Iranian judicial justice system. Of course, following the emphasis of the UN Security Council on the criminalization of terrorism (1373), the legislature in 1394 with the passage of the Anti-Terrorism Financing Law, criminalized terrorist acts and such crimes. However, this type of criminalization is not enough, and criminalization of terrorism is necessary in Iranian legislative policy as an independent crime.

The growth of terrorist crimes in recent years has resulted in the government with a management approach to provide security to economic - technological to reduce the risk of committing terrorist acts. However, risk management does not only reduce or prevent risks, but also include management of the risks, conflicts between them and opportunities and conflicts of risks.The growth of terrorist crimes in recent years has resulted in the government with a management approach to provide security to economic - technological to reduce the risk of committing terrorist acts. However, risk management does not only reduce or prevent risks, but also include management of the risks, conflicts between them and opportunities and conflicts of risks. therefore, in recent years, criminal policy of criminal risk management within the framework of crime risk management is mainly in pursuit of terrorist crime and identification of high - risk variables, including people or places that are more prone to crime. these discussions, which reflect new penology approaches and measurement justice in the criminology realm, finally aim to eliminate and control the risk situations by focusing on the risk situations.

Terrorism in the past was very simple and its casualties were very small, but modern terrorism has caused widespread insecurity and destruction by the use of weapons of mass destruction and modern technology. In any country, the police are the first layer to deal with and combat terrorist operations, responsible for maintaining order and security, ensuring public and individual well-being, and decisive and continuous fight against any sabotage, terrorism, It is the insurgency and the factors and movements that are detrimental to the security of the country. This study aimed to identify and investigate the effective aspects of countering terrorism by law enforcement.

This is a descriptive, mixed and descriptive study after collecting basic information through documentary study, library and questionnaire from the statistical population. Thirty faculty of Amin University of Medical Sciences and 30 faculty members and executives of Greater Tehran Police Command were selected on the basis of theoretical saturation principle and selected by purposeful sampling method. Quantitative data were also analyzed using multiple regression model.

The results of the interviews and questionnaires on identifying the dimensions and components of counter-terrorism law enforcement revealed 4 dimensions and 20 components, of which "information gathering" had the highest component and "protection of places" had the least component. Is.

the results of this study show that the most impacts are in terms of variables such as information gathering, staff training, operational measures and protection of facilities against police terrorism. That is, by upgrading one unit of the model variables respectively: information gathering variables (0.275 units), staff training (0.260 units), operational measures (0.245 units), protection of places (220 units), and the greatest impact on countering terrorism with law enforcement. There will be some suggestions on how to tackle law enforcement terrorism.

Using Social Network Analysis (SNA), the present article explored a network containing 7885 people and 9927 ties among Arab speaking ISIS supporters in Twitter. The aim of this research was to explore the structure of the relationship among previously mentioned users, investigating the advantages and disadvantages of this structure for ISIS, and identifying the key nodes based on centrality measures. Based on the findings of this study, the network of the Arab speaking ISIS supporters in Twitter during February and March 2019 consisted of a decentralized deep structure with a long diameter and clusters which had a week tie with one another and the whole network. This structure could lead to flexibility, stability and agility of the network and it could also preserve the anonymity of the key ISIS supporters. The researchers determined the nodes with the highest centrality scores, and divided the ISIS supporters into 3 distinctive groups: key users, connectors, and followers.