توانمندی

Today, without considering half of the capital of society (women), sustainable and comprehensive development cannot be achieved, and in other words, it is one of the basic prerequisites of sustainable development. The experience of the international community proves that the presence and participation of women in the public sphere, various levels of decision-making and improving the quality of government services in developed countries have contributed significantly. Achieving this is not easy, and women must be empowered as effective agents in various social, economic and political affairs. Therefore, providing the grounds for empowering citizens is certainly one of the most important tasks of governments. Because, citizens can participate who have the necessary capacity, capabilities and capabilities. Therefore, empowerment is increasing the power, capacity and capabilities of a specific group to carry out affairs or change conditions and situations. The main indicator of women's empowerment is political participation in the field of political decision-making. Women's political participation does not simply mean their participation in elections and voting, but rather that women have an active and effective role in all democratic institutions. Unfortunately, this is while gender still plays a decisive role in the division of political and cultural duties.

The purpose of study was to identify the lived experience of private sector entrepreneurs in order to approach deep knowledge of their sources of freedom and unfreedom and utilizing the fundamental opportunities and abilities in the process of realizing entrepreneurship capability, in a form of a qualitative research. To this end, we are answering the question: what kind of freedom and social opportunities do entrepreneurs enjoy in our society in the path of transforming their potential entrepreneurship into entrepreneurship and business, and what are these freedoms and opportunities. The methodology of the research would be based on content analysis and semi-structured interviews with active entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized enterprises in Tehran, whose process of establishing and expanding their entrepreneurial activity in the last two decades. Finally, our findings through the exploration of the opportunities and refusals of these individuals in the three stages of creating ideas and the desire for entrepreneurship, starting and creating a business, and ultimately business continuity and expansion, illustrate the impact of five sources. The core of the family, educational institution, social norms and beliefs, government and market, and the personality components of the entrepreneur were the key drivers of their freedom and freedom to advance these individuals, from the stage of idea creation to the expansion of their business which are reported in the form of 15 basic themes.

The purpose of this study is to investigate culture as an empowering and limiting factor in public access to information in Iran; this is an issue that the international community is concerned about, with regard to citizen participation and governments’ accountability in the political, social, economic, and other areas. Freedom of Information and free access to it, is perceived in many countries as a political and civil right, and one of its immediate outcomes is the formation of participatory and consultative democracy, as free access to information allows citizens to intervene in public affairs and this requires the government to be accountable. In addition, the empowerment of citizens, especially marginalized groups, or in other words, silent groups such as the poor, the illiterate, and even in some cases women, who due to inequalities that arising from power relations between social groups, have unequal access, is another reason that highlights the need for free access to information. The experience of different countries shows that with freedom of Information, a context has been provided for the mentioned groups to improve the level of health, education, hygiene, income, and even protection of human rights. In this study, in addition to reviewing the theoretical literature and research background in this field, by addressing the need for public access to information, we have provided an overview of the current situation in Iran. Therefore, our question in this article is which cultural factors and barriers affect citizens' access to the information?

Fatalism is believing in the impact of superhuman power or external forces like chance/luck in life. This research was conducted for a comparative study of fatalism among disabled and non-disabled people. In this research, a survey method was used. 200 people with physical disabilities, cerebral palsy (CP) and blindness and 200 non-disabled people from Yazd in 2018 were selected. Available quote sampling method was used to select disabled people and systematic cluster sampling was used to select non-disabled people. Data collection tools include the responsibility scale of Ahmadi Akhorme et.al (1392), the ability of Peterson and Seligman (2004), Weissman & Beck`s (1978) dysfunctional attitudes and researcher questioner made by fatalism. Data were analyzed in two independent groups by statistical mean difference, T-test, Pearson correlation, ANOVA and multivariate regression test. The average fatalism is 48.3 in disabled people and 45 in non-disabled people. The result of hypothesis showed that the measure of fatalism is higher in disabled people. In disabled people, there was a significant/meaningful relationship between fatalism and the studied variables such as education (with meaningful level, age, severity of disability, inefficient attitudes, empowerment and responsibility. In non-disabled people, there was a meaningful relationship between fatalism and inefficient attitude variables and empowerment, but there wasn’t any significant relationship between fatalism and other studied variables. The result of regression analysis showed that inefficient attitude variables and ability had the greatest effect on fatalism in disabled and non-disabled people and only people and only 16 percent of Variance explains fatalism.

Crisis management is in poor condition in Iran, and people, especially women, suffer greatly as a result of disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and disease outbreaks.  In these situations, usually injured people are not able to easily return to a balanced and adaptable status. This article has been conducted to explain the sociology of women's resilience in regards to corona disease in Tehran’s districts 3 and 12. The research was based on survey method and made use of research tools to measure resilience, Mohammadi Questionnaire (2016), Lifestyle (LSQ Questionnaire), Belief Perspective (Allport Religious Orientation Questionnaire), Childhood Education (Quality of Life Questionnaire), and Life Satisfaction (SWLS Life Satisfaction Questionnaire).  The sample size included 402 women 15-69 years old living in two districts of 3 and 12 who were selected using a quota sampling method. According to the findings, there is a relationship between resilience and variables of belief perspective, childhood education, and physical ability of women in district 12. And the link between resilience and lifestyle variables, childhood education, and the life satisfaction of women was found in district 3. Women's beliefs have the greatest impact on resilience in both areas.

In recent years, continuous awareness has increased on the need to empower rural women to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the role of rural women empowerment in analysis of the social and economic factors and cultural obstacles influencing local communities’ development. The study population was consist of rural women in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province that according to Krejcie and Morgan sample determination table, 384 of them were selected by stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was used as research tools. Data analysis was performed by SPSS24 and AMOS22 software. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive significant relationship between variables such as social participation, social protection and economic factors with the dependent variable of local communities’ development and there is a negative significant relationship between cultural obstacles with the dependent variable of local communities’ development. Also, based on the mediation structural model specified that rural women’s empowerment variable had a mediation role on the relationship between social and economic factors and cultural obstacles with local communities’ development

The present research has presented a model of entrepreneurship education system among the clients of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, which has been fitted with a survey method and a questionnaire tool using LaserLead software. The statistical population of the study consisted of 20 elite students (in order to develop a model of entrepreneurship education system) as well as 384 clients of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (in order to finalize the proposed model) through simple random sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was also The use of formal validity (the opinion of the professors) was evaluated and also because the obtained alpha value was higher than 0.7, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and the results of the research indicated that all the organizational and individual variables (as inputs) As well as the quadruple of the moderating variables and ultimately the variables.

The present research intends to take this issue into the question that rural women have what perception of their empowerment. The research method is qualitative approach using grounded theory. The study population consists of rural women resident in 11 villages in the suburb of Ilam which is based on purposive sampling 30 of them were interviewed semi-structured. The strategy of data analysis is based on three-steps open coding axial and selective, which its product was drawn in a paradigmatic model. Accordingly, 35 concepts and 11 categories were obtained. Which basic theory in derived model is Hegemonic Discourse of Gender. According to this theory, studied rural women are encountered with obstacles such as closed economic system, lack of institutional support, lack of access to these centers and cultural barriers to their ability.

Today, women’s empowerment is one of the most important challenges and concerns of the 21st century; because empowerment of women is fundamentally the process of upliftment of cultural, economic, social and political status of women, especially women who are deprived in the society. The study population was consist of rural women in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province that according to Krejcie and Morgan sample determination table, 384 of them were selected by stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was used as research tools. Reliability and validity of survey instrument was evaluated. Face and content validity of the questionnaire had been confirmed by panel of experts and key informant before the pre-test stage. The reliability of instrument was assessed by conducting a pilot study among 30 samples out of the original sample. The reliability of instrument for the all sections based on Cronbach's alpha coefficients value (in the range of 0.72 to 0.94) shows acceptable level of internal consistency. Data analysis was performed by AMOS22 software. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results based on direct structural model showed that there is a positive significant relationship between variables such as women position in the family, social participation and social protection with the dependent variable of rural women’s empowerment and there is a negative significant relationship between cultural barriers with the dependent variable of rural women’s empowerment. Also, self-esteem and self-efficacy variables had a mediation role on the relationship between socio-cultural factors with rural women’s empowerment.

The purpose of this research was to identify the empowerment components of female managers in education and education in North Khorasan Province and provide a suitable model. The research method was qualitative and quantitative and the statistical population included female managers in the education of North Khorasan province. For sampling in the qualitative section, a targeted sampling was used and a quantitative random sampling method was used. In the qualitative section, 12 people were interviewed and in a small section with a population of 355 people, randomly, 183 individuals participated in this study. The data collection tools were interviewe and a researcher-made questionnaire. After confirming the validity (jurisprudence and professors' judgment) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92), they were distributed in schools of North Khorasan Province. For analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Descriptive statistics of the central index and dispersion such as mean, standard deviation, and inferential part of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis at 95% confidence level with SSS software S 18 and Laserl 80/8. Based on the analysis of qualitative data from deep and exploratory interviews and the coding and analysis of the content of the interview text while their correspondence with theoretical foundations, the results of the research in the qualitative section indicated that identifying the components of the empowerment of managers Female, 10 components in the economic dimension, 10 components in political terms, 16 components in social dimension and 17 components in the psychological dimension. In the quantitative part of the research, the findings showed that in the economic dimension, the component of seniority and service record with the highest factor load of 0.92, in the political dimension, the component of trying to earn equal rights with the highest factor load of 0.90, in the social dimension was the component of job experience with The highest factor load was 0.95. In the psychological aspect, the component of trust and intimacy was determined by 0.95 of the total variance and the other variables were also important in the next stages, respectively. Also, the final pattern of the research was confirmed by fitting indexes of standard coefficients. The coefficient of influence of dimensions in the components of empowerment of female managers alone was the highest coefficient of influence in the social and psychological dimension with 0.85 and the least in the political dimension with 0.73.

In order to achieve local development, the participation of all people in community should be considered. The elderly as a part of the society, are supposed to play an effective role in the community. It seems that identifying effective components in promoting the ability of this group and adopting appropriate strategies to enhance the elderly capacity for playing more effective role in the local development of a society are precondition for an effective role of the elderly to play in local development. Based on the main purpose of this paper, the promoting ability of the elderly is studied. Participants in this study have been elderly people of Larijan village of Mahallat city in Markazi province. In order to collect data, thematic analysis method in qualitative approach has been used. The data collection techniques are participant observation, semi-structured interview and ground-writing methods (note taking). For data analysis, coding and categorization have been used. To increase richness of the data 12 out of total 17 interviews with the highest quality have been selected and analyzed. According to the survey’s results, the most important promoting factors effective in the development of the elderly ability are informational capital, being healthy and able to work, having spouse, literacy and education, religious participation, child-based supporting network, relative and friend -based supporting network, intellectual and practical independence, the ability of bargaining and eloquence, being contented and fatalism, rural culture teachings and some other factors mentioned in the survey. Considering this survey’s results, the combination and continuity of agency and opportunity structure related to promotion or weakening of ability are inseparable. As a result, for any analysis or planning, this mutual relation should be considered.

The main hypothesis of Amartya Sen in his famous book "Development as Freedom" is that the private freedom should be recognized for overcoming the problem of development. According to Sen's liberal approach, the freedom is both the tool and the end of development. Essentially development is the process of extending the actual freedoms such as increasing longevity and life expectancy and in fact the increasing of the quality of life. Several criticisms come to this approach: the inconsistency between the essential characters of Sen's approach to development such as the instrumental rationality and freedom. Also, the Sen's claims that there are positive relationship between democracy and development and the negative relationship between population and development are doubtful and has been criticized. Since the Sen's approach has not no predetermined and essential deontological requirement except freedom itself, consequently is inconsistent with the deontological systems such as religion. Finally, the historical and structural relationship between individual and nations hasn't been seriously concerned

This paper investigates the influence of social awareness on the empowerment of rural women in Zanjanrood District. In this study, qualitative- quantitative research method is used. For the part of qualitative study, some experts of social awareness of rural women are used. The population of quantitative part of this study includes 15455 women of Zanjanrood city of whom 386 persons were randomly selected as a sample. The data were gathered by using a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by faculty of Agricultural Extension and Education of Razi University and Reliability was confirmed by pretesting and calculation of alpha coefficient of 0.79. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software. The results showed 58 percent of rural women’s social awareness was moderate. Rural women on issues such as the right of women in prison and pay proverbs had least knowledge, but on issues such as the determination of living location and amount of daughter’s inheritance had most knowledge. The findings indicated the average amount of empowerment rural women (average of 2.8 out of 5). Linear regression was used to determine the effect of independent variables (social consciousness) on the dependent variable (empowerment). The results showed that the independent variables could explain 43% of the variability that is empowerment.

The purpose of this study is to figure out competences needed by intelligence and security managers at strategic levels as one of the key issues in these organizations. Therefore, for Needs Assessment of this category of managers, first, these organizations should be determined in accordance with existing rules and regulations; second, the managers and strategic-level businesses should be recognized and determined; third, the entrusted tasks and missions to organizations and managers discussed should be identified and ultimately determine the competences expected in this area so that the expected competences can be achieved based on existing patterns.

This research has been conducted through mixed method analysis and concurrent sequential design. The security and intelligence agencies were identified on the basis of existing laws and regulations, then according to Article 71 of the Civil Service and communiqués of Armed Forces General Staff, the security and intelligence managers at strategic levels were identified. And then using assessment models (with a focus on Kaufman & Herman Model and Goldstein Model) the intelligence and security managers' need levels were determined at strategic levels. The face validity and content validity of the research tools were addressed using experts, scholars and knowledgeable people. The construct validity was determined through factor analysis and the Cronbach's alpha of the entire questionnaire was calculated as .97, which indicated good reliability of the test and high correlation with each other in questions. To determine the priority of items, since the variables are of two-optional types (essential, non-essential), the nonparametric Cochran test was used. To determine the significance level and determine and clarify the difference between the items the pairwise McNemar's test was used. A dependent t-test was used to compare the current and ideal status.

The results of one-sample t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the current status and ideal status in the necessary skills for educating and training the security and intelligence management at strategic levels and their effects. That is to say, according to the respondents, the gap between current and ideal status is significant with over 99% certainty. Finally, Friedman test was used to prioritize items. Twenty types of competences were determined and presented for intelligence and security managers at strategic levels.

This study attempts to answer the fundamental question that the process of the normative institutionalization (institutions linked with the values and social norms), how can to help for good governance and management of social, cultural, community agencies? This research investigates that the representatives how can to link the Islamic Consultative Assembly with the social values and norms and what are effects of this interaction on good representative's governance and socio-cultural management? Methodology is a descriptive and analytical method. Status is reviewed and analyzed based on available statistics as regular and periodic. The statistical population is female members of Islamic Consultative Assembly periods and the used data was collected and analyzed from the UN Human Development reports, statistical Interior Ministry sources, Statistical Center of Iran, the Islamic Consultative Assembly, and other relevant literature.
The findings showed that in recent years, the average growth of women in countrie's parliaments is about 20 percent which has been increased up 15 percent in compared with 10 years earlier. So far, in Iran, 10 parliamentary elections have been held, the tenth period with 7/96 percent has allocated the most participants of women in parliament. The results showed that personalized, administrative, social and cultural restrictions are as barriers for women's efficient attendance in Islamic Consultative Assembly. Good women governance in Parliament can be facilitated through to empower for providing the development projects such as health care services, health, education, employment and effectiveness in the management of high levels of public, private and civil parts. In addition, it is necessary that the representatives of women to participate actively in commissions, fractions, delegations and specialized forums for more impact on the social and cultural management.

The present study is a research on the capabilities of women in the cyberspace. Regardless of the limitations of the real world, cyberspace can empower women participation and individual capabilities. If woman have the necessary skills and motivations, they can use the internet and content production to their benefit. They can also make their voice heard and change the society’s stereotypes and images about them.
However, there are requirements to achieve such goals. This study aims to find those requirements and investigate their impacts on the empowerment of women in the cyberspace. A questionnaire was prepared and given to the women active in the cyberspace. Data gathered through 429 completed questionnaires was analyzed using SPSS. The results show that different variables including purposeful activities, knowing other active women, level of activity and media literacy can improve women's capabilities in the cyberspace.

Women as half of the population of each society have important role in societies development. Accordingly, many sociologists consider study of women’s empowerment and its influencing factors. Present study is to examine the relationship between digital divide and women empowerment. In addition, women empowerment and its dimensions (access and control of resources, participation, gender awareness, mobility and security) were investigated. Also these independent variables: marital Status, respondents and their families’ Income, social class, Education level of respondents and their spouses, Head of household status, employment status, occupation, age, technology divide, information access divide, information literacy divide were investigated. By virtue of multistage random sampling, 600 ones were selected based on leen formula. Required Datas were collected from Shiraz women aged 15-54 by means of questionnaires based on survey method. The study findings indicated variables: social status, respondent and husband education, technology divide, and information literacy divide and information access had a significant relation with the women empowerment; while marital status had no significant relationship with women empowerment. Multiple regression showed that 27 percent of the variance of women empowerment variable was explained through the independent variables (information literacy divide, respondents under Graduate Diploma).

This research has been performed with the aim of study at hachure characteristic tendencies and the main personality procedures of woman and the logical or inconsequential recognition in Morteza MoshfeghKazemi''s romance (Tehran-e- makhuf). The scale of personality empowerment in comparison with activities on sample of woman empowering، at first chapter، in terms of four educational، occupation، incoming، having or lacking of personality area factors is classified at three low، medium، high levels. Then at second section with evaluation personality equalitism by referring to usage procedures and the author''s thoughts، four activities axis are measured: activities، the attendance at different areas، the kinds of reactions against of orders and reactions on severity behaviours، settled this on equality & patriarchy classic levels. The relationship between first & second chapters due to fitness among hachure characteristic personality and his turning over the romance. Because we cannot expect the thought of being non-action and patriarchy manners from first section concerning person and viseversa. The gender stereotypes are mentally beliefs and probably are false and unreal. They sometimes form our behavior and treatments and effect in our thoughts. If they dwell in our unconscious features incorrectly they will due to much social damages. Medias are one of composing ingredients of gender stereotypes. Those which are visible in Medias and will be predominant in society maybe against of happening on real affairs. Literature as an indicating means for culture، attract art، scientific and cultural specialists'' attention and moreover effect in the most members'' minds in society. Therefore، practicing at it، is so necessary not only for literature students & professors، but also for other Humanism science. Whereas، literature novels have the most impressive signs at common spiritual and culture of society. In women study view، It is essential to pay attention to this aspect. Written literature is an important part of media''s phase، and is as fundamental as in forming of media''s part like: films and exhibitions. The women principal personal effect both society & female groups and a woman will be influenced consciously or unconsciously by story main personality. If hachure characteristic performs in inconsequential procedure، makes accosts confused. For example، when a person faces to a woman who has passive behavior in spite of having high level empowerment scale، concludes that having or lacking these factors don''t change women treatments. While، this is only our concept and outcomes from inconsequential hachure characteristic. It seems that working on this matter and attracting authors & critics to hachure characteristic critical model are so noticeable and essential for women study fans. The result of this research shows that the more a woman is shown is to be able and capable then demanding equality characteristic has dominance over patriarchy and the other way around. Thus، the traces or effects of Morteza. MoshfeghKazemi''s long story (Tehran -e- makhuf) can be placed in the range or category that the characterization of women has a logical trend and will not lead to formation of deceitful beliefs about women.

Based on Ester Boserup’s theory of development, this research is an attempt to answer the question “Can technology empower the rural female rice farmers?” To answer this question, a qualitative research was designed and different generations of women were observed in a 15-year period. The changes in women’s activities, opportunities, and resources were observed and analyzed. Technology seemed to reduce women’s roles and marginalize them, impeding their access to financial resources. The observations were indicative of the difference in the type of tools used by men and women as well as their roles. In the process of development and upon the introduction of technology to some regions, men had taken the roles previously assigned to women. A decrease in women’s activities has restricted their control over the sources of economic power, including the ownership of rice, land, and trade of products. A change of roles has made the women mere homemakers and has restricted their social relations only with women on a local level.

Introdaetion: the aim of this research is to analyze the situation of the sustainable development in the third and forth development plan of iran considering Sen’s concept of capability and quality of life, identifying the gap with optimal level. it also determines some factors on sustainable development in the current situation of the country. the research has two phase and methods. The first one includes narrative review and content analysis of iran’s development plans. The second one is hypothesis analysis on the basis of sen’s sustainability index and the analysis of the results. sustainable development is determined with three focal points; human, socio-economic and environmental development, considering the benefits of all generations and in Sen’s approach the concept of capability and freedom. Considering this approach in the third and forth plans, some indicators of sustainability like environment preservation and equal opportunity for promotion of human security and empowerment were included in paper but not the on the level of policy making. The situation of sustainable development in the third development plan has been unsatisfactory and the grade of sustainability index is negative, but its trend has been gradually improving in such way that in the last year of the plan we notice positive grade. It exceeded to the forth plan, so we have maximum grade in the year2006. it again fell in the years 2007-80. The other important result is that in the current situation of our country, socioeconomic factor is the most important Factor sustainable development andassociated must be strengthened. In addition, after receiring an acceptable level. Development. cultural and social factors should get importance in policy making. It needs policy makers to take sustainability approach in development procedure.