توانمندی زنان

The longevity and health of the family system require tolerant behaviour on the part of the spouses. Numerous factors affect tolerance in married life. Considering that women are more empowered than in the past and the knowledge gap in recognizing the relationship between empowerment and peace and tolerance in married life, this study has assessed the relationship between women's empowerment and marital tolerance. Using the survey method, a sample of 384 married women living in three districts 2, 8 and 19 of Tehran were selected and studied in a cluster. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the independent variable (women's empowerment) and the dependent variable (marital tolerance). Also, the existence of the communication skills variable as one of the intermediate variables has a significant relationship with the dependent and independent variables. This means that the more empowered women are, the more communication skills they have and as a result, they can be more tolerant in married life. Tolerance in married life is also affected by the social and economic status of the family. On the other hand, marital tolerance means accepting the differences in the couple's relationship with women's age and duration of marriage has an inverse and significant relationship and is more in early marriage.

The financial empowerment of rural women and their participation in economic, social, cultural and political fields is one of the most important factors in achieving sustainable rural development. One of the most common empowerment projects in the form of microcredit system in Iran is Qarz Al-hasaneh funds. In recent years a new species from Iran have been formed in rural areas based on informal networks and links that are different from conventional models. This paper is to find out the efficiency of funds based on family-neighborhood relations in increasing the empowerment of women in Tang Siab district of Kuhdasht city; so a qualitative approach, snowball sampling, semi-structured and deep interviews, Participatory observation and focused group discussion with 23 people and observation were used for data collection and a total of 48 concepts and 9 categories were obtained. Results showed that formation and membership in the Fund can Lead to increase income and household savings and the share of women in the family, enhance decision-making power of women in the family and in the village, improve public opinion towards women, teamwork maintenance and continuing and to expand its lead in other issues. Therefore, the mentioned funds, by improving the economic and social situation of women, facilitate the achievement of levels of capability.

Prerequisite for any development of economic, social, political and cultural is sense of security. Awareness of the feeling of security of the inhabitants of a community has an important role in the understanding of the challenge and provides the development strategies in its community. One of the most important issues that affect the development of groups of people, access of women like men to feel secure. This is for headed household women in the community more tangible. The aim of present study is to examine the relationship between socio-economic factors with a sense of security )in eight dimensions include cultural, legal, financial, emotional, ethical, and emotional truth( among the headed household women covered by welfare Ramhormoz City. The Statistical Society of this research include all covered women of welfare Ramhormoz City that 224 headed household women chosen by Cochran formula as the sample size and with a simple random sampling method. Findings show relationship between the level of education, attitude to coverage, income, and social support, cause of Administration and sense of security. Level of education, income and social support defining 14% variance of women’s sense of security. By accepting the role of these three variables in the headed household women empowerment, that comes women empowering, causing an increased confidence, achieving an independent identity, improve their social status and finally feel more secure in them, which will benefit the whole community.

Tehran municipality has been teaching citizenship based on neighborhood- oriented approach in order to empower women. In spite of the large span and high costs of the plan, unified researches havent been done in this field. Thus, the present paper primarily aimed to study the relationship between provided instructions and the level of women's empowerment. The method of the study was survey. The statistical population of the study covered women living in Jihad neighborhood, the 6th district of Tehran municipality (N=7000). The sample of the study included 384 women who were selected through quota sampling. Out of the total number of women in the sample, 192 are educated. Data were gathered through questionnaires with high alpha coefficient. Results of independent T test showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of educated and uneducated women in terms of women's participation, women's awareness of health issues, citizenship rights, duties, and their life skills. According to the results, educated women possess more favorable conditions. However, there was no relationship between these two groups in terms of their awareness of the health and social ills after providing instructions. Teaching citizenship improved the empowerment of women so that educated and uneducated women had different levels of empowerment. This finding suggests that citizenship education plan was effective.

This article is outcome of a piece of research which has examined the relationship between "the director's gender" and "type of characterization of female first role" in movies. Six movies produced in the reformation era (Dowrane Eslahat) whose subject matter is women issues are selected to be analyzed using semiotic method. These movies are created by known directors of Iranian cinema including 3 male and 3 female directors. This includes movies such as "the fifth reaction", "Gilane", "women's prison", "mum's guest", "plain paper" and "dog killing" which their female first role is analyzed using criteria derived from women's empowerment theories- including resources, subjectivity and gains_ to see whether their characterization is logical or non-logical. The findings show that the women first role of studied movies are not very powerful regarding the empowerment criteria and are usually represented as victims and failed characters. Moreover, there is not so much difference between male and female directors regarding the type of characterization of women first role in the movies.