جهانی شدن

Symbolic unity, as one of the basic requirements of social order, which is often used interchangeably with concepts such as social and value consensus in sociological literature, has always been the subject of theoretical and empirical inquiries. Considering the various effects of symbolic unity on different aspects of social life, such as economic growth and development, social and political instability, political participation, and social cohesion, this study aims to investigate the factors affecting the level of symbolic unity in societies. This study was conducted using the panel analysis of data gathered from 89 countries from 1981 to 2020. Further, it proposes a new index called “level of symbolic unity” on a scale of 0 to 100 for country-years with available data, utilizing the World Values Survey (WVS) wave 7 data. The findings suggest that the level of post-materialism in society's culture paves the way for lowering the level of symbolic unity in societies. Additionally, migration and the level of cosmopolitan communication of societies, by expanding the value horizon and introducing different values from other societies, contribute to the emergence of distinct identities and, consequently, weaken the collective conscience, as conceptualized by Emile Durkheim, or reduce the subsequent level of symbolic unity in societies. The results also show that the level of earlier economic development of societies exerts a negative impact on the level of subsequent symbolic unity of societies. In general, given the consequentialism of symbolic unity as a prerequisite for societal development in societies, and the potential risk of social disorder, especially for transitional and fragile societies, cultural planners and policymakers should accord greater attention to the problem of symbolic unity and social order.

This article examines the changes that are caused by mass communication networks in the lifestyle of people in the society. The main question: What effect have the aforementioned changes had on the national identity of Iranians? Based on the hypothesis of this article, lifestyle is practically a platform that reflects individual and collective identity. In this research, by validating the category of globalization of the value system, mass communication networks are considered the most important tools in order to realize this category. According to the findings of the research, the Iranian national identity since the Islamic revolution has placed religion as one of the main foundations of the Iranian national identity and in line with the establishment of the Islamic nation. Meanwhile, mass communication networks have been effective in weakening the religious spirit and growing individualism. This effect is evident in the changes that are taking place in the current Iranian lifestyle. The result of the research showed that the consequence of the weakening of the national identity has actually strengthened the ethnic identity and reduced the political and social participation of Iranian citizens. This article is presented by referring to documents and library sources and using a qualitative analytical-descriptive method.

The culture of every society is not constant over different periods, and it transforms being affected by various factors including the effect of other cultures. Also, art inevitably transforms over time being affected by the culture. Therefore, study of art as a phenomenon that is affected by culture can be a step towards identifying the human and culture. Visual anthropology is a major subcategory of cultural anthropology, and it investigates the culture by means of image. Also, it investigates the humans’ thoughts, relationships, and situations by studying their culture. This research is a descriptive analytical study in which, data collection has been done by library method. It aims to investigate the visual relationships in the contemporary Iranian Graphics. For this purpose, the research has been performed by using the global anthropological concepts and theories introduced by the Indian anthropologist, Arjun Appadurai. It is assumed that the today’s phenomenon of globalization can make significant changes in moving towards homogenization or heterogenization to the global culture. The research population includes the posters exhibited in Silver Cedar Exhibitions in 2017 and 2019. Regarding the content of the contemporary Iranian graphics, the artists have paid attention to the national visual identity and companionship of national and transnational identities. This attitude provides a new viewpoint and structure in association of two different identities.

Consumption is often considered as buying goods or services, but in its social context, consumption is a concept more than buying or using products. Consumption can be related to a person's identity, social base and a part of a person's daily life, and determines the position he occupies in society. This kind of look at the phenomenon of consumerism is actually the sociology of consumerism (Kennedy, 2008:1). The research method used in this article to collect data and analyze them is the grounded theory qualitative method, which allows the researcher in cases where it is not possible to develop a native hypothesis or theory, instead of using non-native theories and It is predefined to develop a new theoretical model. In this process, after conducting various interviews, the main categories were gradually revealed, by repeating the topics, concepts and categories, and reaching theoretical saturation, and by conducting 10 interviews, the work of data collection and analysis was completed. The results of coding and extracting the qualitative model showed that several concepts are effective in the formation of the phenomenon of Iranian consumerism, namely the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Accordingly, according to the source of influence of these factors, they can be divided into two categories: 1. External factors affecting Iranian consumerism after the Islamic revolution 2. Internal factors affecting Iranian consumerism after the Islamic revolution.

Human resources, particularly elite and competent individuals, play a vital role in various national domains. Therefore, effective and purposeful management of these valuable assets is crucial. When a society lacks elites, its development process can stagnate. Iran has been experiencing elite migration for some time, which poses significant challenges to the country's development. This study aims to examine and identify the factors influencing elite migration in Iran. A hierarchical process analysis-based evaluation model has been employed to rank these influential factors. In this regard, an expert-designed questionnaire was first created and then completed by experts. The results indicate that, according to experts, globalization has the most significant impact on the migration of Iranian elites. This paper proposes creating networks of Iranian professionals abroad for part-time collaboration with domestic scientific centers as a short-term solution. For a long-term solution, it suggests the creation of a suitable environment across various economic, social, and cultural dimensions to retain the country’s experts and mitigate their migration abroad.

“Cultural Anthropology in a Globalizing World” (forth edition, 2017) by Barbara Miller is a text book with aim to introduce cultural anthropology for students. The first chapter is about history and theory in cultural anthropology and the second chapter about research method in this discipline. The next nine chapters written in order to three axes including culture grounds, social organization, and symbolic systems. The last two chapters consider two contemporary issues: movement and development. Miller has made a good effort and innovations to appear a book which form tasteful and contents engaging. In doing so, she uses of nine techniques that make book unique among other textbooks in cultural anthropology. The strengths of book include: concrete engagement of redear, learning anthropological thinking, seeing applied dimension of cultural anthropology, introducing critical approaches, and providing contemporary changes in the subjects of chapters. Some weak points of the book include: ignorance of some contemporary theoretical currents, absence of a good discussion about the representation and analysis of ethnographic date, and unequal accesses of readers to additional packages of the book.

Globalization and the new world order is a complex process with ups and downs that has continued to evolve over time and has become the most common concepts of humanities in the focus of researchers in various fields today. The limitation of the world order to time and the formation of its different periods with a short history are caused by the lack of morality, the lack of global consensus on the concept of the new order, the lack of adherence to commitments, etc. So far, the new world order has often used war and military power in the path of evolution to achieve its goals, and it was successful in the economic dimension and international relations at first, but it is gradually trying to penetrate other dimensions by using information technology while expanding military power. to do The emergence of social networks as a key component with the capability of two-way communication and reality over time will take over the soft power of the new world order. In this period of history, the world order is ready to form a new structure based on evolution, dynamics and various components. Iran, after the Islamic revolution, by changing its symbols and strategies for the new world order, due to having outstanding characteristics such as intelligent and talented human resources, sensitive and privileged geographical location, high governmental and civilizational logic, etc., can occupy a prominent position. provide for himself in the new world order and stabilize it in the following periods.

The primary goal of this research is to identify and examine the increasing challenges faced by human resource managers in modern work environments. This study, with an emphasis on the importance of human resources as a vital element in organizational growth and development, extensively explores various changes and challenges that have occurred in this field. The abstract of this research indicates that human resource management in the current era goes beyond a simple process of hiring and retaining employees. Instead, it involves discussions such as the impact of globalization, advancements in information technology and digitalization, ethical challenges, work-life balance, and generational differences in the workplace, which significantly affect the performance and strategies of human resource management. Additionally, this research examines solutions for addressing these challenges and effectively utilizing human resources to achieve organizational goals. Ultimately, the current study shows that human resource management in the present era requires a comprehensive and multidimensional approach that encompasses both technology and the human element, continually adapting in response to the rapid and complex changes in the work environment.

Culture is the distinguishing factor of societies and groups and the main pillar of the personality and human identity of every nation and we can talk about culture and specific cultural identity. Immigrant acceptance in big cities with different cultures and ethnicities has caused cultural diversity, the culture of native and non-native people has been influenced by two currents of particularism and generalism, cultural separation is one of its consequences. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the components of globalization and traditionalism on cultural particularism in the Hamadan city and with the approach of cultural system and Parsons pattern variables, as well as the theories of globalization and traditionalism. The research was conducted with a survey method and using a questionnaire with a sample size of 500 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster method and random sampling. SPSS and PLS statistical software were also used for data analysis. Based on the analysis of structural equations, the research hypotheses have been confirmed, and it tells about the significant impact of globalization, traditionalism, cyberspace, education, religiosity and being an immigrant or a native on cultural particularism. Overall, independent variables explain 67% of the dependent variable variance, ie cultural particularism.

The relationship between Historical Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International Historical Sociology (IHS) or Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global Historical Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global historical sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, Historical Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

With the emergence of late modernity and the growth of culture globalization, transformation has spread in human life, and women have not been excluded in this regard. The transformations made in the attitude of women in today’s world is an undeniable fact. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of the globalization of culture on the attitude of women toward the concept of freedom. The research design included a survey and the instrument employed was a questionnaire. Convergent and construct validity were confirmed. Moreover, the reliability was calculated through Cronbach’s alpha and the compositional reliability was in the acceptable range. The statistical population of the research included women between the ages of 17 and 50 on the Instagram social media. Random sampling was used and based on Cochran’s formula the participants included 297 women. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results show that in the component of using global cultural and artistic products, watching foreign films and series had the greatest impact on women’s attitude toward the concept of civil freedom and then toward the concept of individual freedom, and the component of knowledge of international laws regarding women’s rights. The component of awareness of international laws regarding women’s rights had a greater impact on women’s attitude toward the concept of civil freedom. Regarding the component of using global information networks, the most impact related to foreign news networks, which had the greatest impact on women’s attitudes toward the concept of individual freedom and then civil freedom. Also, the results of stepwise regression coefficients in demographic variables showed that women’s attitude toward the concept of personal and civil liberties in individuals less than 30 years of age and women with master’s education was closer to Isaiah Berlin’s definition of personal and civil liberties.

In the new era, people's values and attitudes change drastically under the influence of globalization processes. In the Iranian society, in the last few decades, the rate of change of values, beliefs and behaviors has changed fundamentally under the influence of new innovations, so that it can be said that the Iranian society is also experiencing some cultural elements and components of the postmodernism society, and also some damages. It affects some structures of society. This research investigated 380 youths of Ahvaz city in the form of cluster sampling in an experimental and survey way. The results of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between the dimensions of cultural globalization and cultural postmodernism, that is, with the increase of positive attitude towards the process of globalization, the influence of the cultural components of the postmodern society in the society also increases. Also, the results showed that 19% of the variance of the cultural postmodernism variable was explained by the two dimensions of transnational norms and cultural globalization.

Over time and in the process of globalization, the structure and appearance of Islamic cities, including its architecture, has undergone dramatic challenges. One of the most important challenges is the identity crisis, especially the identity of Islamic architecture. The main purpose of this research in the first stage is to identify and analyze the identity and vulnerable elements of architecture in the process of globalization and in the second stage is to analyze the identity of Islamic architecture from people point of view around two holy shrines (Holy Mosque in Mecca & the shrine of Imam Reza (AS) in the holy city of Mashhad) by using visual tests and qualitative classification.Therefore, the main questions of this research are;1) How does globalization affect the identity of Islamic architecture and on which elements?2) Considering the era of globalization, how close are the identity elements of architecture from the theorists' point of view to the identity elements from the peoples' point of view?If we can anlayse globalization,we can see through the permeability of borders and the reconstruction of space and time and on the other hand the distinctive expansion of social media & culture, directly affects them to a large extent.The results of the analysis of identity elements from the perspective of contemporary theorists show that architectural identity is deeply related to the identity of its users. We have already examinined and analyzed the elements of identity from the perspective of popular preferences towards the two holy shrines

The aim of this study was to investigate the sociological approach to globalization and its impact on the ethnic tendencies of the people of Ilam province.To show the relationship between ethnic identities living in Ilam province and general and global identities.In this study, the statistical population of all people living in Ilam province with a population of 580, 158 people, which according to Cochran's formula, the statistical sample size is 270 people and the sampling method is probably simple, survey method and data collection tool is a questionnaire.Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the data and face validity method was used to measure the validity. The research findings were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and regression statistical methods.Ethnic tendencies have a significant relationship and also there is a significant positive relationship between lifestyle variables and ethnic tendencies, which means that with the entry of traditional societies such as Ilam province into the modern world, has reduced their sense of belonging and ethnic attachment.

The general purpose of this research is to investigate how the educational system faces the phenomenon of globalization. Using the qualitative content analysis method, this research has analyzed the texts, researches, as well as documents and researches done in this field. The results of the present research show that the phenomenon of globalization cannot be ignored in the field of education, but planning, policy making and change management should be done in such a way that the opportunities of globalization in the field of education are fully utilized to achieve Sustainable development should be done without haste and its marginal consequences should be minimized.Policy planning and change management should be done in such a way that maximum use of the opportunities of globalization in the field of education to achieve sustainable development is done without haste and its marginal consequences are minimized.haste and its marginal consequences are minimized.

Identity, as a multifaceted, variable and fluid concept, in the first place raises the question of who is who, and according to many experts, it causes people, groups, cultures, etc. to be identified from each other. Identity has different dimensions, the most important of which is belonging and commitment. Belonging has an emotional and emotional aspect towards the country, government, Islam, civilization, family, friends...) and commitment has a conflict aspect, that is, people feel duty towards that commitment they have. The identity crisis of the youth also refers to the fact that due to the changes in the global system, transformations and changes in the structural, cultural and communication fields and at the same time not being recognized by the statesmen, the young people have difficulty recognizing their place in the surrounding environment, their group and society. have become problems and conflicts. In this research, using the causal layer analysis method as one of the future research and interview methods, 227 drivers affecting the youth identity crisis were identified, then these drivers were divided into three direct (close), national (far) and global layers according to the Pestel model. (further) were divided and summarized, which finally reached 51 Pishran. These drivers were given to the experts by using the researcher's questionnaire to identify the most important ones, and 16 drivers were considered. Finally, these drivers were analyzed by Mic Mac software, and the drivers of "ideological view of the government towards identity, value-structural changes, globalization" were selected as highly influential drivers.

Success is one of the most recurrent social concepts in contemporary society, especially for teenage girls. All of us wish success for each other. Many media outlets and key speakers in seminars have motivated youth for success. As a result, success and achievement have become pervasive and global goals for generations. Our questions were as follows: What does success mean? How do young girls define success? Where does it come from? And what do they do to be successful? Our aim in this research was to explore and understand the concept of success from the perspective of teenage girls.

We used systematic grounded theory to carry out this research. The field of study was Yazd City. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 female students in grades 10, 11, and 12, aged between 15 and 18 years. The articipants were purposively selected from 4 schools, representing different socio-cultural areas of the city. The interviews were conducted after obtaining an informed consent at the schools. The interviews started with general questions about the participants' definitions of success. More specific questions were then posed as follows: What do you think are your obstacles to success? And what is your life plan for the future? The interviews were transcribed and analyzed. The data were analyzed using grounded theory coding (Straus & Corbin, 1998) in 3 phases: open, axial, and selective coding. After reading each part of the interviews, an initial concept was assigned (coded). Then, the concepts with the same meanings were clustered into categories and a core category emerged from merging of the main categories. The main categories were illustrated with a paradigm model, including phenomenon, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, action strategies, and consequences. Trustworthiness of the findings and coding process was evaluated through peer checks and member checks. We shared our findings with the participant girls to validate the constructed codes and categories.

The data were presented in the form of 9 main categories in addition to a core category. The main categories included thirst for independence, virtual life, centrality of money, feeling of gender limitation, instrumental interaction, seeking distinction, self-improvement, multiple pressures, and migrant mind. The meta-contextual construction of individuality emerged as the core category.Thirst for independence: The need for independence was powerful among the participants. Being at a turning point in their maturation and facing individualistic values from the media had increased their need for independence. Our teenage participants wanted to achieve their goals on their own, have a private sphere, and make decisions for their own future.Virtual life: They spent a lot of time on the internet and social media. They met and talked with their friends online. They thought about fame on the web and becoming famous in the cyber world was an important drive for them. Their values and lifestyle were more affected in the virtual space.Centrality of money: Living a rich life and having money was an important value for our teenage participants. They saw money as the main problem-solver in various aspects of life.Feeling of gender limitation: Our female participants compared themselves to boys in different spheres. They believed that girls have more limitations when it comes to achieving success.Instrumental interaction: From the participants' point of view, interaction with other people was seen as a means to achieve success. They evaluated and interacted with people based on how they could help them succeed, especially in terms of material and benefits.Seeking distinction: Many young girls' actions were oriented towards making a difference from others. They wore different clothes, tried to have different forms of entertainment, and presented themselves in a distinctive way to stand out from others.Self-improvement: Achievement and success were the main driving forces for our participants, motivating them to improve themselves through learning new skills and acquiring knowledge. They made efforts to learn foreign languages and develop artificial skills with the aim of enhancing their future job prospects.Multiple pressures: The participants faced various sources of pressure, including family and relatives, school and education, and economic concerns. They also felt the pressure of changing success criteria within their community, which caused them stress as they tried to meet these evolving expectations.Migrant mind: Living in an era of internet and social media, the participants desired to be part of a developed and welfare-oriented society. Their criteria for success were more global in nature rather than being limited to their local context. Although they lived in their homecountry, they held global ideals.The teenage participants exhibited an individualistic and materialistic view of success. They considered themselves successful when they were able to express their individuality and accumulate material possessions and wealth. They expressed their individuality through shopping and spending money. Their definition of success was detached from their socio-cultural context as it was influenced by their identities and interactions on the global and virtual platforms, leading to a sense of detachment from their immediate surroundings

Globalization/ Mondialization has become a phenomenon that still covers many areas of human action today. Therefore, In-depth studies of the implications of various readings from such a phenomenon on higher education seems to be indispensable. The purpose of this article is to obtain an overview of Iranian studies orientation in the field of globalization / mondialization in the higher education arena. Such an assumption can be applied to the analysis of past actions and even plans. First, by reviewing systemicaly the theoretical literature, a framework for typology and genealogy of selected articles, as a theoritical finding, was provided. In the second step, after methodical screening, out of 70 articles, 29 articles were selected for reanalysis. Findings based on content analysis led to recognize a trilogy studies: studies consistent with the neo-liberal approach (55% Percent); studies unable to recognize approaches/ Confused (38% Percent); critical/tolerant studies (7% Percent). Based on the academic genealogy patterns, the re-analyesed studies were classified into two genealogies: research / sustainable university and guild / corporate / entrepreneur higher Education institute. Results of such findings can reveal, more or less, some of the shortcomings and difficulties of Iranian higher education in dealing with the phenomenon of globalization/ mondialization, which are forming two research questions at the end of this article.