دختران

The change in the religiosity of girls as a new generation in the form of religious Conversion is the main issue of the current research and the research was conducted with the aim of identifying the changes in religiosity that were mostly manifested in the form of religious innovation among girls living in the 4th district of Tehran to check that girl’s What kind of lived experience do they present of the change in their religiosity? Methodical approach, qualitative and research method, narrative analysis and information gathering tool, narrative interview and sampling method in a purposeful and judgmental way. 20 girls born in the 70s were selected for interview. Out of a total of 20 girls, 2 did not accept any religion, and 18 were acute converts (completely evolved in the belief system) and 18 were non-acute converts (evolved within the belief system) who had doubts about some religious matters and now selectively and most of them are rational and religious. A more detailed examination of the changes in girls' religiosity shows that for reasons such as attending university, raising the level of literacy and education, strengthening the spirit of questioning and criticism, they have gone through the experience of changes in their religiosity and have criticized and reconsidered their religiosity, so that They have abandoned an important part of religious beliefs and practices that they did easily and without questioning in the past.Key words: religiosity, religiosity evolutions, Religious Conversion, rethinking, girls, Extended Abstract IntroductionThe change in the religiosity of girls as a new generation in the form of religious innovation is the main issue of the current research and the research was conducted with the aim of identifying the changes in religiosity that were mostly manifested in the form of religious innovation among girls living in the 4th district of Tehran to check that girls What is the lived experience of transformation in their religiosity? Methodical approach, qualitative and research method, narrative analysis and information gathering tool, narrative interview and sampling method in a purposeful and judgmental way. 20 girls born in the 70s were selected for interview. Out of a total of 20 girls, 2 did not accept any religion, and 18 were acute converts (completely evolved in the belief system) and 18 were non-acute converts (evolved within the belief system) who had doubts about some religious matters and now selectively And most of them are rational and religious. A more detailed examination of the changes in girls' religiosity shows that for reasons such as attending university, improving the level of literacy and education, strengthening the spirit of questioning and criticism, they have gone through the experience of changes in their religiosity and have criticized and reconsidered their religiosity, so that They have abandoned an important part of religious beliefs and practices that they did easily and without questioning in the past.MethodsThe methodological, qualitative and research approach has been narrative analysis and data collection tools, narrative interviews and purposeful sampling methods. townty  girls  selected for the interview. In this study, according to the subject that observes girls's narratives of life and the change and evolution of their views and adventures, the method of narrative analysis was used. The tool used to collect information was a narrative interview. In narrative interviews, the narratives obtained from the interviewees contain data that can be used as a substitute for semi-structured interviews. In a narrative interview, the informed person is asked to improvise the story of the subject in which he / she participated. The questioner forces the informed person to retell the subject in the form of an interconnected story of events from the beginning to the end (Flick, 1394: 92). The method of data collection was reference to the field and District 4 of Tehran (District 9 of Majid Abad neighborhood) was designated as the study area and 20 girls were selected for interview. Sampling method in this study was purposive sampling. ResultsThe main problem of the current research was basically religious innovation arising from the current state of girls' religiosity in Tehran. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the type of understanding and interpretation of girls in Tehran about their religious orientation and also their most important reasons for choosing this type of religiosity, which was the main plot of this narrative based on the complication of change. That is, at every stage of religious life, girls have experienced personality and social changes that have finally led to religious modernization. But this modernism has not been experienced among them in a uniform and uniform way, so that some of them have been kept under the umbrella of fundamental religious beliefs and some of them have been removed from the circle of official religion. Their understanding and interpretation of their religious innovation is somewhat clear and decisive. According to their interpretation, they have consciously applied changes in their religious life, although they have not forgotten the influence of social and structural factors. In addition to this, the reasons given by them for religious innovation are reasons that they themselves have acknowledged. Therefore, their understanding and interpretation is of religious innovation, and after experiencing religious life, they have made changes in their religiosity.ConclusionIn general, it can be said that the changes in girls' religiosity have been significant in such a way that religious modernization among girls has occurred in a more fundamental way. It seems that based on the results of this research, we can talk about a kind of plurality and diversity in the religiosity of Iranian girls; Something that has not been noticed in the traditional world. In other words, living in the modern sphere has provided a necessary and necessary basis for the evolution of the religious sphere of the investigated girls as people of the new generation. Bold streaks of transformation in religious thought and feeling and in the understanding of religious concepts and symbols such as the concept of God, as well as transformation in moral understanding, as well as in acts of worship and rituals and in beliefs and matters of faith can be seen among the girls of the new generation. Funding:There is no funding support.Author’s contributionStudy conception and design: Kamali and Tajeddin and Mohaddesi. Data collection: Kamali. Data analysis and interpretation: Kamali andTajeddin and Mohaddesi.Drafting of manuscript: Kamali. Critical revision: Kamali and Tajeddin and Mohaddesi Conflict of interest:Authors declared no conflict of interest Acknowledgments: We would like to thank all the people who supported us in conducting this study with their valuable comments

The transformative trajectory of education in the Fourth Industrial Revolution underscores the crucial role of integrating technology and education. This interdisciplinary domain is characterized by active and problem-based approaches such as game-based learning, blended learning, and project-based learning, which are of particular significance in response to changes brought about by the convergence of advanced technologies. In this context, the development of digital tools and artificial intelligence has created unprecedented opportunities for enhancing personalized and interactive learning. However, the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in developing countries, including Iran, has faced significant challenges, sparking debates regarding its impact on reducing hands-on experiences and practical engagement in educational settings. Furthermore, teachers' resistance to technological changes, financial constraints, and infrastructural limitations are among the major obstacles to this transformation. Given the increasing importance of digital educational content, this study systematically reviews the effectiveness and implementation of digital learning for girls and women. A systematic approach was employed to collect primary data, identifying 16 relevant studies. The findings indicate that digital learning positively influences girls' and women's engagement, enhances academic performance, and fosters interest in scientific subjects. Additionally, the use of blended learning methods and multimedia tools can strengthen critical thinking. However, the success of such programs requires continuous training, sustained support, and the development of flexible educational policies.

Illustrating children's book covers plays a significant role in conveying cultural concepts to them. The cultural identity of children can be indirectly reinforced by images that reference specific cultural concepts of a community or a region.This study aims to answer the question of how the cultural identity of girls and women is represented in the cover illustrations of children's stories in Arabic-speaking countries. To gain insight into cultural identity, particularly Arab identity among Arabic-speaking girls and women, it analyzes the statistical population. In this context, 249 cover designs from six Arab countries including Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE were examined for the age group (B). Results show that the UAE is the most wealthy nation in terms of cultural visual representations, while Syria is the least prosperous in this regard. Arab girls' and women's faces are prominent in most images, and the palm tree, a symbol of natural geography, plays a significant role in Arab identity, especially in Iraq publications. Older women on the cover illustrations are often veiled, and the veil is one of the most prominent visual symbols. Nevertheless, in Lebanon and Syria, this symbol is less prominent across all age categories. It appears that a general conclusion can be derived regarding the identity of Arab girls and women on the covers of children's books in Arabic-speaking countries in the present study. This identity is a combination of Arab and Islamic identity, with a particular emphasis on geographical and natural symbols.

Using hookah as one of the common forms of smoking is an old method, but now it has been widely welcomed by teenagers , In the meantime the prevalence of hookah consumption among teenage girls is of particular importance to the extent that it can provide the basis for the emergence of risky behaviors, considering the importance of the subject the present study has investigated the socio-psychological foundations of hookah consumption among adolescent girls by qualitative methods and using ethnography. For this purpose after completing the exploratory study, the ethnographic researcher has followed the objectives of the research by being present in the research field, complete field observations and conducting in-depth and formal interviews. The statistical population consisted of adolescent girls aged 12 to 18 living in Shiraz who use hookah in hangouts and public places of the city, of which 16 people were investigated as a study sample. Finally, after data collection and analysis, four key categories were extracted. The key categories related to the use of hookah by teenage girls include friendship and compatibility with the opposite sex, getting rid of problems, dealing with common restrictions and stereotypes, identifying and proving oneself, and spending free time. In general, it can be concluded that socio-psychological contexts and especially the "authenticity of friendship" with the opposite sex as a central concept in the formation and continuation of hookah use in adolescent girls, play a key role and the attention of researchers And policymakers absolutely need this concept.

Celibacy among women in Iran is on the rise. This phenomenon varies across different decades and contexts, influenced by social and cultural conditions, which can impart diverse meanings and biological patterns. One group experiencing definitive or semi- definitive celibacy is women in their sixties. The aim of the current research is to explore and analyze their lifestyles and methods of adapting to society. This qualitative study was conducted in Yazd in 2023. The participants included 15 unmarried women aged 35 and older from Yazd, who were selected purposefully. Data were analyzed using a semi-structured interview method. The results of the research indicate that the participants are inevitably living in a situation characterized by minimal psychological well-being. Despite this, they are compelled to adapt. Five relevant themes emerged from the study: adaptability, spiritualism, cognitive regeneration, , purposeful living, and attachment. Overall, the research demonstrates that the participants have developed a way of life that they can accept and manage, even while holding a somewhat unrealistic view of marriage. This adaptation allows them to enhance their mental and social well-being. However, despite these coping strategies, this group faces numerous challenges in achieving a sense of welfare, which necessitates greater attention from policymakers, particularly in the area of women's issues.

Identity formation during adolescence is of paramount importance, with gender identity being one of its key components. The present study, utilizing a phenomenological approach, seeks to portray the lived experiences of adolescent K-pop fans and examine the impact of K-pop on their gender identity and vice versa. The participants of this study include female middle school students in the city of Karaj, where data saturation was achieved through in-depth interviews with 19 individuals. The study’s findings consist of four main themes and eleven sub-themes. Key K-pop-related factors include "the role of K-pop enthusiast friends," "the role of social media in fostering interest in K-pop," and "the adolescent age range." The theme "gender identity of K-pop fans" is represented by sub-themes such as "the role of gender in choosing a favorite group" and "the role of gender in selecting a favorite personality." The theme "K-pop fans" is explored through sub-themes like "the role of gender in K-pop fandom" and "limited parental accompaniment coupled with warnings." The "implicit discourse of K-pop," one of the most significant themes identified, is represented by sub-themes such as "K-pop’s literary discourse and the creation of new concepts," "K-pop as a generator of a unique lifestyle," "the ideological discourse of K-pop," and "gender neutrality among K-pop fans." As a form of entertainment, K-pop possesses the capacity to transform into an independent discourse, exerting profound effects on the gender identity of adolescent girls.

Addiction to substances such as alcohol and marijuana as a global problem has taken a lot of time and money and even political and social actors all over the world. The main purpose of this study is a qualitative analysis of alcohol and marijuana use among girls in the city of Yasuj. The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 addict girls based on the grounded theory method and snowball sampling method. Data analysis was done by the method of extracting themes based on the sentence analysis unit and the three-steps coding method of open, axial and selective coding to identify the prominent themes and organize the research findings. Based on the thematic analysis of the interviews, 9 categories related to the process of alcohol and marijuana use are "low self-esteem and attempts to attract men's attention", "inappropriate family context", "targeted consumption", "economic aspects of consumption" "Ease of use and access", "Inefficiency of legal surveillance devices", "Scope of consumption", "Failure attempts for complete liberation" and "Experience of multiple injuries". These categories were categorized under the core category of "alcohol consumption as an inappropriate social constructivism and portentous self-medication of women." Alcohol and marijuana use, as an emerging phenomenon, is a growing trend among girls, which demands policymakers’ attention in the field of coping and prevention.

Girls with physical and motor disabilities represent one of the most vulnerable groups in contemporary society, possessing distinct needs and challenges compared to other segments of the population (Naghdi et al., 2023). Their disabilities are often subject to societal judgment, which can exacerbate their struggles (Blandul, 2024). This complex reality is further compounded by intersections with gender, class, poverty, and other social, cultural, political, and economic factors that shape their experiences (Amjad et al., 2023). Disability incurs significant social and health costs for these girls, leading to heightened stress and vulnerability (Schofield et al., 2024). As a result, disabled girls frequently become targets of stereotypes and discriminatory attitudes. This research aimed to explore the experiences and perspectives of disabled girls in Yazd City, addressing these questions: What experiences and mentalities does disability bring to these girls? How do they perceive, feel, and reinterpret disability within the contexts of family and society?

This study utilized a qualitative approach grounded in interpretive phenomenology based on the method developed by Dikelman et al. (1989). The participants were girls with physical and motor disabilities from Yazd City with a total of 18 individuals selected through purposive and theoretical sampling techniques. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, which were recorded with the participants' consent. After conducting the interviews and transcribing the conversations, the data were analyzed using Dikelman's analytical method. The interview locations were chosen for the comfort of the participants. To ensure the quality and reliability of the data, the researchers collected multiple pieces of information and direct quotes. A key ethical consideration was obtaining informed consent from both the participants and their parents, with interviews conducted only as long as the participants were comfortable. The data collection process spanned 9 months.

This article examined the experiences and perspectives of disabled girls through a qualitative lens. During the coding process, themes, such as identity stigma, leadership, marriage anxiety, forced confinement at home, educational challenges, inequality, and social restrictions emerged. The participants expressed that their disability was not the sole source of their difficulties; rather, it was the attitudes of family, peers, and society that had contributed to and exacerbated these challenges, creating a vicious cycle of limitations and exclusion. The girls reported that their families influenced by traditional and stereotypical beliefs feared social judgment and were often resistant to their pursuit of education, employment, and marriage. They perceived disability as a debilitating factor, instilling in them a sense of futility regarding their efforts. The belief that their movement difficulties and gender would render their aspirations fruitless further compounded their challenges.Participants noted that their limited mobility had prevented them from engaging in social situations. The absence of accessible facilities, such as ramps and elevators, along with inadequate transportation options and high travel costs, had created significant barriers to attending schools, universities, and workplaces. They highlighted that the partial implementation of laws and the lack of medical, educational, and employment support in organizational policies had led to their social exclusion. Moreover, the difficulties in commuting coupled with the meaningful stares, labels, and judgments from others had contributed to feelings of loneliness, depression, and a sense of being trapped at home.

The unexpected and rapid changes affected by modernity and globalization caused lots of challenges and contradictions in different areas such as religion and morality, especially in the case of women’s covers and hijab. In connection with that the pre-Islamic revolution’s generation of girls in Iran, are trying to contradict themselves with others by rethinking over the case of the hijab. This research, with the aim of analyzing the attitudinal differences of three decades of girls after the Islamic revolution about the case of hijab, has occurred by systematic analysis method using half-structured interviews with 29 women of Shiraz city. The demographic physiognomy of understudied women indicates that the majority have a university education with an average age of 25, and 13 people were constrained and 17 persons were against the hijab. The founded text of this research is categorized into 8 concepts/variants, political device, affirmation of friends, family’s inner value, self-hijab, social occasion-based hijab, sexual discrimination hijab, and duty hijab. Therefore, what can be argued as the result of this study is that putting on a hijab and cover according to religious values and norms are still counted as a core factor of the Iranian Islamic lifestyle? Even though nowadays women are struggling with a hijab with the challenges of modernity and traditions, in the way that our young girl generation’s clothing style has been reviewed and different styles and clothes are to be seen. The schools of humanism and liberalism and the effect of the globalization phenomenon have changed the view on hijab in the country.

The present research was conducted to study girls' understanding and perception of being in virtual space with a qualitative approach (case study). The sampling method is purposeful non-probability. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 15 single female students who use virtual space, internet and social networks, and the process of interviewing continued until reaching data saturation. In total, five major categories namely: the amount of girls’ use of cyberspace, the existing themes in cyberspace, the consequences of cyberspace for girls, media literacy of girls, and the general view of girls towards the expansion of cyberspace in society, and 9 subcategories namely: desire for management of use, topics less followed by girls, girls’ favorite virtual topics, advantages of cyberspace, communication disadvantages of cyberspace, negative and individual effects of cyberspace for girls, non-expression of violence in cyberspace, multidimensional view of cyberspace and the necessity of improving media literacy of society members have been extracted

Social and cultural changes have significantly impacted the family dynamic. Concurrently, there appears to be a reevaluation of the relationships, rights, and expectations between parents and children. The purpose of this research is to explore the perceptions and interpretations of girls born in the 2000s regarding family rights and expectations. This qualitative study was conducted in Yazd in 2024. Following the data saturation criterion, the research included 30 girls from the 2000s  who were purposefully selected as participants. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results indicated that the participating groups hold varying rights and expectations within the family, many of which are not recognized by numerous contributors. One of the most significant emphases expressed by the participants was the right to intimacy, particularly in their interactions with their fathers. The analyzed themes include contingent devotion, unidimensional fatherhood, material idolatry, the post-traditional trap, and emotional disconnection. The final theme of the research is intimate and multifaceted parenting.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of perceived social support in the relationship between parents' initial maladaptive schema with gender identity and behavioral disorders in female adolescents. The present study is a descriptive-correlation and the statistical population of the study was all female high school students in Mashhad and their parents who were studying in the 98-99 academic year. The sample of this study includes 369 students and their parents who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The research instruments included Zimet et al.'s (1988) Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, Young's Early maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (2003), Bam Gender Identity Questionnaire (1974), and the Eisenbach Behavioral Disorders Questionnaire (Form 11-18). Research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. The results showed that perceived social support has a mediating role in the relationship between parents' early maladaptive schemas and gender identity and the relationship between early parental maladaptive schemas and behavioral disorders in female adolescents. Also, there is a significant negative relationship between parents 'initial maladaptive schema with female gender identity and neutral female adolescents and a positive and significant relationship between parents' initial maladaptive schema with female adolescent behavioral disorders.

In recent years, there has been a notable increase in independent geographical mobility and migration among women, coinciding with changes in the status and role of women. Particularly from the standpoint of migrant women, the extent and repercussions of this phenomenon remain obscure. The purpose of this study is to understand the causes and effects of young women’s independent migration. The research was carried out utilizing a qualitative methodology. By means of semi-structured interviews, information was gathered from eighteen young women who migrated to Yazd on their own. Participants were selected using methods of purposfull-snowball sampling. Grounded theory coding were utilized to analyze the data. The analysis yielded seven primary themes, of which one was identified as the central theme. Preference for estrangement, housing constraints, job/financial security, independence, social distancing from the host community, misalignment, and familial pressure and control are the major themes. Additionally, a dual-identity construction was recognized as a pivotal motif. The results suggest that individuals develop a dual identity as a result of the mixture of an uncertain upbringing at home and a complex existence at the destination. Although they migrate in response to pressures and restrictions from their country of origin, acclimatization and life in their country of origin present obstacles. Due to their encounter with novel circumstances, they develop a dual identity.

This study aimed to compare social factors affecting the health-oriented lifestyle of mothers and female high school students in Sirjan city. The statistical population of the research includes female students of the second secondary level of Sirjan city along with their mothers. According to the statistics obtained from the education organization of Sirjan city, the number of female students was 3768. The sample size was calculated to be 350 people and sampling was done by cluster method. The tool used to collect information was a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart Pls software. The research findings showed that social support, social awareness, social capital and feeling of powerlessness have a significant and positive relationship with the health-oriented lifestyle of mothers and daughters. Comparing the statistical population of mothers and daughters, the effect of social support and social awareness on the health-oriented lifestyle of mothers was closer and stronger than girls. Also, the effect of the components of social capital and feeling of powerlessness on the health-oriented lifestyle of girls is closer and stronger than that of mothers. Considering that there was a significant relationship between social factors and the health-oriented lifestyle of mothers and daughters, it seems necessary that the relevant officials and policy makers should make more efforts to strengthen and promote these social factors.

The present study seeks to understand the lived experience of girls in the city of Tehran from the generational gap that have taken place in the society. In the last few decades, according to the changes in the cultural structure of the society, a favorable environment has been created for changes in the values and attitudes of social groups, especially the new generations of the Iranian society. The conceptual framework in the current research is based on the views of thinkers in the field of generational difference and value changes of generations. The qualitative research method is an interpretive phenomenological type, based on which 20 girls from the 70s were interviewed through the purposeful sampling method, and the data were analyzed and interpreted using the thematic analysis method. The results show that the girls of the 70s of Tehran, as a new generation, have special lived experiences such as: being cosmopolitan, religious modernism, becoming secular, modern lifestyle, modernity and modern identity, living in a plural and distinct world, and homeless mind. . In general, the generation of the seventies adjusts its life based on the values and beliefs of the modern world and adjusts and organizes its lived experiences accordingly.

Social changes in the Iranian family have resulted in various social constructs, such as  lenghty period of being singleness among women. The experience of celibacy varies across different cohorts and age groups. Considering the rise in age at marriage and increasing the number of unmarried women in society, this research aims to explore experience of celibacy among unmarried women who are 35 years and older in Yazd, Iran.  The present research is a qualitative inquiry carried out in 2023, involved 15 purposefully selected unmarried women as participants. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data, which was then organized into a thematic map. The results showed that majority of participants are dissatisfied with their single status, experiencing a  life filled with challenges related to their unmarried state. The research findings suggest that societal and cultural prejudices against single women, together with personal barriers, have negatively impacted their mental, emotional, and social well-being. The themes of the research include the coping with singleness, normative super-gaps, the challenges of discrimination and societal pressures, idealism, and uncertain life trajectory. The core theme is ‘postponed femininity’, signifying potential that remain unfulfilled. This research sheds light on both the individual and societal aspects of celibacy among  women in the baby boom cohort of 1980s and earlier periods. 

 Iranian society has been experiencing significant social and cultural shifts in recent decades. Among the institutions profoundly impacted by these shifts is the family unit. The concept of girls' celibacy is a socially constructed phenomenon, shaped by personal interpretation and lived experiences. Research indicates a rising trend of older unmarried women in Iran over the last two decades. According to the statistics by Statistical Center of Iran, the proportion of never-married indivisuals above age 40 has been on the rise since 1996. Also, the number of never-married women above 40 years old surpasses that of their male counterparts in the same age groups. Therefor, contemporary Iranian women confront historical and cultural barriers defined by traditiones on one side and the expansive force of social change in modern world on the other. For these women, celibacy can carry unique meanings, understandings, and interpretations.
Women from the baby boom cohorts of 1980s or earlier have faced celibacy in distinct way; they have seen their chances of marriage diminish, leading them towards lifelong singleness. Additionally, they are dealing with new social and cultural challenges and significant societal changes that make their experiences particularly unique. They reside within traditionl families from which they cannot escape from. They observe profound cultural shifts in the subsequent cohorts of women. They also have personal and social needs which, due to psychological and cultural constraints, cannot be conventionally resolved. In response to the research gap in this area, this research explores the perceptions and experiences of celibacy among a selected group of women in Yazd. Thus, the study poses the question: How does culture influence the state of celibacy? In other word, this research aims to explore the interplay between cultural context and celibacy.

The present research is a qualitative study was carried out among unmarried women aged 35 and older in Yazd, Iran. Data were gathered in 2023 through semi-structured interviews, with participants selected via targeted and heterogeneous sampling method to ensure maximum diversity. To provide richer descriptions and narratives about the research subject, participants included women from various educational levels, professions, as well as social statuses, as well as some immigrant who have settled in Yazd for a long period of time. The interview process continued until data saturation. The research employed thematic analysis. At the end of the study, an attempt was made to construct a thematic map to elucidate the findings and to better conceptualize the findings. 

Overal, the participants in the research found themselves in a conflicting and fragile situation, which left them unsatisfied,  with no apparent way out. They had experienced regret over missed opportunities for marriage, with many of their previous ideals that once guided them have largely not been fulfilled now. Participants are grappling with cultural, social, and familial challenges that complicate their adaptation to the evolving expectations of the younger generations. They find themselves in a phase of cultural deprivation where, despite the broader acceptance of celibacy, they experience societal neglect, particularly as single, home-bound women. Additionally, they are unable to adjust to new social realities. The participants' statements highlighted the significant  role of cultural elements in shaping celibacy and its implications. Amidst cultural shifts within a traditionally conservative milieu, our findings revealed a cultural residue, manifested in five main themes: coping with singleness, normative super-gaps, the challenges of discrimination and societal pressure, idealism, and uncertain life trajectory.

The research findings reveal that the persistence of femininity within the context of research is influenced by cultural and social changes.  It is crucial for fostering stability in cultural dimensions and attitudes at both the individual and societal levels,  especially concerning marriage and celibacy to overcome these challenges. It seems that moving beyond these conditions to a stage where marriage is not perceived as as an obstacle requires creating a supportive familial, cultural, and social environment that aligns with the evolving inclinations of women towards independence. It also necessitates paying attention to the physical aspect when discussing having children. A cultural realignment through a  reassessing gender roles is ncessary. In essence, social support mechanisms, such as enabaling independence in getting married and having children, creating a supportive environment for marriage at older ages, and redefining the ideal age for marriage, can effectively lower the celibacy rate among woment and motivate them to marry.

Work as one of the forms of human behavior has gained meaning in the form of life culture and the history of human life shows the importance of work and choosing a job. The process of choosing a job begins years before the end of high school education and continues until choosing a real job. Therefore, the present research has examined the understanding of the formation of career aspirations of teenage girls in Yazdi. The current research method is qualitative and the researcher looks for the underlying causes of girls' job expectations and their obstacles. In this study, the researcher interviewed 15 teenagers who were in the stage of choosing a major, and the age range of the participants was 15-16 years (9th and 10th grade). Then, using open, central and selective coding, the findings were analyzed and processed. The findings were presented in the form of 12 main categories, including structural walls, compassionate patronage, virtual hegemony, justice-avoidance platforms, fences in limited habits, inefficient educational system, and job burnout. The core category titled fear of job failure was extracted and based on that paradigm model and background theory were presented.

The aim of the current research is to analyze and study the experiences and perceptions, needs and how to spend free time of female students in Yazd University dormitory. The approach of the current research is qualitative and targeted sampling is used. The participants in this research were 12 undergraduate female students of Yazd University, whose information was collected through semi-structured interviews and the data was analyzed using thematic analysis method. Based on the results, 17 main themes and 112 secondary themes were identified. Students' positive experiences and perceptions of spending free time included 4 main themes: increasing social capital, improving psychological characteristics and practicing ethics, self-confidence and individual flourishing, acquiring skills and recognizing capabilities. In analyzing the negative experiences and perceptions of students' free time, 4 main themes have been identified including: cultural differences and stressful relationships, lack of communication skills, difficult and unstable environmental and psychological conditions of the dormitory, moral abnormalities. In the study of leisure time needs, 4 main themes including: social-cultural reforms, lack of services and equipment, interactive and intelligent planning, education and job creation have been obtained. In the study of the way of spending free time, 5 main themes including: education and learning, fun and entertainment, art-skill activities, intellectual-sports activities, cultural-social activities were obtained.

Success is one of the most recurrent social concepts in contemporary society, especially for teenage girls. All of us wish success for each other. Many media outlets and key speakers in seminars have motivated youth for success. As a result, success and achievement have become pervasive and global goals for generations. Our questions were as follows: What does success mean? How do young girls define success? Where does it come from? And what do they do to be successful? Our aim in this research was to explore and understand the concept of success from the perspective of teenage girls.

We used systematic grounded theory to carry out this research. The field of study was Yazd City. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 female students in grades 10, 11, and 12, aged between 15 and 18 years. The articipants were purposively selected from 4 schools, representing different socio-cultural areas of the city. The interviews were conducted after obtaining an informed consent at the schools. The interviews started with general questions about the participants' definitions of success. More specific questions were then posed as follows: What do you think are your obstacles to success? And what is your life plan for the future? The interviews were transcribed and analyzed. The data were analyzed using grounded theory coding (Straus & Corbin, 1998) in 3 phases: open, axial, and selective coding. After reading each part of the interviews, an initial concept was assigned (coded). Then, the concepts with the same meanings were clustered into categories and a core category emerged from merging of the main categories. The main categories were illustrated with a paradigm model, including phenomenon, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, action strategies, and consequences. Trustworthiness of the findings and coding process was evaluated through peer checks and member checks. We shared our findings with the participant girls to validate the constructed codes and categories.

The data were presented in the form of 9 main categories in addition to a core category. The main categories included thirst for independence, virtual life, centrality of money, feeling of gender limitation, instrumental interaction, seeking distinction, self-improvement, multiple pressures, and migrant mind. The meta-contextual construction of individuality emerged as the core category.Thirst for independence: The need for independence was powerful among the participants. Being at a turning point in their maturation and facing individualistic values from the media had increased their need for independence. Our teenage participants wanted to achieve their goals on their own, have a private sphere, and make decisions for their own future.Virtual life: They spent a lot of time on the internet and social media. They met and talked with their friends online. They thought about fame on the web and becoming famous in the cyber world was an important drive for them. Their values and lifestyle were more affected in the virtual space.Centrality of money: Living a rich life and having money was an important value for our teenage participants. They saw money as the main problem-solver in various aspects of life.Feeling of gender limitation: Our female participants compared themselves to boys in different spheres. They believed that girls have more limitations when it comes to achieving success.Instrumental interaction: From the participants' point of view, interaction with other people was seen as a means to achieve success. They evaluated and interacted with people based on how they could help them succeed, especially in terms of material and benefits.Seeking distinction: Many young girls' actions were oriented towards making a difference from others. They wore different clothes, tried to have different forms of entertainment, and presented themselves in a distinctive way to stand out from others.Self-improvement: Achievement and success were the main driving forces for our participants, motivating them to improve themselves through learning new skills and acquiring knowledge. They made efforts to learn foreign languages and develop artificial skills with the aim of enhancing their future job prospects.Multiple pressures: The participants faced various sources of pressure, including family and relatives, school and education, and economic concerns. They also felt the pressure of changing success criteria within their community, which caused them stress as they tried to meet these evolving expectations.Migrant mind: Living in an era of internet and social media, the participants desired to be part of a developed and welfare-oriented society. Their criteria for success were more global in nature rather than being limited to their local context. Although they lived in their homecountry, they held global ideals.The teenage participants exhibited an individualistic and materialistic view of success. They considered themselves successful when they were able to express their individuality and accumulate material possessions and wealth. They expressed their individuality through shopping and spending money. Their definition of success was detached from their socio-cultural context as it was influenced by their identities and interactions on the global and virtual platforms, leading to a sense of detachment from their immediate surroundings

The primary goal of this study is to observe conceptual changes in loyalty. The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, the most important innovative aspect of this study is that it attempts to analyze the experience of two generations of daughters and mothers in the field of loyalty understanding. Also, another innovative aspect of this study is that it intends to deal with their strategies for achieving loyalty and confronting disloyalty. Theoretical concepts such as Bowman's "Liquid Love," Giddens' "Pure Relationship Theory," Illouz's "Emotional Capitalism," Badiou's "In Praise of Love," and "Ideal Types of social actions" were used to raise theoretical sensitivities. The research method is thematic analysis. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The samples were Tehranin married daughters aged 23-33 and their mothers (13 mothers and 13 daughters). Based on the primary and the secondary objectives, we grouped 15 main categories into three demeans. The first dimension is the semantic conception of loyalty, including multiple elements of loyalty meaning, intergenerational interpretation of loyalty concept, liberating loyalty, loyalty as the commitment to housekeeping roles, and commodified love and loyalty; the second dimension contains strategies which include: the restorative insight of mothers, daughters' eliminative reaction, effective persuasion, legitimation strategy, a ternary mixture of "conversation, counseling, friendship-basis," and reconsideration in the relationship; We named the final dimension as intervenors, which includes: the shadow of the paternal family and mothers being as referent, religious-moral beliefs and guarantees of loyalty, fear of disputes escalation in case of family intervention, and the importance of the chosen strategies in crucial situations. The findings show a diversity of meanings related to loyalty among participants. A) The dominant concept of loyalty in both generations is sexual and emotional betrayal. b) Another common meaning is that loyalty is a kind of relationship based on adherence to commitment, roles, and responsibilities.  c) Another meaning of generally emphasized loyalty, is loyalty as a kind of inner emotional bond, a high level of intimacy, love, and the expression of love. d) Loyalty is one of the most important moral and religious principles emphasized by mothers. e) Loyalty is meaningful as long as it does not hinder their freedom as seen in daughters. The results show that the meaning of loyalty largely depends on the age of participants, mothers commonly percept disloyalty as betrayal, and daughters who are closer to their mothers in terms of age have a similar definition, but in younger daughters, the definition of loyalty is more biased to concepts such as love, intimacy, and liberation. Religious beliefs influence the choice of strategies, especially in mothers; The academic capital of mothers and daughters affects the way they interpret loyalty, and those with higher academic capital, even in more socially prestigious areas, have newer and more modern perceptions of loyalty, which has been mentioned in the previous chapters; The cultural capital, primarily academic capital, in the family, especially in mother, play a very important role helping daughter in choosing strategies while facing challenges, when cultural capital is high, her experience and guidance, make solving daughter's marital issues easier, directing daughters to the efficient family consultations, sticking to conversations instead of spreading issues to the families, are some of such strategies. On the other hand, when the cultural capital is low, facing issues incorrectly by both parties, disloyalty, or even a sense of it, lead to divorce; age also has an impact on choosing strategies. The restorative strategies are more common to mothers, while eliminative one, commodified emotional relationships, and consultation are more common among daughters. Mothers rarely use consultation, sometimes with an incorrect imagination of it because of encouraging youth to divorce; Low economic capital affects chosen strategies in both daughters and mothers. Those from weaker economic backgrounds often opt for restorative and legitimation strategies over eliminative ones. An eliminative strategy is more common among economically independent people