دوره

Today, due to the technological change, increase of economically active population and changes in occupational structure, tendency of job change is shifted in different periods and age groups. This issue is highlighted among the higher education graduates.
The aim of this study is to identify and explore the socio-economic and demographic dimensions the tendency of job change among the higher education graduates in Iran with emphasis on population age-structure during 2005 -2015 period.Data are mostly taken from the Labor Force Sampling Project which is conducted by the statistical center of Iran (2005-2015). Statistical population of study is total number of higher education graduates between 20 to 64 years old ( N=259085).
The results shows that the tendency of  job change pattern among the higher education graduates vary in terms of sex, marital status, current migration experience, work timing ,educational courses and the main occupational groups by controlling age and period variables.In average, the rate of tendency of job change was approximately 15 percent.Enough attention to importance and effectiveness of demographical factors on labor market of expert and higher educated in the body of macro socio-economic policy-making is research policy requirement.

The European authors and thinkers in classic period and particularly Romantic one were searching the root and basis of European culture and languages. The decoding of Sanskrit emphasized the centrality of the Orient for European culture. Goethe, the famous poet and author of Germany, under the influence of this movement and for his own interest, studied the works of orientalists too. Alltough he never went to the Orient, however, the study and survey of the translation the books by the Orient authors and poets, for him, was spiritual travel to the Orient. Particularly, during the study and survey he acquainted with the poeti-cal works of Hafez which exerted a strong influence on him and thus he created an attractive compilation in German language. The West-östlicher Divan of Goethe is the result of his spiritual travel to the Orient and, in effect, it is a description which joins the two poles of world (East and West). The description of Goethe’s life, his spiritual travel to the east, his acquaintance with Hafez and finally the West-östlicher Divan form the four parts of this ar-ticle.

This paper deals with the philosophical aspects of nationalism and pan-Islamism in view of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, a great poet and philosopher of sub-continent. The paper examines in an analytical way, how Iqbal’s concept of nationalism is different from Western brand of nationalism and coincided with Jamal-u-din Afghani’s ideal of pan-Islamism. The paper discusses how Iqbal reconciled his ideal with the real world-over dynamics, especially in the Muslim world after World War II. It is further ar-gued that how far his idea of Nationalism and his concern for Muslim unity had relevance to the con-temporary Muslim world, particularly in the context of predicament faced by the Muslim Ummah.