رویکرد انتقادی

The fertility rate in Iran has reduced so far in cities which does not reach to the substitution level and the increase of the couples that have chooses voluntary childlessness. leads to serious concerns. In this study, we concentrated to investigate the socio economic and personal factors influencing the couple decisions toward voluntary childlessness and the way they came to consensus on that.We have done this study with qualitative approach and method on the people who have had the experience of having no child deliberately. The findings show much of the studied couples experienced some fluctuations to receive the decision and one of them had more doubt and hesitation. According the findings we derived some external and internal(personal) factors . Milieu factors include uneffective social structures, institutional conflicts on child rearing, increasing economic inflation, and worries about the future environmental resources and individual factors include having critical approach toward society rules, priority of personal goals,disliking the child upbringing, heaviness of child rearing responsibility, having no logical reason for the generation continuity, satisfaction of no child life style, risks of pregnancy, the type of emotional relationship with spouse and fear of developing a new emotional attachment

Within the field of strategic management, several sources have been compiled, one of the most popular of which is the book "Strategic Management" by F. R. David, translated by S. M. Aarabi and Ali Parsaeian. The purpose of this study is to review and critique this book. A worksheet utilizes to review textbooks and university books of the Iranian council for reviewing books and text on human sciences. A critical review of the research included the author, appearance, structure, and content of the book. According to the findings, in the international academic community, David is not recognized as thoughtful in the strategic field. David's book has a good logical structure, and from a scientific point of view, it has a legitimate gain. Also, the book chapters are well organized based on substance, and the author has attempted to incorporate the main topics of his model completely in different parts of the book. In terms of content quality, the book is desirable from the reader's point of view (not from the attitude of an executive). The main advantages of the book, for-profit approach of the presented tools, and the main weakness of the book can be considered in the lack of expression of scientific principles and views of experts in the field of strategic management in the book chapters. There are also problems with translating the original text and problems in Persian literature and writing.

In all countries of the world, urban management is one of the dynamic forces of the city. Among these, various urban development plans are the most important tools of urban management intervention on behalf of the government. The present article aims to analyze the effects of urban development projects on the destruction of historical-identity sites in Mashhad, the causes of land use change and destruction of valuable historical buildings and structures in Mashhad and evaluation of urban actions and projects in the central part of Mashhad Has been. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. In the spatial analysis section, visual interpretation of old aerial photographs and satellite images with a resolution of 0.5 meters has been used. The analytical framework of the research is formed by emphasizing Lefebvre's three concepts of space dimensions, including spatial practice, representational space, especially spatial representation. The results show that the policies and urban plans implemented in the central part of Mashhad have seriously damaged its historical identity. The depopulation representation in this space has not been able to preserve the historical context, even as a single building, and has led to the depopulation and de-functionalization of the historical contexts of Mashhad and the disappearance of the concept of neighborhood in these ancient areas.

Due to the significant position of English Language Teaching (ELT) coursebooks in Iranian education system which have been developed on the basis of the macro educational documents and consequently have paid attention to the Iranian-Islamic culture, we can see some research on studying the cultural content of such books. Reviewing such works reveals that such coursebooks have not been studied from the teachers' attitudes. Because of the importance of teachers' perceptions and attitudes, in this paper, based on two opposing important camps of thought, namely the liberal and critical approaches, which the former insists on integrating the English-speaking cultural content and the latter insists on incorporating the culture of learners' society, a qualitative survey on the topic of culture, its dimensions and representations in newly-developed ELT coursebooks was conducted. The findings reveal that their perceptions on the topic are mostly limited to the surface aspects of culture and in general they tend to the liberal approach. As a result, they have a negative view toward the books. Undoubtedly, they cannot accompany the new program and consequently obtaining the goals of such transition and change in ELT program in Iranian education system will face some challenges.

This article reviews Michel Foucault’s late work, entitled What Is Critique and the Care of the Self, which deals with both the content of the book and its Persian translation. Foucault’s most recent work, especially in this book, deals with the subject of Kantian Enlightenment and the question of the ethics of taking care of a particular attitude to the subject and its governance and upbringing to express its critical view of modernity and social and moral structures. What is Foucault’s critique of the Kantian epistemological approach to the question of “what can I know?” Redirects to the critical question and believes that critique is a redefined movement that gives the subject the right to know the truth about his power effects and the power of his truth discourses. Ask a question. Concerning the second part of the book, one can also summarize Foucault’s words about his upbringing in his aesthetic attitude, something that Foucault himself emphasizes. He believes that it is an artwork in itself. An art work that everybody has to make, and everybody has it in their own way. Regarding the evaluation of the Persian translation of this book, it can be said that although it has been translated into fluent and fluent language, the lack of an introduction by the Persian translators and the lack of a profile and last references of the book and some incorrect translations of Latin terminology are some of the shortcomings of this work.

The purpose of this study was to review and criticize the theory of Iranian modernity, Ali Mirsepasi, as one of the most important analyses that has been done on the Iranian in face of modernity which has tried to present multiple models of modernity as a new theory. The current study has used the analytical-critical method, while analyzing the main features of the theory of Iranian modernity, evaluating and criticizing its critical and positive aspects in the study of contemporary Iranian developments. Shortcomings of his analysis include paying great attention to the intellectual and cultural aspects of Iranian modernity while not paying attention to the structural and institutional aspects of it which effects the development of modernity. Moreover role of intellectuals in promoting political Islam and traditional forces and institutions in the Islamic Revolution have not been addressed. One of the most important findings of the current research is shedding light on positive aspects of his proposed model, which is based on the diversity of cultural and historical experiences of modernity and the attempt to draw a non-European-oriented image of it. The general result of this research indicates that the theory of Iranian modernity, while presenting a new approach and perspective to the study of contemporary Iranian history, postpones some of its crucial aspects emphasizing the need for new research.

Socio-cultural reading is one of the most important approaches in cultural history, which is highlighted in the book "An Introduction to the Cultural History of the Body in Iran". In this article, the methodology and content of the text begins with the question of: how the use of discourse approach in the cultural history of the body has an impact on the authors of the book and their reading of the sources and events of Iranian history and which are its strengths and weaknesses? By using a critical approach and historical analysis, the discussion can be achieved in an attempt to formulate a new history of Iran, provide a different interpretation of the understanding of history, highlight the sociological approach and cultural studies of the body, interpret the cover as cultural, political and religious mentioned the use of literary and illustrated sources with the aim of strengthening the socio-cultural history approach. However, the universal and detailed view as a result of the dominance of the holistic and theory-based approach in the text of the work is impaired and several historical data can be presented that challenge the inference of the authors of the book. On the other hand, the four divisions of the historical periods of Iran into the imperial era, the constitutional era, the modern era, and the religious era in different seasons have serious problems and do not correspond to the periods of Iranian history.

The book “An Introduction to the Indexes of Islamic Banking” aims to pave the way for realizing the Islamic banking system through the development of its scientific foundations. Like many other scientific works, this book has both  some positive and negative points which are enumerated in this paper. So, in order to highlight its positive points and help to correct the shortcomings, this paper tends to review the book critically using the analytical-descriptive method. The pros of this book are as follows: Addressing the issue of justice in banking and its indexes, critical approach to the process of interest-free in Iran's banking system and the introduction of an Islamic index in this regard, the critique of the banking system from the point of view of being infected with usury, often based on a philosophical approach and considering other Sharia compliant circumstances in Islamic banking (including jeopardy). On the other hand, the most important shortcomings of the book are as follows: weakness in indexing, noncompliance of indicators with Islamic banking theoretical foundations, no discussion on some of the most important religious rules of transactions in Islamic banking, and no thorough discussions.

Poverty and inequality in Iran is a phenomenon whose depth and breadth has attracted the attention of social and economic thinkers and has been studied from various perspectives. "The Necessity of Fighting Poverty and Inequality in Iran" by SaeedMadaniQahfarhchi is one of the research findings. Reviewing and criticizing these studies is a necessary prerequisite for defining literature on poverty and inequality in Iran. From the methodological point of view, the present paper criticizes this book and provides some theoretical imperatives and a way to complete it.In a critique, this article is not seen as a defect, which provides some suggestions for the completion of this project with an empathy position. After the introduction of the effect of some shortcomings, the chapters of the book are discussed, and in the next step, with the systematic analysis of the methodological, theoretical, and epistemological perceptions of the book, is introduced.
The result of this article is that the approach of the book is more descriptive and does not provide an explanation of poverty in Iran. Accordingly, the book does not introduce the category of inequality and its causes and reasons in Iran.The lack of a deliberate look and a definite stance on poverty and inequality in this book is one of the main points that this article emphasizes.

The spread of English language in the era known as globalization has had various consequences for linguistic, cultural, social, political and educational systems, whose results have been emergence of some sweeping discussions, trends and criticisms around the subject. The study of the current situation in Iran indicates that despite the growing spread of English language, not only a comprehensive plan has not been prepared to deal with this trend, but also certain aspects of this important issue have been neglected in the existing studies. The present study is an attempt to pursue the following introducing the trend though briefly; shedding light on the necessity of promoting English language in different areas, while confirming some cultural, social, political and ideological differences between the Iranian and English-speaking societies; and presenting an effective strategy – based on existing viewpoints and through a critical approach – for dealing with English language, particularly in education sector that plays the most important role in systematic promotion of English language in Iran.

Postmodernism is a result of the convergence between the philosophical turn in approaches to the nature of aesthetics and the increasing flow of media in today’s world. It can be suggested that media is both a cause and an effect of postmodernism. On the other hand, media depict, both directly and indirectly, association and transformation of phenomena. As such, media is a powerful critical tool which can scrutiny everything (even itself) with critical eyes. Media is able to create surreal and imaginary visual settings, an ability which enables it to fulfil aesthetic needs of the postmodern philosophy for creating illusions of reality and producing meta-realities. The present paper aimed to study how cinema, as a visual medium, is used to depict failures of postmodernism in the area of urbanism. Several two-dimensional matrixes were therefore designed, whose dimensions included critical formal aspects of the postmodern city and formal elements of cinema. The final matrix presents a visual conception of postmodern urban themes and systematically illustrates different critical aspects of the postmodern city as depicted in cinema. The paper also suggests that imagination and business, as two aspects of postmodern urbanism, have been depicted more than other aspects and that function, similarity and repetition, and difference and variation were used more than other formal elements.

Because of its methodological innovation and of taking a converse view towards the social issues, the thought of Michel Foucault, has been received positively in Iran as well as in other countries; so that studies of researchers in the humanities have been influenced by Foucault's principles and ideas. But there exists a major problem in the use the Muslim thinkers make of Foucault's ideas, and it is the insensitivity to the requirements and cultural-intellectual climate of Iran's Islamic community. Such insensitivity leads to deviations from the proper path of predominant intellectual-cultural climate which will be followed by a way of explaining, as far as the political-social issues are concerned. Therefore, in this paper, we use the critical approach of sociology, which constitutes our most important objective. It helps us to provide the correct understanding of human science researchers. To achieve this we, on the one hand, review and critically evaluate the foundation of Foucault thought, and other hand, we conduct a case study on several of his followers. Finally, what we reached in doing this critical research and analytical-descriptive survey is that adoption or incorporation of Foucault's ideas is not compatible with the basic idea of religion. This is because of principles of relativism and rejection of meaning and of the fact. But it is desirable and can be considered by us, as it attracts attention to an external matter. Yet one must be careful not to be trapped in settings set by historicity.

This article looks at some obstacles of the social science development in Iran. It assumes that society is based on a power structure and hence the social science, as an integrated part of scientific and cultural aspects of every society, cannot function and be analyzed separated from power relations. Social science in Iran is not an exception and has always been affected by power structure and relations. Crisis in the social science theory and methodology in Iran is the product of numerous factors; one is domination of the formal vision – acting as a dominant ideology in power relations – which requires theories be matched with their expectations. Hencea critical approach, which is a stimulus for growth and enrichment of social science, has not foundits roots in the official research. Political economy of Iran has dominated relationships in a society where there is no need to produce science, in general and social science in particular. This is why the presence of social science in policy making has not been welcomed by the conservatives in the power structure. This is why two primary goals of social science – i.e., growth of knowledge and contribution to the public policy – have not been manifested. Research and academia systems in Iran are prevented from establishing a universitybased dialogue. These limitations are mainly products of a lack of philosophy of organization of the sciences in Iran, which in itselfis a byproduct of cultural and political barriers stemming from the contemporary political economy of Iran. The social science has a rich potential to make a desirable society in Iran and to contribute to the political project of national development. This contribution can be materialized provided some conditions are met. One is that to understand the overall achievement of the social science –i.e., social science theories are only conjectures of the outer realities and social phenomena – amends expectations of the political elites and social science researchers from social science potentials. This fact erects the views of the former and provides a better interaction to the latter. The social science can be committed to a future that makespossible adjustment to changing circumstances. Although unprecedented for control, information technology has provided new frontiers to human being's capacities that by changing organization of work, production and power relations it has created new opportunities for individual freedom and public participation, transforming our understanding of social phenomena. Thus, we can expect that social science in Iran too can reconstruct itself using these new capacities. Nevertheless, in this reconstruction process, reviewing dominant discourses of social science and incorporating indigenous cultural elements constitute a necessary condition.

The thinking skills training، especially critical thinking ones، has received due consideration since the intent times. The multi-domain nature of the issues related to the human society has increased the significance of the critical thinking training (C. T. T.) as the basis for interdisciplinary courses. This paper addresses such training through interdisciplinary approaches focusing on the following issues: How to think about the logical principles underlying each topic، training the key principles of thought، thought and its significance in changing an individual into a critical thinker، thinking training within a specific domain، how to realize the underlying logics and thought in a text، significance of asking questions in C. T. T.، and considering the issues through various conflicting views. Based on the critical approaches، and acquired model was introduced to C. T. T.