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“Impossible Languages”, written by the Italian linguist and neurologist Andrea Moro, and published in 2016 by the MIT Press, includes themes that were also covered in parts of Moro’s previous book, “The Boundaries of Babel: The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible Languages” (Moro, 2015; translated from Italian into English, with a foreword by Noam Chomsky). The book is organized into eleven chapters, and, together with the list of references and an index, contains a total of 145 pages. In this book, the author explores what makes human language unique and different from any other communication system — the so-called fingerprint of human language, as referred to in the book — and presents interesting theoretical and empirical evidence in favor of a biological interpretation of human language structure, which includes some of the latest findings from neuroimaging studies in the last two decades. The present article will briefly look at the content of the book.

Speech in the theater is the most essential part of the dramatic context, because the word is the main ability of the dramatic character for internal and external expressions. The launch of any dramatic flow is done by the formation of the story by the dramatic characters; A thing that can only be realized by the speech of the same characters. Even other expressive elements such as mimicry or physics that promote a kind of dramatic expression are a function of the verbal communication of the characters. The findings of this descriptive and analytical research based on library documents show that the native language in the local theater is not only one of the most important elements of the drama, but it is also considered the most important factor due to the theater's verbal base. Since the audience of the native theater often needs to understand words to communicate and understand and interpret it, having a native language can be of great help in understanding and analyzing the theatrical work. Local theater contains a message in an overt or encrypted form - of course, in the envelope of the subject and with a special story - which is sent by the writing and performing group to the recipient of the message, the audience. In this connection, language as the most important element has a functional role. The researcher believes that the people of a region can easily establish a close relationship with the theatrical works in their own color and canvas that use the index of the native language, and in addition to the visual and auditory pleasure, from the angles of the hidden and hidden verbal games. benefit and complete the process of theatrical discourse so that the message is fully presented to the audience through the native language.

Civilization is the highest level of development and the result of the hard and soft achievements and capitals of a human society that emerges based on the contribution of its constituent components at different levels in human societies. One of the most important tools in the foundation of civilization is language, which with its unparalleled communication capability, can have valuable civilizational functions. Paying attention to the civilizational functions of language and examining its effectiveness as the most important human communication tool can be effective in recognizing the gaps facing a civilization. For this purpose, the present study intends to deal with the issue of the relationship between language and civilization and the civilizational functions of the civilization-building language with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the present study indicate that language can be used in accreditation of civilization, determining the levels of civilization-building thought, production and reproduction of civilization, increasing its power and effectiveness in the internal and external spheres of a land, teaching the norms of civilization and transmission of new investments and achievements. Therefore, in order to strengthen the new Islamic civilization and this communication tool, it is necessary to strengthen the capabilities which actually exist in the language of civilization in question and to pave the way for creating the necessary but missing capabilities in such a language.

The process of identity construction has been of high interest to modern critical approaches in the human sciences in general and sociological and psychoanalytical approach in particular. The present paper seeks to explore the subjectivity formation and identity construction process in the characters of William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury in terms of Lacanian structuralist paradigm. Versatile theoretical standpoints concerning the definition and mechanism of the unconscious have caused different readings of the subject. The theoretical framework of the present study focuses on the critical concepts of psychoanalysis including the unconscious and identity formation in both Freud and Lacan. Also, the Lacanian concept of subjecthood in the social milieu of the subject constitutes another theoretical framework of the present paper. The study demonstrates how the parents’ behavior and attitudes towards the children in Compson family shapes the latter’s subjectivity and their ultimate state of Identity. The employment of the psychoanalytical concepts of the repressed desire, the structure of the unconscious, linguistic alienation, the name of the father and the signifiers of the lingual system fully indicates the central role and inevitable impact of both the Symbolic and the social milieu in the emergence of subjectivity. The subjectivity construction of the major characters in William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury is processed in and by the socio-cultural context in which they were brought up, and is represented in their unconscious desires and tangible manners.

Linguistic anthropology, as one of the most important subfields of anthropology, seeks to examine how language, as a social entity, plays an active role in the life of a society and encodes various aspects of social relations in a society. This branch of science, which is interdisciplinary in essence, tries to study the linguistic phenomena in a social context instead of in a vacuum, and thus decipher the hidden social components behind the use of different linguistic levels, from phonology and lexicography to syntax and semantics. The present article critically examines “Living Language: An Introduction to the Anthropological Linguistics” written by Laura M. Ahearn aims to show how the hidden social spheres of language, such as culture, thought, socialization, gender, race, ethnicity, power, etc. can be studied in terms of linguistic use in different contexts. By considering language as a map, we can find a way to understand the society in question.

After encountering the western civilization, Iranian society faced a big problem, and that was Iran's backwardness in the circle of modernity. The solution of Iranian intellectuals, from Mirza Agha Khan Kermani to Ali Shariati, despite many differences, was to preserve the national identity against the Western and Arab differences, or to return to the Iranian self, which was once the heart of the world; But this Iranian identification was a source of much controversy. In this research, relying on Zia Ebrahimi's theory of nationalism and based on Skinnery's method, Shadman's solution of Pahlavi era intellectuals in facing the issue of Iranian backwardness is analyzed. Dislocation nationalism considers the Arab invasion as the cause of Iran's backwardness and the way out of it is to return to the identity of ancient Iran, but civil nationalism looks for the cause of backwardness in the inefficiency and internal weakness of the society, whose solution in legalism is to preserve the identity. It sums up the national with all its diversity and the use of all capacity-building identities. Therefore, our central question in this research in the face of Shadman's thought is, what is Shadman's solution to compensate for Iranian backwardness? Shadman shows us that the way of development in the modern era is to maintain and modernize the national identity through the language tool, and the conquest of Western civilization through scientism is influenced by that. Therefore, he does not have a one-dimensional and technical view of identity and language.

Because of its clear presentation of topics, comprehensive scope and its illustrative application of theories, “Language, Mind and Culture: A Practical Introduction” by Zoltán Kövecses has secured its place as a textbook of Cognitive Linguistics. That is why the book has been translated into Persian. However, its erroneous Persian translation has not managed to preserve the original book’s merits and has sometimes misinformed or even misled the reader. Most of the problems with the Persian translation constitute formal defects, including conspicuous misspellings and wrong equivalents for proper nouns, and content mistakes, including wrong renderings of general and technical terms and incorrect translations that produced vague or even unintelligible sentences. After giving a broad outline of the original and its contents, the present review has enumerated the various types of the defects in its Persian translation with numerous examples in order to illustrate and correct some of its critical flaws and also to put forward a proposal for the total revision of the translation.

The book “Sociological Research in Modern Persian Fiction” is the translation of the book “A Study of Recent Persian Prose Fiction with Special Reference to the Social Background” written by Reza Navabpour, which is one of the most accurate books on the analysis of contemporary Iranian fiction. By the dialectic examination of literature and history, from the Constitution revolution to the 1979 revolution, the author has studied not only major historical events, but also micro-political events with a deep critical looking, and how they have Influenced fiction. Despite the socio-historical approach to contemporary fiction, relying on no sociological theory, but in the method of new historicism critics, it examines contemporary fiction in relation to heterogeneous and conflicting discourses and shows the implicit positions of the text in relation to those discourses. But the characteristics of the translation of the book by Abolghasem Serri; Including the inconsistency of the type of translation with the text and subject of the book, linguistic, structural and content nonchalance, misleading and unpleasant purism, which may inadvertently involve the reader in the language of the text, has led to an inaccurate translation.

This paper reconceptualizes social transformations in post-war Iran by showing how the globalization of objects harnessed a qualitatively distinct form that politics took in Tehran between 1989 and 1997. It demonstrates that the “post-Islamist” liberal discourse of the reforms came into being in relation to the newly imported objects to which it referred and by means of which it proliferated. Conversely, the “Islamist” vocabulary of the second-generation Hezbollahies came into a new formation in relation to the same imported asymmetrical objects to which key segments of the impoverished population had no access. Thus, reformist and Hezbollahie discourses, along with the material things that afforded them, occasioned the rise of two unique modes of life that were not simply distinguished by different ideas, but also by asymmetrical global objects. I use a significant array of primary and secondary sources, including relevant literature, politically instrumental media, and critical information secured through interviews in Iran. I conducted semi-structured interviews with 32 individuals in order to understand how objects from bodies to attire to foods were regularized in Iran between 1981 and 1997, and focused on the policies and contingencies that enabled their proliferation. Moreover, I conduct quantitative sampling of newspapers to explore the relations between the circulation of distinct objects and words. I analyzed the most important newspapers from 1977 to 1997 in Iran, including Kayhan, Jomhuri-e Eslami, Etelaat, Resalat, Hamshahri, Salam, Yalasarat, and Shalamcheh. The research design aimed to examine whether the increased circulation of certain public objects is associated with the increased circulation of certain terms, and whether the decreased proliferation of certain public objects is associated with the decreased dissemination of other terms. A time-frame was designated during which a positive correlation is shown to exist between certain objects and certain terms that either emerged simultaneously, or were eliminated together from the public. This analysis is central to understanding the links between words and their material referents, and their political implications in Iran. The paper provides a material account of the emergence of two distinct political vocabularies that proliferated across Iran between 1989 and 1997. It explores how the circulation of asymmetrical objects, that is, newly imported consumer goods, afforded two different signifying chains. In the process, the paper illustrates how the inflow of global objects enabled the public circulation of liberal terms such as “freedom” and “plurality.” One was now “free” to choose between various soft drinks, attire, and foreign cars within the emerging “plural” markets. The more international objects were imported, the more liberal terms circulated through them, and the more these terms were disseminated, the more demand they generated for the import of foreign things so that the appearance and subsequent regularization of global objects were central to the formation of a post-Islamist liberal vocabulary in Iran during the 1990s. The same imported objects, however, engendered a different set of words and ideas among key segments of the impoverished population. The politico-Islamic vocabulary of martyrdom was mobilized in a new way in relation to the dispersion of the same international objects to which the impoverished had no access. Whereas the term “justice,” for instance, had been deployed in relation to vengeance against Saddam during the Iran-Iraq conflict, it now referred to closing the gap in the public distribution of asymmetrical foreign objects. In other words, while old Hezbollahie terms remained constant from the dawn of the revolution, the referents for these terms had changed so that the regularization of global objects in Iran was also central to the reconfiguration of the Hezbollahie vocabulary. By exploring the relations between things and political discourses, the paper illustrated how the globalization of objects was central to the assemblage of a new form that politics took in Tehran between 1990 and 1997. In so doing, the paper focused on objects as distinct kinds of mediums that can afford, by means of their materiality, alternative systems of signs, and contesting backgrounds of shared meaning.

Linguistics should be considered as the study of Avestan, Iranian and Sanskrit languages; Languages that are the basis of Indo-European languages. The main function of language is to communicate, that is, to transfer information from one person to another. The aim of the present study is etymological and phonological study of 174 thousand words from the entries of the 12-volume set of Lexicon Encyclopedia of Noghabaei acronymed LEON. The method of the present study is census; That is, the sample includes the entire statistical population, which is equal to 174,000 English words done over a period of 16 years. Findings obtained through etymology and phonology indicate that about ninety percent of the words in English (including Latin, German, Greek, Slavic, etc.) are of Iranian origin, or better to say "Aryan". Therefore, the concept of "Proto=Indo-European Language" on the one hand and the concept of "Indo-European Language" on the other hand cannot be an utter umbrella for this language family and instead "Proto-Aryan language" and "Aryan Language" are suggested. In addition, existing domestic and foreign educational systems cannot have deep efficiency due to lack of correct knowledge of etymology and morphology, which despite the knowledge, several languages of this family simultaneously in a training course can be learned and taught and beyond that, the way of looking and worldview of four billion people towards life will be changed respectfully.

The present research aims to study the of Cultural Identity of migrant Lak living in Namjoo Neighborhood of Tehran with emphasis on the language component. Thus, a qualitative approach, snowball sampling, semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 17 informants  were used. The interviews were analyzed using a thematic analysis. According to the findings, the belonging and adhering, reflexivity and redefining of the Lak language, are not the same among the first and second generations and also between migrants men and women. Different socialization conditions play an important role; Unlike, the community of origin, the host community leaves an important part of identification and acculturation to the individual, which, in addition to individual differences, highlights generational differences in the formation of identity. Thus, over time and the replacement of generations, a new cultural identity shaped Which passes through the language. a kind of integration strategy (Hybrid identity) is now the basis of the immigrant culturalization process and Due to the fluid nature of identity, the strategic concept cultural integration, may apply in the future.

Analyzing the relationships between different scientific fields makes research possible, especially those fields where questions can only be answered by an interdisciplinary analysis. The connection between social knowledge and other scientific fields has long been developed and enabled answering the questions in various fields. Proper use of social science knowledge in explaining religious texts with various linguistic structures is of importance. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method was adopted to analyze the relationship between social science knowledge and linguistic approaches to indirectly enable the analysis of religious texts. Studies show that the relationship between social knowledge and other scientific fields has not been established all at once, but has gone through at least three stages. In the third stage, in the early twentieth century, social science was affected by linguistics. The emergence of new linguistic approaches created a novel approach to analysis of social texts. With the methodological revolution in linguistics, structuralist and post-structuralist approaches emerged in the social sciences that emphasized the importance of language in social relations. In this study, considering the third stage, namely the relationship between social science knowledge and linguistics, the bilateral effect of these two fields is shown. Based on this basic research, it is possible to conduct a discourse analysis of the texts in Quran and Hadith, law, literature, and various fields which have a close link with linguistics.

A History of philosophy: Form Bolzano to Wittgenstein includes an analytic debate on the most important elements of the ideas of analytic philosophers of the first half of 20th century. The book tries to evaluate and analyze the ideas of analytic philosophers as a philosophical school in philosophy in a way that their ideas can be reduced to each other. After debating on the backgrounds of analytic philosophy, it refers to the ideas of Bolzano, Frege, Russell, early Wittgenstein, Carnap and the movement of formalization and at the end it shows the ideas of Moore and later Wittgenstein who pursued other way in analytic philosophy which was latter known as linguistic philosophy. So the structure of debate in the book has been directed in two parallel movements, that is logical analysis and linguistic analysis, though more attention is directed to the first movement. This article goes to assess and criticize the form and the content of the Persian translation of book.

In any language community, there is a group of people living together who are unable to use the language. In the society's perspective, these people have disabilities. This means that they are unable to hear, pronounce and use common language. These people communicate with each other and with people in the community through sign language, so police interaction with people with hearing impairments is very important and effective. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of police with citizens and the deaf community.

The research method is the conceptual and documentary analyses. To collect the data in order to achieve research results, the library tools, internet, Persian and Latin scientific books and scientific articles and dissertations related to the research topic have been used.

In the research findings the linguistic theories and conceptual frameworks related to the deaf, philosophical and literary theory about the deaf, sociological theory of interaction with the deaf and the impact of educational components on interaction between police, citizens and deaf with a focus on answering two related questions have been investigated.

The results show that the police are in contact with and interact with the citizens and the deaf community, and in fact, the more the two groups interact, the more secure the deaf citizens will be in the community. Education plays a vital role in both the police and the deaf community. The position of this stratum of society must be determined and planned and acted upon. The greater the interaction between police, citizens, and people with hearing impairments, the lower the error rate and the lower the sense of security.

Language and its research domains like sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, pragmatics, discourse analysis and so many different interdisciplinary studies have attracted the attention of researchers, writers, philosophers and logicians. Because of language social nature, some of these studies have been performed by individual or team case studies in different language communities. The book of "Language, Status and Power in Iran" written by William O. Beeman is also amongst those field studies which is based on language and specially Persian. The scope of the writer's study is broaden to cultural, social, anthropological issues and different parts of Iranian life. In this manuscript, we are trying to have a critical and descriptive look at the Moghadam kia translation and herein some of the Beeman issues ant analysis will be studied.

A critical glance at certain researches and articles on "Persian Word-selection", especially in some issues of Name-Ye Farhangestan quarterly, tells of adopting a one-sided approach of science-oriented 'word selection' in response to the pacing overflow of foreign terms, particularly English. It is implied by reading and reviewing such studies that Iranian Academy of Persian Language and Literature (Farhangestan-e Zaban va Adab-e Farsi-ye Iran) has taken on-board the act of foregrounding the 'scientific word-selection' program via centralizing the approach of 'scientific word-selection'. In other words, the approach adopted in the studies and writings published by this planning institution are more towards centralizing the activity of 'scientific word-selection'. This is while equivalent-providing for the increasing input of foreign languages is not to be solely restricted to scientific words or, more expertly expressed, to scientific terms. Undoubtedly, lingual equivalent-providing covers a wider scope of language, that is it incorporates the more general supra-scientific discourses as well as their related lexicology. The study of the mainstream trend of equivalent-providing in Persian language and the status and magnitude of the need for lexical equivalent-providing in other supra-scientific discursive fields, as compared with the scientific discourses, is the question which the present study is going to deal with.

This article is to represent the linguistic indicators of gender in, Kalidar, the longest Persian novel. In this work of art, which is not so far from an anthropological report, women have an important and complicated place. Despite of a fundamental role they play in different aspects of daily life, Kalidar women are humiliated under literary gender clichés. The novel is full of proverbs and ironies which have been commonplace in vulgar Persian language for ridiculing and despising femininity. Our main question is: what is the place of women in Kalider from the point of view of a moderate feminism? And our hypothesis is that there is a paradoxical position for women in this novel. On one hand, they are represented as a source of life for men and for all of the family and thereby for the whole community, in some extent, because of the very particular life style of nomadic people, and on the other hand, they have a sense of insult and contempt, due to the general treatment whit women in almost every pre modern community. It means that those clichés have not been deducted from a low role of women in real life, but are constructed by a sexist culture.

It is not more than a few decades that feminist thinkers have started to work in the field of metaphysics. However, their encounter has been more critical and negative, and they limited their selves to criticize some aspects of traditional and modern metaphysics. In fact, feminine approaches to metaphysics have not offered any new foundations for metaphysics, and remain at a critical level. In this essay, we, first, review the critiques of feminist philosophers to the traditional and new metaphysical methods and contents, and then show that these critiques are, in fact, based on a very narrow definition of metaphysics or based entirely on a false understanding of this domain, and basically so-called ‘feministic metaphysics’ is impossible or invalid. Nevertheless, one can, as I explain at the end of this paper, find deep insights in some feminists’ critiques of metaphysics which can be a good basis for a deep rereading of metaphysics and reveal some of the hidden foundations in the history of metaphysics.

Substance abuse and its complications have devastating effects on individuals, families, and the community. Many factors have transformed substance abuse into a complex and multidimensional subject. One of these factors is the relapse and return to substance abuse. The present study is a qualitative study of discourse analysis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of relapse in substance abusers based on semantic-value components of language. In this study, specific articulations in the discourse were identified using LACLAU and Mouffe's discourse analysis. Based on this model, the researcher attempted to collect descriptions and readings of the participants about the causes of the relapse by using an unstructured interview. The participants were those who had presented to the medical centers of Isfahan and had the history of at least two withdrawal attempts. They were selected via purposive sampling method. After 11 interviews, the sample reached saturation. The data were encoded using content analysis method. In this study, it was revealed that substance abusers with passive identity embark on eliminating the hegemony of the dominant discourse in society under the influence of the dominant discourse in the consumer society. In fight (antagonism) with the ruling authorities, such as the family, counselor, and guide, they have taken refuge into their nodal point, i.e. the use of drugs, and they then turn to the reuse of drugs and fixation of the meaning of drug use with the formation of an empty signifier, i.e. getting distanced from intimacy, affection, and trust; and approaching inefficiency and inadequacy. Relapse is a negative process that involves the return to drugs and is experienced by 20 to 90% of drug addicts. They primarily defend their own hegemonic (semantic) stability and then they go for marginalization in the context of social hierarchy and dominant discourses on the society and family. For relapse prevention, it is better to make changes in the macro discourses of the society and in the educational, training, and therapeutic system.