سلامت عمومی

Urban spaces, as environments where people spend most of their time, serve as a bridge between the social, cultural, and biological aspects of human life and have a profound impact on both physical and mental health. The aim of the present research is to examine the role and impact of urban spaces on improving public health in the Tabriz metropolis, with a focus on socio-cultural changes. The research method used is quantitative, with an applied purpose and an analytical-exploratory nature. In order to analyze the data, analysis of variance and regression coefficients were employed using “SPSS”, software. The statistical population of the research consists of Tabriz citizens, and the sample size was determined as 384 people based on Cochran's formula, with a simple random sampling method used for data collection. The geographical scope of the study includes selected urban spaces in the Tabriz metropolis, such as the Tabriz Grand Bazaar, El-Goli Park, Laleh Park Commercial Complex, Tarbiat Pedestrian Street, 29th Bahman Street, Felake Bozorg, and Islamic Azad University. The findings indicate that the level of physical health was reported highest in the Laleh Park Commercial Complex and lowest at Islamic Azad University among the studied spaces. Socio-cultural changes have also resulted in a higher level of mental health being reported in Tarbiat Pedestrian Street compared to the other examined spaces. Consequently, the overall public health of citizens was reported highest in Tarbiat Pedestrian Street and Laleh Park Complex, with average scores of 3.48 and 3.46, respectively, surpassing other spaces. These results demonstrate that higher quality in the factors defining physical and mental health leads to an improvement in the overall public health of citizens in urban spaces, and this should serve as a foundation for urban designers and planners in their social and cultural studies and interventions.

The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of maintenance treatment with methadone and buprenorphine on addiction recurrence and general health of substance abusers, which was carried out through an experimental study with a descriptive-comparative design. The statistical population of the research were all individuals dependent on substances referring to the addiction treatment center of Eghlid city who were discharged from the addiction treatment centers of Eghlid city in the first half of 1401 and were under treatment with methadone and buprenorphine maintenance, among whom 60 people were selected by simple random sampling method and in three groups (CBT group 20 people, MBRP group 20 people and control group 20 people) were randomly replaced. In order to collect data, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, the Recurrence or Return Prediction Questionnaire, the Craving Questionnaire and the laboratory test for rapid diagnosis were used.

This research is descriptive-comparative in terms of method. The statistical population of this research includes all addicts in Eghlid city who have used one of the treatment methods themselves. The sample size was 60 people who were selected by convenience sampling method, 30 of whom were treated with buprenorphine and 30 were treated with methadone. Data analysis is first expressed descriptively, which includes percentage, frequency, mean, standard deviation, etc., and in the second part, in order to test the research hypothesis, the inferential test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of normal distribution of variables), Levin-Box variance homogeneity test, (Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used in SPSS software.

In explaining the greater effectiveness of the public health-based relapse prevention intervention compared to traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy, the findings of this research are consistent with the findings of Grant et al. (2017); Avants et al. (2005) and Witkewitz, Marlatt and Walker (2005) who showed that public health-based relapse prevention intervention can increase the patient›s coping ability to deal with temptation and withdrawal symptoms. Regarding the greater effect of public health-based relapse prevention intervention compared to maintenance treatment, it can be said that public health-based education as one of the main methods of acceptance-based strategies causes the patient to instead of challenging and avoiding unpleasant thoughts and feelings caused by withdrawal or use of substances to relieve them, by establishing a different communication style without reaction and a new way of processing information, accept their unpleasant thoughts and feelings without judgment and evaluation, and in this way, by desensitization, deal with them. In addition, today MBRP has expanded the application of meditation as a means to achieve balance by fully combining special relapse prevention strategies (Marlatt and Donovan, 2005) with public health-based treatment.

Data analysis was done with covariance analysis test. The results indicate the effectiveness of the maintenance treatment method on improving public health, reducing cravings and addiction recurrence in people under treatment with methadone and buprenorphine. The therapeutic effect of maintenance on improving the general health of methadone users is greater than the public health-based relapse prevention education method. According to the results, it can be said that both treatments have good practical capabilities for clinical interventions on improving public health, reducing cravings and addiction recurrence in addicted people under treatment with methadone and buprenorphine.

The quantitative increase of the elderly and the ever-increasing consequences of aging have led to naming the first day of October every year as the International Day of the Elderly. The growth of the elderly population has many effects, and the health of the elderly in physical, mental, and social dimensions and the individual and social factors related to it are among the most important of these effects. In this regard, the present article has examined the relationship between the elderly's general health and the variables of self-care and social support in Yasouj city. The used method and the instrument to collect data are quantitative- survey and questionnaire respectively. The sample size is 259 individuals and the stratified random sampling proportional to the volume has been selected as the sampling method. Based on the results of the research, the average perceived health of the elderly in the dimensions of physical, mental and social health is higher than the average. The variables of Caring behavior and formal support are the most influential variables in the physical health dimension; the variables of informal support, formal support, caring behavior, women and the level of relationship with relatives are the most effective variables in the mental health dimension. The variables of informal support, caring behavior, formal support and the level of social relationship with relatives are the most influential variables in the dimension of social health of the elderly. Therefore, attention and differentiation of multiple dimensions of health and related variables are essential for doing scientific researches and social policy- makings.

Citizens' health largely depends on the policies and operational plans of health care providers. In this regard, the present study aimed to design a model of public health services . In this research, a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach has been used to design the model. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research includes 29 specialists and university professors. The statistical population in the quantitative part of the research includes all students of Shushtar University of Medical Sciences (N = 183), from which a sample of 125 people was selected. Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data. In the first step of the research, the specialized research interviews are coded using qualitative content analysis. In the next step, the partial least squares method is used to validate the model. Qualitative analysis was performed with MAXQDA software and partial least squares method was performed with Smart PLS software. Based on the results, six general structures were identified in relation to the future of public health services, which include improving the quality of health services, humanism, policy-making, strategic thinking in the health sector, justice-oriented and infrastructure. Validation of the model obtained using the partial least squares method showed that the proposed model has a good validity in explaining the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of health servicesIn general, the results obtained in this study show that focusing on five key components can provide the necessary basis for improving the quality of health services.

Drug dependence and abuse are considered as one of the most important mental and behavioral disorders in the society and as one of the most important risk factors for different diseases and social damages, therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-esteem, positive and negative affect with general health in the middle-term residential centers in Tabriz.

The statistical population consisted of all addicts undergoing the duration of the treatment centers of Tabriz City in the year 1397, which was selected by random cluster sampling, 200 of the four accommodation centers, and responded to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (1965), positive and negative affect scale of Watson and colleagues (1988), Goldberg General Health, and Haler (1979). In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics including frequency, mean and standard deviation and inferential methods such as Pearson correlation and simultaneous regression were used.

According to the results of this study, it can be said that selfesteem, positive and negative affect are the factors influencing the general health of people.

The results showed that high self-esteem, high positive affection and low negative affection can predict the general health of addicts (p < 0.05).

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group counseling on increasing the general health of female students. The current study is a semi-experimental type in which a pre-test and post-test design was used with an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population of the research was made up of all female high school students in the first secondary level of Marand city, and among them, 30 people (15 people each in the experimental and control groups) were selected by purposive sampling and randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups. In this research, the 28-question general health questionnaire of Goldberg and Hiller (1979) was used to collect information. Data analysis using multivariate covariance analysis method showed: teaching cognitive-behavioral approach in a group manner increases students' social functioning and significantly reduces their symptoms of depression, anxiety and physical symptoms (P≤ 0.05). It is concluded that cognitive-behavioral therapy can be well used and effective in order to increase the general health of students due to the cultural closeness with the Iranian society.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral interventions on Test anxiety, general health and corona anxiety among of university entrance examination candidates in Tehran. The study design was a semi-experimental design, pre-test-post-test with a control group. Participants were 30 individual which randomly assigned into experimental group (15 participant) and control group (15 participant). The experimental groupparticipated in cognitive-behavioral therapy for 8 sessions of 90 minutes. The research tools included Test anxiety Questionnaires (Friedman and Jacob, 1975), General health Questionnaire (Goldberg and Hiller, 1979) and corona anxiety (Alipour and Vadigran, 2020). The data was analyzed using repeated covariance analysis using SPSS software. The findings showed that the average scores of exam anxiety, general health and corona anxiety were different in the two experimental and control groups and indicated the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral intervention training in reducing exam anxiety and corona anxiety and increasing the general health of entrance exam candidates (0.05) >P

Women's health in any society is one of the pillars of that country's health. Women's physical, mental and social and health is the basis of society's health. the present study is to investigate the relationship between social capital and mothers’ self-perception health with children under 2 years old. The statistical population of the present study is 397 mothers. using the multi-stage cluster sampling method, information is obtained. Information required using Goldberg 28 General Health Questionnaire To measure social capital, questions were collected from the Onyx and Bolen Social Capital Scale. The data analysis has been done by SPSS software in both descriptive, inferential statistics. The results obtained from the analysis of descriptive statistics of social capital, measured in terms of social trust, social participation and social support, have shown that in assessing mothers of social trust, 82% have a high social trust level environment. In the dimension of social participation, 51% of mothers have assessed a moderate relation in social relations, but 88% have reported poor social participation. In the assessment of the social support of mothers, 68 percent of mothers have modest social support. The results of the analysis of general health components show that 84.4% of mothers have a moderate and acceptable general health. The results of the analysis of inferential statistics show the variables show that there is a significant relationship between the number of live births, high school education and diploma, study status, social class, Fars ethnicity, family income, social support, social participation and social relation with general health.

Women's general health is of particular importance because of its great impact on the health of the family and society. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of religious orientation, couple intimacy and life satisfaction in predicting the general health of married women. This research is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study was all married women who referred to the comprehensive health service centers of District 7, District 1 of Mashhad in 1399, whose number was estimated at 1053 people, of which 278 married women were selected by available sampling method. Responded to Allport Questionnaire on Religious Orientation, Thompson & Walker Intimacy Questionnaire (MIS), Dinner et al.'s Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (SWIS), and Goldberg & Hiller (GHQ) General Health Questionnaire. Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there was no significant relationship between religious orientation and general health of married women. couple intimacy and life satisfaction had significant relationship with the general health of married women. In addition, the results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the couple's intimacy and life satisfaction each explained 14% and 15% of the variance of married women's general health, respectively. In general, the higher the level of life satisfaction and intimacy of couples, the higher the general health of married women. According to the research findings, it seems that couple intimacy and life satisfaction play a decisive role in predicting the general health of married women.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on pre-school children’s anxiety. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study was all students with anxiety disorders in Abhar, Zanjan. The statistical sample consisted of 30 subjects (anxiety disorder) who were selected by cluster-sampling method and randomly were embedded in two experimental and two control groups. Preschool Anxiety Scale (PSA) and Conner’s Form were used for pre-test and post-test. At first, a pretest was performed on subjects in all four groups, and then the subjects received 12 sessions of 1 hour weekly two sessions of remedial education. After the intervention, the subjects in each of the four groups were evaluated by post-test. For analyzing the data, covariance analysis was used. The results showed a significant difference between the mean of post-test scores of the experiment and control groups (anxiety disorder) (P <0.05 and F = 50.33) .In other words, cognitive-behavioral therapy reduces children's anxiety.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship among self-efficacy, life expectancy, and public mental health with the level of physical activity of drug users.

 The research method was descriptive-correlation. Participants were male drug users of addiction treatment camps in Rafsanjan, and 160 sample were selected using the Morgan sampling table. The research instruments included Scherer & Maddox (1982) general efficacy questionnaire, Schneider (1991) life expectancy, Goldberg (1988) public mental health questionnaire, and Beck (1982) physical activity scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression statistical methods. 

 The correlation findings showed that the relationship between physical activity and general self-efficacy, life expectancy, and general mental health of men addicted to drugs is significant. The prediction results of stepwise regression of physical activity showed that self-efficacy and public mental health are positive predictors of physical activity of drug users, respectively, and explain 12% and 15% of the variance of physical activity of drug users, respectively. 

 The results showed that judging an individual ability to perform positive actions and thinking and feeling about life can play a positive role in performing physical activities of drug users.

Today, the coronavirus outbreak has become a major global crisis and has affected all countries of the world, including Iran. The Covid epidemic highlights a number of social, cultural, and economic issues arising from the controversial role of the media. The media played a global role in tracking and updating coronary heart disease through the live update dashboard. Mass media play an essential role in today's world and can provide a single platform for all public health communications, comprehensive health care education guidelines, and strong social distancing strategies while maintaining social communications. The behavior of the media in any country in the face of natural and unnatural crises is one of the important issues in the crisis management process. Lack of uniformity in the performance of the media in general, and the state media in particular, in critical situations, challenges the management of public opinion. One of the consequences of the coronavirus outbreak is the creation of rumors, social fears and rapid changes in people's lifestyles that indicate media literacy in this period. In this study, the role of mass media in health health, crises and social fears was studied in a descriptive and library method. The results of the present study show that external social networks are the most social fear among People had, and on the other hand, the results show that social networks play an important role in changing the lifestyle and public health communication of citizens in the process of engaging with Corona.

capital with successful aging Among retired 60-year high of education teachers were conducted. In this regard, the theoretical (Shaie, Argyll, Bourdieu, Rowe & Kahn, etc.) is used to examine the matter.Survey The research method The statistical population retired teachers 60 years and older of education are people 3403 of Tabriz, Of these, 380 were selected as the sample size by using Cochran formula. For measuring Successful Aging General Health Questionnaire Goldberg and Williams and Life satisfaction Scale Diener and Pavt Have been used. To measure the of cultural capital and economic capital of the a researcher- made questionnaire was used. After collecting data to test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis using the software Spss action. The descriptive findings shows, average idea of successful aging among retirees education organization Tabriz is moderate. Regression analysis shows, %38 The changes related to successful aging variable resulting from changes in the economic and of cultural capital. The beta coefficients show, Cultural capital of % 47/7and economic capital of % 39/7 each individually have Effective on successful aging.

La crise du coronavirus a été l’occasion pour les institutions regionales et internationales et d’autres institutions specialisees en matiere des droits de l’homme de rappeler l’importance qu’il y’a  de respecter et de proteger en periode de pandemie, les libertes fondamentales telles que la liberte d’expression, la liberte des medias, la liberte d’internet, le libre exercice des journaliste, etc…L’urgence sanitaire ne devrait  aboslument  pas servir de pretexte pour museler la presse, en ligne mais aussi hors ligne. Le droit a l’information fait partie integrante de la liberte d’expression, et c’est surtout en periode de crise sanitaire que les citoyens ont le plus besoin d’avoir acces a des informations credibles, afin de pouvoir prendre les decisions judicieuses concernant leur propre sante et la sante de leur proche. Une societe informee est sans aucun doute mieux armee face a des situtations exceptionnelles de pandemie. Or de nombreux Etats ont pratique la censure durant cette periode, ce qui a amene des institutions telles que l’Unesco, Le Conseil de l’Europe, le rapporteur special des Nations Unies en matiere de la liberte d’opinion et la liberte d’expression, entre autres, a condamner de telles actes et d’affirmer qu’il convenait tout en essayant d’attenuer la crise sanitaire mondiale, de preserver la liberte d’expression et d’information. Des medias libres, independants, et pluralistes mais egalement  un environnement numerique ou l’acces a internet reste libre et sans obstacle, demeurent indubitablement les  indicateurs permettant de garantir non seulement la sante des etats democratiques, mais aussi  la sante tout court des citoyens.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social support, control source with general health and life satisfaction in the elderly over 60 years old living in nursing homes in Kermanshah. To this end, a population of 50 was selected through a placement method. Using GHQ-28 mental health questionnaires, Nurbank's social support questionnaire, Rutter's control source inventory and Life satisfaction questionnaire (SWLS), aggregate data Were introduced. According to the results, there is a positive and significant relationship between social support and general health of the elderly. In other words, the higher the social support of the elderly, the more general health will be. There is a positive and significant relationship between the control source (internal and external) and the general health of the elderly. In other words, as many elderly as the source of control (internal and external), they will have more general health. Also, social support and control source (internal and external) predict the variance of general health of the elderly. Therefore, according to the beta coefficient of social support component, the most predictive power is the general health of the elderly. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the source of control (internal and external) with life satisfaction. In other words, as much as the elderly have a source of control (internal and external), they will enjoy a greater life satisfaction. Also, social support and control source (internal and external) predict 41% of the variance in satisfaction of elderly life. Therefore, social support component is the most predictive power of life satisfaction of elderly people, and the variable of external control source is the second predictor of life satisfaction of elderly people.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the five major factors of personality and general health with the value system in patients referred to the Semnan police counseling center. This research was a descriptive correlational design and data collection method was the use of a questionnaire. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire and a five-factor questionnaire of personality, general health and value system. Multivariate and univariate analysis of variance were used to determine statistical differences and multiple regression was used by stepwise method to evaluate the prediction. The results of the analysis showed that the relationship between theoretical value and extraversion and openness to experience is a significant negative relationship and the relationship between artistic value and neuroticism, openness to experience, agreement and conscience as well as the relationship There is a significant difference between religious value and consensus and conscience. And the relationship between theoretical value with physical symptoms and also the relationship between artistic value with physical symptoms, anxiety and sleep and depression were significant. Also, the mean scores of men and women in the component of physical symptoms were significantly different, but there was no significant difference between the scores of men and women in depression, social functions, and anxiety and sleep.

prevalence of psychological disorders in pepole whit opioid substance use disorders was conformed invarious researches. The purpose of thise study was to Consider the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral Therapy on the general health of the feamale whit opioid substance use disorders.

this research was an exprimental study including pre-test, post-test, follow-up and control group. The sample consist of 24 female with opioid substance use disorder that was selected by random sampling from between the female with substance disorders which reffering to centers of Addichion therapy during summer of 1390 in yazd city. These subjects randomly assigened In exprimental (12persons) and control (12persons) groups. the experimental group received CBT for8 weekly sessions. Data were gathered by using general health questionnaires.

the result of this study showed that the means of general healath in Experimental group has increased significantly in Comparison with the control group.

according to the results finding, group cognitive – behavioral therapy is effective In increasing general health in female with Opioid substance use disorders.

The persent research was aimed at the comparison of general health, self- efficacy and social competence of male and female students with working mother and non working mother in Shahid Chamran University. The research design was ex post facto. The study population included all male and female students in the academic year 2016-2017. The sample consisted of 80 students with working mother (40 male, and 40 female), and 80 students with non working mother (40 male, and 40 female), who were selected randomly by multistage sampling. The instruments used in this research consisted of General Health Questionnaire, (Goldberg & Hiller), Self- Efficacy Scale (Sherer & Adams), and Social Competence Scale (Fnler & Pillips). The data were analyzed by MANONA and ANOVA using SPSS version 24 software. The results showed there is no significant difference in general health, self- efficacy and social competence of male and female students with working mother and non working mother. According to this research, it seems that there are another variables which may have more active role than mothers` job.

Drug addiction is one of the four global crises of the third millennium and is at the forefront of threats and social harms and one of the saddest problems of today's societies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between spiritual intelligence and general health with craving in glass addicts.

It is a descriptive correlation. The statistical population is all drug users in Kordkoy. From four addiction treatment centers in Kordkoy, a sample of 100 people was selected by simple random sampling. The instruments included Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (ISIS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and Instant Craving Assessment (DDQ). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, regression and independent t-test.

The results showed that general health is a better predictor of glass-dependent cravings than spiritual intelligence. There is a positive relationship between spiritual intelligence and general health and age. But there is no relationship between general health, craving and age. Education does not affect people's spiritual intelligence.

The higher the spiritual intelligence and mental health of people, the lower the craving.