شهر یزد

For a long time in Iranian society, family relations and support systems have played an important role in caring for the elderly. Despite the continuation of the family institution's care function, past patterns of family care have been impacted by social changes and the increasing number and proportion of the elderly in the population. While the country’s demographic future indicates a serious confrontation with the phenomenon of population aging in the future, scientific studies about the dimensions and challenges of social and family care for the elderly in the context of Iranian society have remained relatively limited. The present study aims to shed light on the life experiences and challenges of caregivers in caring for the elderly. A qualitative study with a grounded theory approach was conducted in Yazd, and the experiences of 22 family caregivers responsible for caring for at least one elderly family member were analyzed. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding procedures. The findings were organized into 263 concepts, 34 sub-categories, and 11 main categories. "Suspension of life" emerged as the central phenomenon from the analyses. According to the findings, the underlying condition is the motivation for self-care, while the weariness of presence and problematic support act as intervening conditions. The strategies involve managing lived stress, resulting in need-based continuity, personality-oriented continuity, awareness/experience-oriented continuity, and daily care. The central category of "care in the state of the pendulum: from suspension to continuation" was also identified. The findings suggest that family caregivers face significant challenges in caring for the elderly, leading to mental and physical stress that impacts their health and well-being. Therefore, caregivers need to balance their personal needs and caregiving duties.

Family caregivers play a crucial role in elderly care worldwide, with approximately 80% of the elderly receiving care from family members (Given et al., 1999). Historically, family members have been the primary support system for the elderly, especially during periods of physical decline. However, the growing elderly population and increasing life expectancy have placed disproportionate demands on both families and formal care infrastructures. A significant aspect of elderly care is the financial burden associated with medical expenses, which has become more pronounced in the current climate of inflation and economic instability. While extensive research on aging in Iran exists (Ahmadi et al., 2014; Parvai, 2019; Rezaie-Kahrodi, 2018; Zanjari, Sadeghi, and Delbari, 2018; Farhadi et al., 2015; Askarindooshan, Rouhani, and Abedidiznab, 2018; Mohammadi, Dabaghi, and Yadavar Nikroosh, 2016; Razghi Nasrabad, 2014), social research on elderly care issues remains relatively limited (Kososheshi, 2010; Koosheshi, et al., 2013; Modiri and Koosheshi, 2021). Consequently, the challenges faced by family caregivers require further exploration. Understanding the process of elderly care and its impact on various aspects of caregivers' personal and family life can be a complex and multifaceted issue (Charalambous, 2023). Therefore, it is imperative to scientifically investigate the dimensions of social care, socio-economic characteristics of caregivers, and expectations and challenges they face within the socio-cultural framework of Iranian society. This study focused on the experiences and challenges of family caregivers providing elderly care in Yazd, Iran. It analyzed the financial and economic pressures on caregivers and examined how Iranian families manage these constraints based on a field study conducted in Yazd.

This qualitative study employed a grounded theory approach to explore the experiences of 22 family caregivers in Yazd, Iran, each responsible for at least one elderly family member. In-depth interviews served as the primary data collection method. The study utilized purposeful and theoretical sampling strategies to select participants. Data analysis followed a systematic approach involving open, axial, and selective coding. The results were organized into main categories and subcategories to facilitate the identification of patterns and relationships within the data, thereby enhancing understanding of the phenomenon under study. The analytical process yielded 41 subcategories, which were further consolidated into 8 main categories. This structured approach allowed for a comprehensive examination of the caregivers' experiences and the challenges they faced in providing care for elderly family members.

This study identified "Monetization in the treatment/care system" as the central phenomenon. The analysis revealed several key components:
Causal conditions: 'care economics' and 'financial constraint'
Background conditions: 'financial security'
Intervening conditions: 'inadequacies in the treatment system'
Strategies: 'financial balance' and 'levels of access to treatment'
Consequence: 'quality of access to treatment'
The core category emerging from this analysis was "Care Conditional on Money."
In our paradigm model, economic factors as causal conditions directly impacted families' abilities to cover care costs. Financial security, a background condition, played a crucial role in determining access to medical care. The main phenomenon, monetization in the treatment/care system, demonstrated how financial capacity influenced care and treatment decisions. Inadequacies in the treatment system served as intervening conditions, creating challenges for families caring for the elderly. The strategies of financial balance and treatment access levels reflected families' efforts to manage care costs effectively. The consequence, quality of access to treatment, illustrated the direct impact of financial security on the level and quality of medical services received. This model underscored the complex interplay between economic factors and healthcare access in elderly care, highlighting the critical role of financial resources in determining the quality and extent of care provision.
The rapidly growing elderly population in Iran necessitates addressing their needs, particularly economic issues. The quality of life and health status of the elderly are inextricably linked to financial security. Family care driven by emotional bonds often proves more effective than professional care. Globally, family support is recognized as essential for elderly individuals with chronic conditions, highlighting the need for complementary formal and informal support systems. Financial resources can mitigate many challenges associated with elderly care. The high costs of hospital stays, treatments, medications, medical equipment, and consultations create significant burdens for family caregivers. This is particularly pronounced for elderly individuals requiring continuous rehabilitation therapies and lacking health insurance. Moreover, the expenses associated with nutritious meals and essential medicines are difficult to manage without economic stability. Consequently, many families rely on public health services or neglect necessary treatments. The findings of this study demonstrated that financially stable families could access better medical services, leading to improved treatment outcomes and health monitoring. Conversely, financially strained families often resorted to lower-quality government services, resulting in treatment delays. These disparities significantly impacted both the health of the elderly and the self-esteem of caregivers. The role of financial stability in ensuring quality care and caregiver well-being was evident. Therefore, policy measures to expand insurance coverage and provide financial support were crucial for improving care quality and reducing caregiver burdens. Further social research is needed to comprehend the multifaceted aspects of elderly care within the Iranian cultural context. Future studies should build upon earlier findings to inform care policies and plans for the growing elderly population. In conclusion, addressing the economic challenges of elderly care is paramount in ensuring the well-being of both the elderly and their caregivers. A comprehensive approach that combines financial support, improved healthcare access, and culturally sensitive policies is essential to meet the evolving needs of Iran's aging population.

Survival has been the most important concern of mankind throughout history. Spatial mobility (migration) has been one of the strategies of humans to achieve survival. In the migration process, the first and most important actions of immigrants, especially immigrants with lower economic levels, are survival and adaptation-oriented actions with the destination society. Therefore, the present research has sought to analyze the survival-oriented actions among marginalized immigrant women in Yazd city. The current research method is qualitative and grounded theory approach is used. The participants were 21 women who immigrated to Yazd city from different provinces of the country with a residence period of more than two years, who were selected in a targeted manner using theoretical sampling. The data collection tool was semi-structured interview and data analysis was done by open, central and selective coding method. The findings showed that the generational gap and inappropriate policies in immigration origins by creating extensive changes in the form of linking survival to material things, forces women to act rationally and adopt migration as a practical guide to achieve and maintain survival. This path is often rational, with measurement and calculation and centered on money. But on the other hand, in the process of durability and survival in the destination, women need incentives beyond money. Although the main path is all calculation, spirituality in women increases the adaptability of immigrant women by generating hope and healing mental injuries, and provides a support for their standing and efforts to ensure and facilitate survival.

Change has always been the basic principle of human life. The heart of modern society is change and communication. The development process has facilitated the change in origins and destinations. Migration is one of the main consequences of this situation. In the meantime, in recent years, women have increasingly entered the migration cycle, and migrations have taken a female direction. Classical theories drew a linear relationship from repulsion to attraction, but it seems that the evaluation of the destination and life from the perspective of an immigrant woman has its own complexities. In fact, the aim of the current research was to investigate this process. Using the method of systematic grounded theory, 21 women who immigrated to Yazd city from different provinces of the country were selected purposefully and theoretically. The data collection tool was semi-structured interview and data analysis was done using open, central and selective coding method. Based on research findings; 384 concepts, 77 sub-categories, 14 main categories and finally the central category of attractiveness of the destination were extracted. In general, the results showed that living in small and developing cities is more favorable for immigrant women. They find more favorability in these cities in terms of jobs, maintaining security, etc. A process that fades to a great extent in big cities and loses its usefulness. But this assessment is never permanent and the immigrant woman constantly rethinks about the realities of her life.

Iran has experienced extensive internal migrations in the last few decades, and this migration trend continues to increase in the inter-provincial dimension. These migrations have been associated with vast challenges in the country’s regions. Therefore, the current research seeks a female narrative of migration waves, which are formed due to the two-way instability in the immigrant-sending and immigrant-receiving regions.

This research followed the qualitative method and used the grounded theory approach. The participants were 21 women who immigrated to Yazd city from different provinces. They were selected purposefully and by theoretical sampling. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Data analysis was done by open, central, and selective coding methods.

The findings of the present research indicate the existence of stable instability in the internal migration cycle of the country. As a result of the inefficiency of the regional policies, the immigrant-sending regions have faced widespread instability, which has become the basis for large group migrations from these regions. On the other hand, the ineffectiveness of the policies in the immigrant-receiving regions in properly and proportionally absorbing the immigrant population has caused the balance between population and resources to be disturbed, and the foundations of these areas have also faced severe instabilities in various dimensions.

The continuation of this process, without timely and appropriate government intervention, will cause a new wave of migration from these areas, in which priority is given to people with more human and economic capital to move to more developed metropolises. Therefore, this path requires more accurate monitoring and efficient management and policymaking

Application development in new assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as surrogacy, have helped many infertile couples realize their dreams of haveing children; but at the same time, it has raised several problematic dimensions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the obstacles and challanges of surrogate mothers experience. The study method is qualitative and phenomenological anthropology. The research field study was conducted in 2019 with the help of participatory observation tools and in-depth interviews with 12 surrogate mothers during a period of 5 months at the research institute of reproductive sciences in Yazd. The data were analyzed using the Attride-Sterling thematic analysis method. Findings are expressed in the form of 27 concepts, 9 sub-themes and 4 main themes including social misunderstanding, emotional dependence on the fetus, pregnancy problems, and social camouflage. These themes indicate the obstacles and problems surrogate mothers face Cultivation in this field, and paying attention to emotional needs and providing psychological counseling for surrogate mothers are suggested.

In recent decades, there have been significant developments in immigration often referred to as the age of immigration. These developments highlight the increasing participation of women in the migration process and the rise of independent female migrants, a phenomenon known as the feminization of migration (Khaje Nouri & Sharifi, 2022). Research indicates notable changes in both quantitative and qualitative aspects of women's migration. In terms of quantity, women now constitute nearly half of all immigrants. Moreover, in terms of quality, women are no longer solely dependent immigrants; they now play a crucial and influential role in migration flows (Sadeghi & Valadvand, 2015). According to the latest statistics released by the United Nations, as of 2020, the proportion of immigrant women stands at 3.5% of the global population, while the proportion of immigrant men is 3.7% of the world's male population (21). In Iran, the representation of women in migration has increased from 45% during the period of 1986-1996 to 48.6% during the period of 2011-2016. Additionally, based on immigration and net immigration data from 2011-2016, Yazd Province is among the top four provinces in Iran that attract immigrants and is considered an appealing destination for both genders (Mushfiq & Khazaei, 2015). Despite the changing migration patterns in the country and the increasing number of women migrating in the past decade, there has been limited research conducted in this field. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of qualitative studies examining the migration experiences of women. Given that Yazd is recognized as one of the most immigrant-friendly provinces in Iran and a desirable destination for female immigrants, this research aimed to analyze the migration process of women from their origin to their destination. The primary objective of this study was to address questions like how women make decisions to migrate and settle in their destination, as well as what challenges and consequences they encounter in the host society and how they navigate through them.

The current research employed a qualitative methodology to investigate the process of women's involvement in migration flows. Given the research objective, the most suitable method for studying this process was grounded theory, utilizing a systematic approach developed by Strauss and Corbin (2008). The participants for this study were selected through purposeful sampling followed by theoretical sampling. The selection of participants aimed to ensure diversity in terms of age, marital status, literacy level, occupation, type of migration (independent or dependent), reasons for migration, and the provinces of origin. To ensure reliable data and gain a comprehensive understanding of the research dimensions, interviews were conducted until data saturation was achieved, meaning that no new information or themes emerged from the interviews. The primary data collection tool employed in this research was a semi-structured interview. Between August and November 2022, the interviews were conducted with 21 women, who had immigrated to Yazd from various provinces in the country. These women had resided in Yazd for a minimum of two years and possessed the aforementioned characteristics.

The findings indicated the initial stages of the atomization process experienced by the migrant women. This process was driven by their self-determination and was closely linked to their struggles in their places of origin. It manifested in various dimensions, including a continuous increase in suffering, a challenging life in their hometowns, and a breakdown of trust due to destabilizing conditions in their places of origin. Faced with these difficult circumstances, the migrant women had experienced a sense of detachment from their places of origin. In their quest to rebuild their lives and find personal fulfillment, they had actively sought to redefine their social networks in relation to their destination of migration. However, upon arrival at their destination, they had encountered challenges, such as a lack of cultural acceptance, economic limitations, and an isolating urban lifestyle. Consequently, they had been compelled to engage in transactional communication as a means of survival. The outcome of this process was the formation of a circle of defined, mutually beneficial, and secure social relationships. These relationships had been continuously shaped, expanded, or restricted based on the fluid conditions they had encountered.

As an influential member, the media has an undeniable role in all areas of people's lives, among them, the elderly need a special view of the media. In this research, an effort was made to get to know the living conditions of Yazdi elderly people and to know their expectations and expectations, to provide suggestions regarding media programming. A qualitative research design was used to collect research data. The participants were 10 experts in the field of media and the elderly, who were selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling. The data was collected during a period of 3 months using a semi-structured interview tool. Data analysis was done with the help of qualitative content analysis method. During the analysis, 100 concepts in the form of 21sub-categories and 10 main categories, which include: the importance of material and support needs, the mission of radio and television towards the elderly, broadcasting an effective and entertaining program during the crisis , creative and interactive strategies program making, appropriate scheduling of program broadcasting, gender-oriented programming for the elderly, age-oriented programming for the elderly, programming for the non-native elderly, and programming encouraging active aging were extracted. In order to maintain the audience as one of the main goals of radio and television, it is suggested to recognize the different age and gender groups of the elderly and pay attention to the characteristics of each group, while valuing the wishes of the elderly audience and their interests. Building the audience should be very gradual and indirect

Women’s employment is one of the most important social and cultural issues that still faces obstacles and challenges. One of the most important components in this regard is the attitude of men towards women’s employment. The aim of the present study is to analyze men’s perception and attitudes towards women’s employment. The study was conducted in 2019 in Yazd and the study method is Grounded Theory (GT) of Strauss and Corbin. Based on data saturation criteria and research ethics, 21 men entered the study using Purposeful and theoretical sampling and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed by open, axial and selective coding. which finally led to the extraction of 38 concepts, 7 main categories and 1 core category. The main categories of the research include: causal factors (traditional socialization, unequal gender structures), contextual factors (facilitating platforms for employment acceptance, appropriateness and feminization of the environment and working conditions), intervening factors (value redefinition of women’s jobs), strategies (action compatible and incompatible with the acceptance of women’s employment) and consequences (opportunities and threats of accepting women’s employment). The study found that despite widespread social change, most participants accepted women’s jobs with its social concerns. This acceptance, which was explored in the present study as the conditional belief, is most concerned with the social and cultural contexts on the one hand, and the nature of the job and the context in which women work. Therefore, conditional belief defines women in certain job areas, which, while paying attention to the cultural components of society, does not overshadow the main roles of women in the family. Social and cultural policies are proposed in order to distribute and expand women’s jobs related to social and cultural contexts on the one hand and to preserve the integrity of the family on the other.

Fertility in Iran and many provinces has reached low levels. Yazd province is one of the few provinces that experiences fertility above the replacement level (about 2.3 children) in recent years. The reasons for the higher fertility of this province have become important at both micro and macro levels. The main purpose of this study is to identify the interpretation and understanding of Yazdi women about chldbearing. The approach of this research is qualitative. The participants were 25 married women from Yazd city, who were selected by purposeful sampling in 2017. Data analysis was done with qualitative content analysis technique, The core category is"childbearing as a dualism of risk and certainty" which is derived from the two main categories of "giving meaning and assurance and the risks of childbearing". The findings show that the economic, social and cultural background and religious values play a role in the fertility decisions . Despite knowing and paying attention to the risk of having children, they consider it a source of security and good and blessing and family and religious values.This approach and people's understanding of having children has prevented them from becoming childless and having only one child. However, the continuation of this situation in the future depends on the socio-economic context of the country and the province, and the adoption of government policies and support for young couples and families and facilitating the conditions of marriage and childbearing will guarantee the continuation of these conditions.

Leisure time and how to spend it in the modern era is one of the basic issues in people's social life, and due to the prevalence of consumer culture and the formation of fundamental changes in people's lifestyles, its importance has increased. The present study was conducted with the aim of "investigating the relationship between the rethinking of female identity and the leisure patterns of women in Yazd". The method used in this research is a survey type, using a questionnaire tool and a proportional cluster sampling of 403 women living in Yazd city. In this research, leisure time has been measured in two dimensions, traditional and modern. The results showed that the total average (in the range of 1 to 5) of the female reflexive identity variable is equal to 3.51. In this way, in total, the level of female identity among sample women is higher than the average, which is the number 3. Also, there is a relationship between background variables such as respondents' marital status, their age, education status and women's employment status with how they spend their free time. Also, there is a relationship between the variable of female rethinking identity and leisure time among women in Yazd city.

Introduction:

Happiness and vitality have been the raw materials of change, evolution, and social life for human begins. They have been among the indicators of development in societies. In terms of social policy, happiness is also a very important issue because the happier a nation is, the more he/she will feel prosperous. From this perspective and in the field of social policy, happiness is considered by several thinkers as one of the components of social welfare and by others as the end of social policy, in which a person’s needs are met and his problems are managed so that he/she feels happy and satisfied. Happiness is one of the characteristics of Iranian culture and has an impact on family institution. Creating happiness by parents in the family environment can bring dynamism to the society. The happier the parents are, the happier the children will be and vice versa because the people’s happiness in the family is understandable. Because of the importance of happiness in the family environment, the aim of this  research was to explore woman’s role in family happiness.

Materials & Methods:

 The present study was a qualitative research, which was conducted based on thematic analysis in Yazd City in 2019. The study sample included all the married women aged 22-55 years, who had at least one child, in Yazd City. Some of them, including housewives to employees, had up to 3 children. Purposeful sampling was performed with maximum variability. To access the study area, the necessary arrangements were made for those, who wished to be interviewed. The interviews were held in the places where the interviewees were more comfortable and chose themselves. Some interviews were conducted at the interviewees’ homes and some were recorded outside their homes. In-depth interviews were done with 20 women until they were saturated. This meant that interviewing with new samples added no additional information to the research. The times of interviews took from 50 minutes up to an hour and 10 minutes. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. This step was performed with the knowledge of the principle of confidentiality and anonymity of the research participants. In the last step, the data were coded and analyzed by the thematic analysis technique.

Discussion of Results & Conclusions:

The results were presented in 5 final themes: acceptance of the role of motherhood, economic management, acceptance of the role of femininity, interactive-supportive strategies, and elimination of cultural stereo-types. The findings showed that the conditions that created family happiness by women were provided by accepting and playing the roles of motherhood and femininity. Also, putting aside cultural stereotypes and confronting economic problems when dealing with the members increased family happiness. The women sought to increase happiness by creating their own interactive and supportive strategies and an intimate discourse atmosphere in the family. The women of the present study did their best to have a happy and lively family environment since they considered their family members’ happiness as their own happiness. They felt happy when their spouse and children were happy.In fact, happiness for them was summed up as the happiness of their family institutions. It could be concluded that the micro- and macro-level factors in the society affected the way women created happiness in their family environments. This meant that the micro-level factors included psychological factors, such as acceptance of motherhood roles, acceptance of marital duties, and interactive-supportive strategies in individual families. Also, at the macro-level of the society, factors like cultural and economic issues inevitably affected the creation of happiness by mothers in the home environment. Consequently, a type of discourse that creates happiness through cultural and educational institutions in the family institution at the micro level and in the society at the macro level is recommended.

Economic sociologists believe that socio-cultural conditions, structures, and relationships have a direct impact on economic behaviors and actions, including the purchase and consumption of goods. This hypothesis of economic sociologists is considered as the result of the wide and complex influence of cultural patterns, sociability, and the need for homogeneity with the dominant culture of society and the importance of judging and evaluating others in the lives of members of any society. The purpose of this research is to discover the lived experience of the families of Afghan students of Yazd University regarding their purchasing and consumption conditions in the new society (Yazd city (.The importance of the current research is that it will reveal our perspective in the direction of the engraving of economic actions in the patterns and social structure and will direct the attention of economic sociologists and economists for new researches. This research has been done with a qualitative method and the Grounded Theory has been used to analyze the data. Sampling of this study is purposeful and qualitative interviews with fifteen families have continued until theoretical saturation. Alternative methods have been used to gain trust and the data of this research have been inferred with three types of coding (open, axial and selective) in the form of (six) main categories in the following order: Compatibility of economic actions with social and economic conditions and structures, embeddedness of economic actions in social relationships embeddedness of economic actions in social bases, chain stores and manipulation of economic actions, following economic actions from the new style of life and following economic actions from the judgment of others and the phenomenon The focus of this research has been the embeddedness of economic actions on the patterns and structures of society.

This Research aims to investigate the women entrepreneurs’ successful economic behaviors of Yazd city. The present study is qualitative and the Research community is women entrepreneurs. By using the purposeful and theoretical sampling method the number of 13 woman who were different in some variables like age, education type of profession and marital status, were selected. The research data were collected by using, Strauss and Corbin's underlying theory method including open, axial and selective coding. The core of research is the constructive interaction with limitations. The underlying category that provides the formation of constructive interaction with limitations is the context that provides the formation of constructive interaction with limitations, imposed structures, subjective barriers and Supportive Capital. The causal factor of the working authority is the position creator. Women’s response and management were categorized as favorable community oriented, self-promotion, feminine understanding of entrepreneurship, commercial rationality and role harmony. And finally, the consequence of constructive interaction with the limitations were identified as self-empowerment, civic competence, and grunting.

Adoption is one of the ways to experience parenting for infertile couples. Despite the demographic importance of adoption, the social research in Iran has paid little attention to its dimensions so far. The present study uses Grounded Theory methodology and in-depth interview with 15 adoptive mothers in the city of Yazd to explore the normative pressure perceived by adoptive parents in interaction with significant others. The data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding and presented in the storyline (including 12 main categories and one core category) and paradigm model. According to the findings, the research phenomenon is the “anxiety and sympathy” which is made by causal conditions (Permanent infertility, judgement by significant others and significant value of child to give meaning to the life of adaptive parents). In response to this situation, the adoptive families choose one of following strategies: A) situational reaction strategy and B) standing up to all the problems by wearing iron shoes strategy. These strategies have been activated among adoptive families and consequently they may guide similar families for adoption based on their previous experiences. The findings also indicate that most adaptive parents perceive negative emotions resulting from anxieties that they received from significant others. Prejudices by these significant others, lack of social supports by relatives, concerns about the adopted child’s background are among the most important contexts that shape these concerns.

In This article by reviewing some of the most important Orientalist theories about Eastern societies and Theory of some Iranian theorists who have attempted to provide an account of Iranchr('39')s economic and political history, we show that although these theories have relatively high explanatory power, And there is a great deal of evidence in Iranian society to support these theories, But because of their metanarrative nature and influencing by the idea of ​​European orientation, they ignore Many of the historical details that have key role to understand some periods of Iranian history and Economic and political history of some parts of Iran, Therefore, their claims cannot be extended to all historical periods and all regions of Iran. For this purpose, while reviewing the economic and political history of Yazd, As one of the central plateau areas of Iran, We highlight Some features of the citychr('39')s economic and political history are incompatible with these metanarratives and can be described as "exception to the rule".

Driving is a behavior that a person chooses as a practical model of action and implements it with a vehicle. This behavior includes two distinct categories of behaviors, namely positive and negative behavior. The set of negative behaviors in driving is called aggressive driving or high-risk driving. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors related to aggressive driving motivations among drivers in Yazd city.

The method used in this research was survey. The statistical population of this study consists of all drivers in Yazd city that 429 people have been selected as a sample. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and a simple random sampling method. In this study, the NPI-16 narcissistic personality scale and the MCMI-II narcissism scale were used to measure drivers' narcissism. The validity of the instrument was confirmed by the content validity method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was equal to 0.77 and was within the acceptable range. The retest reliability coefficient, correlation coefficient in determining the halving reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in measuring internal consistency were calculated to be 0.84, 0.74 and 0.79, respectively.

The findings showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the variables of age, marital status, narcissism, behavioral openness, aggression and the type of reaction when angry with the aggressive driving variable. The findings also showed that there was no significant difference between the variables of gender, driving time, socioeconomic status, legalism, discipline and flexibility with the variable of aggressive driving.

The results of multiple regression show a significant effect of five variables of age, socioeconomic status, narcissism, legalism, openness of behavior, aggression and type of reaction of drivers when angry in aggressive driving among drivers in Yazd city, among which, two variables are narcissism and Aggression plays a greater role in explaining the variable of aggressive driving. independent variables can explain 24% of the variance of the aggressive driving variable using linear combination variance.

The present study deals with the underlying causes of early marriage among Afghan immigrant women residing in Yazd. Through a qualitative research method of grounded theory, the experience of early marriage among 20 Afghan immigrant women has been analyzed via in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using open coding, axial coding, and selective coding and findings include 17 main and one core categories, which are presented in a paradigm model and theoretical schemas. The results suggest that early marriage occurs in a patriarchal context, which reflects the supremacy of men’s power in a legitimate and accepted manner, and is constructed through all out violence, the devaluing females, and, in turn, the added value to males. To deal with dominant patriarchy, women have adopted strategies such as running away, over-adapting, and shaky resistance, the consequences of which are the process of self-harm, the ruin of wishes-emotions, dissatisfaction with life, and physical complications of early marriage.

A review of all models and items designed to measure religiosity in Iran shows that none of these models regularly and methodically show the specific features of the Shiite religion. To address this shortcoming, in this article, relying on the views of Henry Corbin, we have highlighted one of the special aspects of Shiism, namely, "the continuity and continuity of man's relationship with God through the Imams and the saints and by extracting the concept of "recourse", it provides its operational definition in three dimensions: "belief", "ritual (practical)" and "experimental" for use in religious assessment surveys, and in the experimental part, this concept is measured in Yazd. This study is quantitative and survey. The statistical population of all men and women is 15 to 64 years old in Yazd city, which according to the 2016 census, includes 365298 people. Based on the Cochran's formula, 384 people were identified as the sample. Due to the number of variables in this study and the random sampling of multistage clusters and the need to access more samples, the sample size increased to 400 people and men and women to An equal number were selected. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and the research data were collected in a three-month period in the summer of 2016 by directing the researcher to the selected samples in Yazd city and conducting interviews and completing the questionnaires. The results of the research show that the level of recourse in the study community is relatively high and the pattern of responses to recourse measures is very similar to the pattern of Iranians' responses to religiosity measures. Also, the type and intensity of the relationship between recourse to contextual variables is similar to the type and intensity of the relationship between religiosity and contextual variables. The field findings of the study show that the rate of recourse is higher among women than men and among married people more than single people. In this study, a significant and inverse relationship was observed between the social class and the rate of recourse, so that the recourse of the lower class was reported more than the upper class. The more selective the treatment of religion and the more privatized the religion among individuals, the lower the rate of recourse. The inverse and significant relationship between lifestyle and the rate of recourse means that the more religious people are, the more traditional and non-modern lifestyles become. Although the results of this study indicate a relatively similar resemblance of the response model to "recourse" measures with the response model to religiosity measures in other research in this field, it is still not possible to be innovative about these measures and their strength in measuring differences. The subtleties of Shiite religiosity were carefully judged. Certainly the metrics designed here, while being critiqued by other researchers, should be tested in multiple experimental studies, with different statistical communities, and the results of this research should be consistent with the results of other metrics. Religiosity should be compared, and then one can judge how well the proposed measures here have been able to shed new light on the research of religiosity in Iran.

The present study attempts to study that how to express itself among micro influencers. Using the qualitative approach and grounded method, micro influencers were selected and studied using theoretical and objective sampling. Sampling continued until the researchers concluded that new information would be the repetition of the former information. Data collected through the study of sources and interviews with experts and technical notes. After refining the initial code (combining overlap and exemplifier codes), the findings were presented in the form of a story line (including 25 main categories and one core category) and a paradigmatic model. The research paradigm model represents the flow of processes and activities that have occurred in the context of the study. Generally Micro-influenced stories from expressing yourself Indicates this fact that they through the virtual base and their transcendental motives and in the context of the normative anomy of society their own virtualization experience comes with different dynamics. Such a situation involves the subjective and objective world of the participants, and their world becomes problematical. In other words, their self-emancipation is constantly being manipulated in the face of the audience of several thousand, and it forces them to rethink their strategies in confronting these audiences.