عدالت اجتماعی

This study explores the role of Iranian media in shaping the discourse of the Right to the City, examining whether they serve as tools for public awareness or social control. Given the increasing signific ance of media in urban governance, this research applies Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to assess how different media platforms—official media, independent media, and civil society activists—construct narratives about urban rights and citizen participation.

The study employs a three-level CDA framework—textual analysis, discursive processes, and social context analysis—applied to a dataset of 182 media texts published between 2001 and 2021. These texts were selected from both official state-controlled media and independent platforms, ensuring a comprehensive analysis of competing urban discourses. The research critically examines linguistic structures, ideological framing, and the socio-political contexts shaping media representations of urban rights.

The analysis reveals a stark contrast between official and independent media discourses. Official media predominantly frame the Right to the City within a security-oriented discourse, emphasizing terms such as “public order” and “social stability” to justify restrictive urban policies. In contrast, independent media and civil society activists advocate for a justice-oriented and participatory discourse, frequently using terms like “social justice,” “citizen engagement,” and “equitable access to urban resources.” Furthermore, digital media platforms play a critical role in challenging dominant state narratives and providing alternative spaces for public discourse.

The study highlights the power dynamics shaping media discourse on urban rights in Iran. While state-affiliated media reinforce hegemonic narratives aligned with governmental policies, independent platforms serve as counter-hegemonic forces that amplify marginalized voices and advocate for participatory governance. The findings underscore the growing influence of digital media in urban activism, illustrating how technology facilitates grassroots mobilization and public awareness. This research contributes to the discourse on media and urban governance by emphasizing the need for greater media transparency, policy reforms, and enhanced citizen engagement to ensure a more inclusive representation of urban rights.

Criminal justice is one of the most important social institutions that is responsible for maintaining the order and security of the society and implementing justice. In modern legal systems, the government is responsible for providing criminal justice services. However, in recent years we have seen an increase in the privatization of criminal justice around the world. In this article, we are trying to answer the question of what opportunities and challenges the privatization of criminal justice as a social problem entails. The findings of the research indicate that there are generally two general views in the field of privatization of criminal justice; The first or neoliberal view argues that privatization increases efficiency and cost savings, innovation, performance-based contracting, flexibility, reduction of bureaucracy, central specialization and reduction of government monopolies; On the other hand, the second point of view or the commodification of criminal justice suggests that the commodification of criminal justice causes deprivation of justice and freedom, reduction of services, simplification, instability, lack of accountability, conflict of interests, deprivation of public trust. In this article, by using the descriptive and analytical method and with a sociological perspective, we examine the privatization of criminal justice and different views.

Land use planning is a vital strategy for protecting the integrity of the land and optimal use of the land's (natural and social) talents, which cannot be imagined without a budgeting system based on the environment and environmental dynamics. Therefore, the Land use planning budget has at least four important features, which are: 1) "flexible"; That is, in accordance with the environmental changes and receptive to the principle of natural and social biodiversity and compatible with the biological characteristics of the Iranian plateau. 2) It has "unity" not only in the form and way of presenting the budget document, but it also benefits from the unity resulting from socio-biological continuity and ecological economy. 3) "Transparent" reflects the process of changes in the texture of biological complexes. 4) "Basic participation" is designed and implemented. The main question of the article is: Has the budget bill of 1402 been able to make a financial-technical formulation of the overview and detailing of the changes in biodiversity (natural and social) and the spatial structure of the country? The analysis of the budget bill of 1402 and its comparison with the budget bill of 1401 shows that the budget bill of 1402 is a supporter of restoration through legal, conceptual, operational foundation and reliance on environmental science.

Social justice refers to the equitable distribution of societal resources among all individuals, emphasizing fairness and equality across social, economic, and political domains. This concept focuses on the mechanisms by which societies allocate resources, including material goods, as well as social benefits, rights, and protections (Chapin, 2017). Nadiry and Shakoori (2011) highlight that generational differences significantly influence perceptions of social justice, overshadowing factors, such as gender, class, and education. An Ipsos survey conducted across 29 countries reveals that young people are more likely than previous generations to view inequality as a pressing issue in their nations. They also perceive their gender as one of the most discriminated groups today. Moreover, the belief that personal success relies on merit and effort is more prevalent among older generations, whereas Generation Z exhibits the least faith in this notion. This generation places a heightened focus on discrimination against women compared to earlier cohorts (Taylor, 2024). The present study examined Generation Z's experiences with social justice, explored their interpretation of the concept, and investigated their proposed solutions for achieving social justice on a societal level.

This research employed a qualitative phenomenological approach and was conducted in Khomeinishahr, Isfahan, in 2023. The city was chosen due to the researcher's familiarity with the area, which was anticipated to facilitate data collection by minimizing participant resistance. The inclusion criterion was based on the Cambridge Dictionary's definition of Generation Z, encompassing individuals born between 1998 and 2008.To ensure a diverse sample, a purposive sampling strategy with maximum variation was implemented. Participants were selected from various socioeconomic backgrounds and neighborhoods throughout the city to capture a wide range of cultural and economic perspectives. Additionally, individuals from all birth years within the specified range and from different genders were included. Data collection continued until saturation was achieved with a total of 16 in-depth interviews conducted.

The findings revealed that Generation Z faced a wide range of discriminatory experiences across various contexts. In the economic sphere, they encountered discriminatory practices that resulted in disparities related to livelihood, employment, and socioeconomic status. Within families, common experiences of discrimination included parental favoritism among siblings or grandchildren, as well as restrictions placed on daughters. However, the most significant instances of discrimination occurred within educational systems, spanning from primary to tertiary education. Participants particularly highlighted university entrance examinations and the national university entrance exam, viewing the quota system and special privileges granted to certain individuals in these contexts as discriminatory and unjust.Generation Z advocated for a dual approach to social justice, which encompassed both primary equality and secondary entitlement. This perspective formed the foundation of a "dual-aspect social justice" framework. They asserted that all individuals should possess equal intrinsic value, have access to a minimum standard of living, enjoy equality before the law, and be afforded equal opportunities for growth. Furthermore, they emphasized the importance of supporting those in greater need to create a more level-playing field. In addition, Generation Z believed that merit and effort were essential for achieving valuable positions and outcomes. They argued that individuals should receive equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender, provided they possess similar skills and exert equivalent effort. However, to encourage growth and competition, rewards should reflect varying levels of competence. They advocated for a minimum wage and a narrow wage gap, insisting that competencies should be the primary determinants of rewards and resources, free from special privileges, such as nepotism or quotas.In summary, Generation Z's understanding of social justice primarily aligned with the principles of need-based and equal distribution. However, when it came to achieving outcomes, their perspective shifted towards fairness and merit-based distribution. As a result, the existing paradigms and theories of social justice failed to fully encapsulate Generation Z's unique viewpoint. This research introduced the concept of "dual-aspect social justice" to better reflect their beliefs.Participants proposed a variety of strategies to promote social justice within society. These strategies included reforming governance through legal changes, adopting practices from countries that had effectively addressed social justice issues, removing certain officials, and implementing a merit-based system for appointing competent and just leaders. Additionally, some participants advocated for broader systemic changes within the political framework, suggesting that revolution and a change in the political regime might be necessary to achieve justice. This perspective was particularly pronounced among the male participants in this generation.Another essential change was democratization. It was necessary that rulers and those in power acknowledge the people's right to protest, ensure that laws were enacted by the people without coercion, and take the public's desires into account when making decisions. Individuals could also promote social justice through civil actions, such as civil disobedience, assisting the disadvantaged, and organizing demonstrations. In addition to these points, cultural transformation was crucial for fostering social justice. By prioritizing education and cultivating a culture rooted in justice and anti-discrimination, the society could work towards achieving social justice. Furthermore, individuals had to commit to personal change and uphold principles of justice in their daily lives.In conclusion, Generation Z informed by their experiences with discrimination and existing definitions of social justice presented a novel and eclectic interpretation that blended elements of equality and meritocracy. This generation had faced inequities in various aspects of their lives, experiencing discrimination within families, schools, and society. To address these injustices and realize their vision of "dual-aspect social justice", they advocated for reforms in governance and public culture, expansion of democracy, and active civic engagement.

In Iran, the equitable distribution of wealth has long been an important social issue having especially affected families living in urban and rural. This research deals with the challenges caused by the established energy subsidy system and proposes a new approach to redistribute energy subsidies by increasing social justice.This study introduces a new method to redistribute income from energy sales through subsidies to individuals and target groups. The subsidy program will reduce government spending on energy subsidies from $66.7 billion to $43.9 billion. This amount represents a quarter of the country's general budget for 2023.In addition to the financial savings of this approach, with the effective use of energy savings subsidies and implementing a fair redistribution system, the government can increase its revenue stream. This approach not only ensures equitable allocation of resources among vulnerable households but also can reduce inequalities and reduce budget deficits. On the other hand, due to the realization of prices along the chain, sufficient incentives will be created for producers to reduce waste and for investors in the field of energy consumption optimization, so that the implementation of projects on the ground and its implementation will be justified from an economic point of view.In this study, a combination of comparative studies and content analysis methods with modeling the subsidy redistribution program impacts were used. The results emphasize the transformative capacity of this new approach in optimizing government spending, increasing income generation strengthening socio-economic equality, and reducing energy waste in Iranian society.

Social welfare is the management of the material and mental affairs of society; it is related to issues such as quality of life and comfort in affairs, livelihoods and social services and benefits material affairs. The purpose of this article is to explore the meaning of social welfare in Ayatollah Khamenei's view as the leader of the Islamic Revolution and to address the main question "What is social welfare in Ayatollah Khamenei's view?" Follow up. The meaningfulness of social welfare in this view is obtained by examining the notions of welfare and welfare-based concepts that are based on the theoretical sensitivity of the subject to welfare theories. This research has been done by qualitative method through the analysis of critical discourse of Fairclough. Accordingly, Ayatollah Khamenei's statements were selected by purposeful sampling and analyzed at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. The findings of this study show that in the view of Ayatollah Khamenei, social welfare is based on the concept of human perfection and spiritual growth. In this view of freedom and social justice, contrary to popular welfare theories, the two concepts are not opposites but two concepts are in agreement, and, social welfare goes through these two concepts. In this view, the government has a supervisory role in the exercise of social welfare. The study found that effort and responsibility accounted for the facilities and the only people who were not able to make money, such as the physically and mentally disabled, receiving free services and facilities.

Complexity and value judgments in social development have caused its model to appear ambiguous and distorted in many cases among experts. The absence of reliable and consensus social development has made monitoring a country’s social development process challenging. Besides, there is also a controversy over the reasons for choosing its social development. No clear definition of agreed-upon social development indicators to recognize the situation in time series has made the failure to evaluate programs and functions of institutions in charge a challenge for advancement in social development. The present study aims to achieve precise and agreed-upon definitions and situations of social development indicators according to the Iranian structural characteristics. as a result, the definitions of social development indicators were determined concerning the local conditions of Iranian society. While being close to international standards, the indicators made provincial, national, and international comparability possible and fixed the existing defects with their evolutionary features. The study employed exploratory sequential mixed methods instrument development design developed by Creswell and Plano Clark. First, international and domestic documents and reports on social development were examined, classified, and validated using the Delphi technique using Noblit and Hare’s meta-synthesis technique. Then, 107 indices were obtained through indexing, each evaluated and measured by secondary analysis in all Iranian provinces. As the results show, the mean scores of 19 provinces are lower than the national mean score. The distance between upper and lower provinces is significant in terms of average social development, and the pattern of social development in Iran is macrocephaly.

Purpose:

One of the most important characteristics of contemporary society is the increasing trend of women's employment and their entry into the field of economic partnerships. Simultaneously with the arrival of modernity in Iran, women redefine their identity in the struggle between tradition and modernity in the shadow of social transformations. The consequences of gender in women's employment are clear things, which becomes highlighted with the passage of time and the presence of more women in various fields of employment. On the other hand, the presence of women in Iran's labor market has gone through ups and downs but in all these ups and downs, it is certain that women have had a very impressive presence in the fields of knowledge and learning, and this shows that they have understood the need to be present in the society to improve their status and make an impact. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the lived experience of female employees of Karaj city of gender discrimination in the workplace.

The current research is applied in terms of its purpose, and in terms of method, qualitative and sampling method in this research is in the form of a snowball using semi-structured and phenomenological interviews. The statistical population of the research was 15 female employees of Karaj city. In order to analyze the data, the seven-step Claysey method was used. In this way, based on the first three stages of the Claysey method, the concepts deduced from the interview with the participants were placed in 155 codes. In the next step, it was tried to place the extracted codes in the specific categories of the subject. For this purpose, first, sub-categories were created, and from their integration, sub-categories were formed from the combination of several sub-categories, finally, the main concepts of the research were created. Next, by juxtaposing the corresponding codes extracted from the above tables, the main concepts were identified, which is actually a combination of several codes.

34 concepts were identified and three main categories were obtained, which were the underlying roots of gender inequality, consequences of gender inequality, and strategies to deal with gender inequality. It also turned out that gender discrimination in the workplace has many consequences that may lead to a decrease in the productivity and overall performance of the organization or the loss of capable and effective workforce, as well as lack of motivation and frustration among employees and cases like that. In this research, it was found that psychological problems, exploitation of women and decline in productivity at work are the consequences of gender inequality in women's work environment

the present research was written with the aim of achieving the relationship and relationship between the two categories of socio-economic development and social inequality in the provinces of Iran; Because the ratio of justice (= lack of inequality) and development has always been a challenging issue. While the early development economists considered any kind of orientation towards justice to be harmful to the economic system and assumed the increasing internal inequality as an inevitable result of Islamic development, but with the passage of time, it became clear that fair conditions are among the most important variables of favorable economic performance; In such a way that almost all reproductive factors of underdevelopment are rooted in neglecting the issue of social justice and unjustified inequalities.

In terms of the type of study, the current research is an explanatory research that has used a quantitative comparative method within the country in the position of testing the claim or confronting the theoretical hypotheses with the facts that they imply. In the current research, the unit of analysis and observation (province/year) and the level of analysis (Iran) with a longitudinal research design for the period 1368 to 1398 is considered.

The results and findings of this research have indicated that a significant negative linear relationship with relatively moderate intensity (beta: -0.324/sig: 0.000) has been seen between the two categories of socio-economic development and social inequality.

Based on the final findings of this research, it can be said that there is a kind of correspondence with Chalabi's theoretical point of view (a negative linear relationship between the two categories of socio-economic development and social inequality) and also the results of the current research with the theoretical points of view of Kuznets and Rafipour in It has been a contradiction.

Introduction and statement of the topic: This article seeks to analyze the ethnic identity in Iranian society based on the researches that have been conducted in the field of ethnic identity, and it deals with the importance of how the prominence of ethnic identity is compared to national identity among Iranian ethnic groups and the factors affecting divergence. And what are the convergences? In the theoretical framework, in addition to using two macro-linear and non-linear approaches of national identity and ethnic identity, the theories of ethnic nationalism, elite competition, unbalanced development and relative deprivation have also been used. A systematic review method was used and based on that, 48 studies that paid attention to the issue of ethnic identity in Iran from 1380-1401 were selected. The results of this research show that all Iranian ethnic groups emphasized on the central Iran of their identity and the prominence of national identity was the first priority of all Iranian ethnic groups' identity choices. Different social groups of Iranians are proud of being Iranian. At the same time, pride in ethnic identity and ethnic commitment and belonging has a high score (close to 60), but according to the results of this research and the emphasis on law-oriented demands by Ethnic groups, extra-legal collective actions with violence and deviance have no place in the mentality of Iranian ethnic groups.

The present study aims to examine the epistemological factors influencing the perception of justice. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results showed that the factors affecting the perception of justice are divided into two main groups: epistemological factors and non-epistemological factors. In the discussion of epistemological backgrounds, the most crucial part of the formation of the perception of justice is a person's definition and understanding of justice and its potential criteria. Another epistemological factor influencing the perception of justice is ideology, encompassing all value-based and belief systems, including governance, which play a role in individuals' decisions, reflections, and thoughts. Another epistemological factor is the individuals' perspective on the agent or the expander of justice. If the perceiver considers the government or authority as the sole expander, their perception of justice is naturally dependent on their performance. However, if they consider the role of the people in expanding justice significant, their perception of justice is shaped by the role of the people. The epistemological belief in retribution and a just world, as another epistemological background, causes the perceiver to analyze the state of justice and inequality solely in terms of the feedback of individual actions.

The relationship between justice (= lack of inequality) and development has always posed a challenge. While some economists believe that growing inequality is an inevitable result of certain types of development, others believe that nearly all of the reproductive factors of underdevelopment stem from ignoring the issue of social justice and unjustified inequality. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between two crucial categories of socio-economic development and social inequality in post-revolutionary Iranian society.The article’s central issue concerns the relationship between these two categories at the national level between 1989 and 2019. To answer the research question, Kuznets (parametric relationship), Chalabi (negative linear relationship), and Rafipour (positive linear correlation) were used from three theoretical perspectives: Kuznets (parametric relationship), Chalabi (negative linear relationship), and Rafipour (positive linear correlation). The hypotheses derived from the above theoretical perspectives were tested using the quantitative comparative method and a single-country longitudinal research design.Between the two categories of economic-social development and inequality, there is a significant negative linear relationship with a relatively strong intensity (beta: -0.719 / sig: 0.000) and a proportional relationship in the shape of an inverted U; but according to the coefficients, the inverted U-shaped relationship is preferred.The research’s theoretical achievements demonstrate a degree of congruence with Kuznets’s point of view. This indicates that although Iran’s development was initially accompanied by a high level of inequality, the opposite has occurred over time, and the level of inequality has decreased. Therefore, it can be stated that Iran’s high development has led to a reduction in social inequality over time.

The findings of the discourse analysis indicated that the floating indicator of 'social justice in unemployment insurance laws' is based on the central slab of 'targeted welfare system', this slab, the following governing discourse Unemployment Insurance Act (Construction Discourse) in the form of models or core signs, such as 'job creation', 'dual structure of unemployment insurance', 'attitude toward unemployment as a social problem,' 'lack of supportive and comprehensive view' and 'observance of authority justice' Blocking and articulation of this discourse has been shaped around the main dodges. But the floating slab 'Social justice in unemployment insurance laws' in the unemployment insurance plan, based on the central slab of 'comprehensive support policy', is the following dialogue in the text, which has been the moderation of the spiritual government, in the form of major signs. Or models such as 'non-compliance of distributive justice', 'Improving the welfare of the unemployed', 'attitude towards unemployment as macro and ultrasonity', 'planning a framework for the permission of the unemployed', 'providing financial credits in the field of unemployment,' 'reform in the rules And the regulations of unemployment 'and' observance of authority justice ', blocked and around the main signs, formed the meaning of the discourse. Therefore, the results of the discourse analysis indicate that social justice in unemployment insurance laws were not the same in terms of discursive analysis (subjects,

The aim of this study is to study the sociological impact of balanced development on social justice among union and non-union workers. Therefore, in this study, balanced development as a vision and a comprehensive approach to development, as a possibility for societies (primarily workers and secondarily society as a whole) in the realization of human values ​​(freedom, equality, democracy and justice). Social) is considered. The type of research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of time, because it is related to a specific time period; It is cross-sectional. In terms of data collection, it is a survey-field survey. The statistical population of the present study includes factory workers and building contractors in Urmia, which have been identified in two groups of union and non-member workers in the unions, which is a total of 80,000 workers. To select the sample size, Cochran's formula with an error coefficient of 5% was used and 380 workers were selected by stratified method according to the volume. Research findings indicate that balanced development has a significant effect on increasing equality, economic justice, cultural justice, legal justice, distributive justice, political participation and social justice. Also, social justice does not differ among workers based on their gender. Social justice does not differ among workers based on their education.

The research aimed to investigate socio-cultural factors affecting social cohesion from a sociological perspective.

Materials and procedure: 

This research was applied in terms of goal and descriptive in terms of methodology; it also fell in correlative studies. The statistical population consisted of all 18–29-year-old youths in Ahvaz. The sampling method was cluster random sampling. To determine the sample size, the Morgan Table was used with the sample size amounting to 384 people. The 22-item Social Cohesion Inventory, 8-item Anomy Feeling inventory, 17-item Social Capital inventory, 9-item Cultural Capital inventory, 6-item Social Justice inventory, 8-item Relative Deprivation inventory, 15-item Social Security inventory, 5-item General Individualism inventory and 29-item Socio-economic inventory were used.

The results from research hypotheses revealed that there was a relationship between religiosity (r=0.440), tendency to ethnic identity (r=0.376), feeling of social justice (r=0.349), sense of social security(r=0.358), feeling anomy (r=0.461), feeling of relative deprivation (r=0.447), general individualism (r=0.223), social capital (r=0.317), cultural capital (r=0.130), socio-economic status (r=0.352), with social cohesion among Ahvaz youths, (p<0.05).

The research aims are to know the status of social vitality (happiness) in Birjand and investigate the role of individual and social factors in this variable. Since social happiness and vitality is one of the main and ultimate goals of all city development programs, understanding this phenomenon and the role of various factors in its improvement can create a context for building capital and social cohesion and improving the quality of life of citizens.

 Methods and Data: 

This research was conducted in six neighborhoods with three different types of urban textures. The research method was descriptive and analytical. The statistical population was citizens over 15 years old and the sample included 400 people. 

The results showed that there is an inverse relationship between the age variable and social vitality. No significant difference was observed in the social vitality of women and men. Single people had higher social vitality than married people and working and student people had higher social vitality than other occupational groups and there was a significant difference between them. A positive and significant relationship was observed between the three variables of social justice, social capital, and social participation with social vitality. 

Based on the findings, it can be said that having suitable housing and better income and living in privileged areas are not necessarily related to increasing happiness and social vitality, and many socio-cultural and spatial factors should be considered. 

Key Message: 

Considering that place and space define primary manifestation of every human activities, individual and social changes in different locations can influence social happiness. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the role of spatial variables in the formation and continuity of happiness and social vitality.

The study of cultural and social changes and developments in different societies is of fundamental importance because as a result of the study of these changes, the direction and trend of changes and the type of new cultural and social relations of societies are determined. The purpose of this study is the evolution of social justice in the allocation of resources to national championship sports. The research method is descriptive-analytical-comparative survey. A total of 252 people, including the presidents, experts and executives of the country's sports federations, answered the standard questionnaire (Mahoni and Petrosco, 2007). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypotheses and Friedman test to prioritize the principles of resource distribution in national championship sports. Confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL software was used to present the model. The results showed that from the point of view of sports federations, the need for greater international success, equality based on Olympic medals and the need for lack of resources are the most important principles of distribution. . social justice, resource allocation, championship sports

The management and administration of the old and dilapidated areas of the cities has been in the focus of different approaches and approaches of urban management. The aim of the article is to investigate the impact of the opportunities and challenges of the twelve old neighborhoods of Jahrom city on the formation of good governance in this city The theory of good governance is one of the most important people-oriented approaches and is considered a suitable solution for managing urban affairs. The research method is based on the use of SWAT technique to identify the opportunities and challenges of good governance in Jahrom city. The statistical population is the experts of Jahrom municipality, which was calculated using Cochran's formula of 79 people an analytical method was used to analyze the data. The findings of the research showed that the twelve old districts of Jahorm city have opportunities that increase the possibility of realizing the desired governance; However, despite having these capacities, these regions are involved with challenges, which are inevitable to solve in order to achieve the desired governance The intensification of the migration process of the original residents from the old contexts, the lack of a strategic development plan for the improvement and modernization of these areas, the neglect of public participation, the inadequacy of urban infrastructure and facilities for the disposal of surface water and sewage, the cheapness of housing and the amount of rent of buildings are among the factors that make it possible It has limited the revitalization of worn-out fabric and the realization of social justice for these areas The general result of the research showed that these regions have the desired capacities for the operationalization of the good governance approach, although there are also challenges and obstacles in this direction.