قضاوت اخلاقی

This research delves deeply into the issues and challenges associated with artificial intelligence (AI) and moral judgment, seeking to answer the fundamental question of how AI can play a role in human moral decision-making. 

The study employs an analytical-descriptive approach, utilizing library research to examine existing literature and resources related to AI, ethics, and moral judgment. 

AI, through complex algorithms and machine learning, is capable of processing information and making decisions across various domains. The application of AI in moral judgment offers benefits such as increased accuracy, speed, and impartiality. However, several challenges persist, including a lack of understanding of moral nuances, bias, and a deficiency in creativity and innovation. 

Currently, fully entrusting moral judgment to AI is unreliable. AI can serve as a tool to assist humans in the moral judgment process, but final decision-making should remain with humans.

Family is a complex system of relationships, processes, and phenomena within the lives of its members, encompassing physical and psychological, economic and moral, social, and cultural aspects of society. A strong foundation for a healthy family can transform this social institution into a sanctuary for its members and a platform for human growth in all societies. In contemporary societies, the family has encountered various challenges due to shifts in its values and functions. Some of these challenges have impacted the relationships between spouses, leading to family breakdown. It is evident that the factors disrupting the functions of the family institution also contribute to numerous social harms. Despite extensive research on the family and its challenges in different societies and times, it is difficult to pinpoint specific and identical causes that threaten the foundation of the family. Therefore, understanding the social and individual factors that interfere with and affect family functions has always been a focal point of sociological studies and research, particularly in explaining the threats and causes of conflicts and differences, especially between couples. Based on individual and social circumstances, there are instances where couples, despite being dissatisfied with their relationships, are compelled to remain together, preserving the family structure outwardly but experiencing a decrease in emotional intimacy, which is often referred to as emotional divorce. This type of rupture in family relations has numerous direct and indirect consequences for both family members and society at large.

 This research was classified as an applied research as the researchers aimed to experimentally test theoretical concepts with the results intended for practical application in addressing challenges within the research topic. In terms of its temporal nature, this study was cross-sectional. The method of data collection employed was a survey with information gathered through reviewing the respondents' answers. Furthermore, it was a correlational study as it evaluated and measured the correlation between variables. The target sample for this research comprised all married individuals residing in the 5th, 7th, and 8th regions of Tabriz City during the period of 2022-2023. The determined sample size was 384 individuals calculated by using Cochran's formula from the total married population living in the researched areas, which, based on the 2015 census, amounted to 311,380 people. Sampling was conducted in a clustered manner and the data collection tool utilized was a questionnaire comprising a combination of standard questions and those formulated by the researchers.

The research findings revealed a significant and positive correlation between moral judgment and family breakdown. This suggested that when ethical standards are not grounded in rational reasoning and established definitions, but rather based on individual judgments regarding societal values and beliefs, ethical considerations become a source of disagreement and conflict among family members, thereby posing a risk to the cohesion of the family institution.Furthermore, the results demonstrated a significant and inverse relationship between adherence to beliefs and family disintegration. In other words, as adherence to beliefs increases, family breakdown decreases. Beliefs play a crucial role in marriage and are intertwined with the activities that spouses engage in together. When couples significantly differ in this aspect, the stability of their relationship diminishes, leading the family towards a conflict and eventual dissolution.

The present study was conducted to compare the affective theory of mind, moral judgment, working memory, and cognitive flexibility in individuals with substance use and normal individuals.

The method of the present study was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the study included all men who referred to addiction treatment centers in Tabriz in 2019 as well as normal individuals among the residents of Tabriz. The study sample consisted of 160 men (80 substance users and 80 normal individuals) who were selected by purposive sampling. Research tools included the mind in the eyes test, the personal and impersonal moral stories scale, the working memory test, and the cognitive flexibility inventory.

The results showed that there were significant differences between substance users and normal individuals in the affective theory of mind, moral judgment, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, so that individuals in the normal group scored higher than those in the substance user group.

It seems that malfunctions in the components of the affective theory of mind, moral judgment, working memory, and cognitive flexibility in individuals with substance use disorders cause defects in the process of social cognition and their vulnerability in decision-making, and their interactions with society and individuals.

The aim of this study is to explain the influence of close relationships pattern in moral judgments and identifying components affected by gender. In this study used a qualitative approach based on the constructivist grounded theory model that examine judgments based on relationships. The population of this study was young and middle-aged men and women living in Tehran and the sampling was purposeful. The moral dilemmas were presented to participants, and information was collected with semi-structured interviews. The results of the study showed that people are willing to violate the principle of equality for their relatives, friends, colleagues, compatriots, religion and ethnicity, respectively, which was similar in both genders in terms of breadth and order. In general, the impact of personal relationships (relative, self, friend, and colleague) is related to human evolutionary characteristics, and the impact of social relationships (countryman, coreligionist, and ethnicity) is related to common goals within the group and loyalty to the group. In their decisions, both Men and women consider relationships equally in different situations, although based on the severity of the situation, their intervention is difference. The difference depends on their evolutionary characteristics rather than their ability to understanding and observing equality.

The present research aims to study the probable differences between confrontation with ethical situations in the cyberspace and in the real world.
The statistical population of this research included all adult users of cyberspace in Iran. The sample included 365 users who were selected through available sampling method. 16 short story scenarios (4 gender couples and 4 common couples) were developed by the researcher in a manner that each couple assessed a specific subject in the field of ethics once in the cyberspace and once in the real world.
The findings of the research indicate that in most proposed ethical cases – for instance betrayal, theft, privacy, etc. – there is a significant difference in type of confrontation and ethical judgement of users in the virtual and real worlds. The level of this difference varies depending on the nature of ethical subject, but except in minor cases, it is not affected by individual variables. Due to specific characteristics of the virtual world, such as anonymity, being out of control and other features, people in the cyberspace are more liberal regarding ethical issues and behave below their usual ethical standards.