مدرنیته متاخر

Human as an ideal and human as a creature living in the current state of any society are two debatable dignity in social sciences and humanities. This initial separation of these two aspects of human being can make us more familiar with the identity of social sciences and humanities. Thoughts that have produced a multitude of theories, terms and vocabulary in economics, sociology and other fields of science. Anthony Giddens is one of the thinkers who considered these two dignity in his social studies, and therefore, studying his works can show us how to distinguish between the methodological knowledge of human and the human knowledge as a fact. In the first stage, he conceptualizes human based on the theoretical requirements of late modernity, and in another stage, he applies this formulation to the study of human in the recent modern period which he call in late modernity. A person whose personality is summed up in the body and therefore the management of the body is considered as a matter of human agency; Where morality and religion have lost their place as matters of identity, and even the possibility of death entering to shape the personality as the reality of the human world is kept away from the eyes as an obstacle on the way to crush the human and human identity in the late modernity.The method of this article is based on the review and analysis of those methodological works of Anthony Giddens, in which man is manifested in a theoretical and methodological form. In such a way, when we talk about the role of consciousness, the limits of consciousness, the existence or non-existence of consciousness in the theories of structuralism, functionalism or other theories, it is actually where we see the reflection of human and human consciousness in social sciences. When we talk about structures and the extent of their influence on the behavior and consciousness of the agent, we have actually talked about the forced effects of the environment on human behavior and will. Therefore, in both cases, we have been looking for manifestations of the reflection of the human image in the theories. This method is actually a method to discover the methodological dignity of human beings in the formation of different social science approaches. When these methodological elements of Giddens' view were extracted, an attempt was made to reopen the second part of social science studies that pay attention to human identification, and that is focusing on a person who lived, grew, and his personality was formed in a certain time-space period. He has finally left the world. This second part of human studies is possible based on that theoretical part. And in fact, the theoretical part acts as a method and a model to identify the actual human being. The theory of structuration in Gidden's thought acts as the part of the method of human knowledge, and the knowledge of modern human personality is actually the application of the method in the identification of human reality. Therefore, we see the manifestations of human knowledge in both theoretical and real areas in Giddens' works.With this definition, the issues that arise for modern man are all part of the second part of human knowledge in social sciences. These issues include the existential questions that arise for humans and are answered or silenced in a social way. The problem of the body as the human self, which in the modern period displays a manifestation of one's personality in front of others. The issue of anxiety and basic trust, which is considered the basis of modern personality. In this case, the management of the body becomes more important than the management of the soul because the essence of the identity of people is manifested in their bodies. Therefore, body management can be considered as being the agent. In this case, another issue for modern man is the issue of ethics. Because according to the institutions that Giddens enumerates for the modern world, which include capitalism, militarism, surveillance and industrialism, ethics does not find a special place in this world. These institutions change everything based on their requirements and leave nothing fixed for human life, and ethics is one of these things. Therefore, one of the elements that is crushed under the gears of the modern world is morality. The term lifestyle also emerges from this; where human is faced with different patterns of modern life and many choices are in front of him and he is forced to choose between them. If there is only one model in front of man, it is no longer possible to talk about lifestyle.Finally, modern human reaches a zero point where everything ends. And that point is nothing but death. With this definition, the memory of death is an uncontrollable danger for the modern personality, which cannot be controlled and managed, and on the other hand, it cannot be approached in order to gain an experience of facing it and develop the personality beyond it. It is necessary to hide death as much as possible from everyone's view and normalize it in a way that is kept away from our eyes. The end of the modern personality occurs at this real point in life; A reality that modernity does not want people to face; Because the unreality of the fundamental existential security and the fundamental trust desired by modernity is revealed.Human knowledge in social sciences is not only a content and data, but the main part of human knowledge in social sciences is the methodological knowledge of human beings; Where the main theories and concepts of humanities and social sciences are formed through it. In this regard, Giddens has identified two types of human knowledge in social sciences. In the first type, the ideal man in the world of modernity is studied in a theoretical way that forms the system of concepts of Giddens's structuration theory and in this case the social theory is formed, but in the second type, Giddens uses this theory of human being to explain the human in the modern world.

Humans interact with each other to meet their needs. One of the most important of these needs is romantic interaction. Without love, much of a person's life is fruitless, and nothing is as magical as love. Romantic love exists in all cultures, and probably every culture reproduces love in its own way. In the present study, prominent social theorists on love, such as Anthony Giddens, Zygmunt Bauman, Ulrich Beck, and Elizabeth Beck Gransheim, put theories in a discourse framework using Foucault's discourse and the theory of social reproduction. Pierre Bourdieu discusses the processes of late modernity and its impact on romantic relationships, as well as reproduction with reflexibility of love through higher education. The purpose of this study is to obtain a better and more accurate sociological understanding of the social and cognitive aspects of love relationships among students with the help of the above theories. According to the mentioned purpose, the method used in this research is quantitative (survey) method. The statistical population of the present study is all students of Azad University and Gilan University of Rasht who have been studying in these two universities during the academic year 2020-2021. For sampling in this study, stratified random sampling has been used. Finally, 342 questionnaires were distributed and collected. Findings showed that there is a significant correlation between the components of higher education, social structure, and cultural structure, the prevalence of consumerist culture, intimacy crisis, students' mental structure and reproduction with reflexibility of love in higher education. Also, the results of path analysis of this research show that the reproduction of love is directly affected by mental structure (0.230), consumerism (0.198) and social structure (0.146).

Today's societies are experiencing the decline of childbearing values. So that Sub-replacement fertility has become the dominant feature of the population of these societies. Cultural factors appear to be the main drivers of these changes. the prevalence of one's desires and desires over society and the increasing individualism of the individual has led to a decline in the importance of childbearing. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to describe and explain childbearing through individualism. The present study was a survey using a questionnaire technique with multistage cluster sampling method with sample size of 754 married men and women. Descriptive results show the expansion of individualism and the decline of the importance of childbearing in society. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient show that there is a significant, strong and inverse relationship (-0.444) between individualism and the importance of childbearing. The importance of childbearing decreases with increasing individualism.

The increasing media coverage of childhood culture requires serious attention to research in this area. The study of the relationship between the child and the media is an interdisciplinary subject that must consider many categories. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, it introduces different approaches to studying the child and the media and evaluating them. The research approach on children's media environment can be child-centered or media-oriented, ie in one child is the main subject and the medium of study and in the other vice versa. Of course, it is ultimately the child contexts that shape meanings. Those uses and influences of the media, in turn, shape childhood experiences. To take advantage of both approaches, theories related to late modernity can be considered as a tool to strengthen child-centered and media-oriented approaches. This view allows us to take advantage of both approaches and at the same time overcome the limitations of each, not only by understanding how each of these two approaches forms an important part of the other context, but also by understanding general processes. Social change that affects both the media environment and the children's environment.