مدیریت شهری

The manifestation of rapid socio-cultural transformations and population growth in the 21st century has increasingly highlighted the demand for high-quality public spaces within communities. This research seeks to examine the role of urban management in enhancing the quality of public spaces with a focus on social and cultural development, particularly in the metropolis of Tabriz. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative studies, this research identifies and evaluates the role of urban management in this area. The findings indicate that urban management plays multiple roles in improving the quality of public spaces, including policy-making, planning, execution, maintenance, setting standards, acting as a catalyst, and facilitating social and cultural development. Data analysis reveals that policy-making acts as the primary driver in enhancing the quality of public spaces. Additionally, active participation by citizens in decision-making and project implementation has been recognized as a key factor in improving the quality of these spaces. This study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive and integrated approach to managing public spaces within communities. Achieving high-quality public spaces requires attention to all socio-cultural, economic, and political dimensions, as well as collaboration among stakeholders, including urban managers, citizens, and various professionals. As such, this research serves as a reference for policymakers and urban managers aiming to improve the quality of urban public spaces. The findings can be used to develop long-term plans for enhancing public spaces and assessing the performance of urban management in this field.

Biophilic urban design, which is based on nature and its expansion in the form and content of urban planning, is among the most important models that can be examined in the field of creating social security in urban spaces. The present research aims to investigate the impact of biophilic urban design elements on achieving social security in urban neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis.

First of all, existing theoretical sources were reviewed using a “library research” method. The statistical population of this research consists of citizens of urban areas of Ahvaz metropolis.  Using Cochran’s sampling method and formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed . The collected data was analyzed by SPSS. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through a survey method. Questionnaires were the tool used for data collection. Its validity was confirmed by a panel of elite experts, and its reliability was also confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient which was above 0.78.

The results showed that biophilic urban design elements in urban planning and management have a significant level of impact at the level of 0.000.

The impact of biophilic urban design indicators, including green spaces and parks, natural lighting, water, and irrigation systems, had the highest impact on social security, while other indicators ranked lower. The level of impact of biophilic urban design indicators, as well as the measurement of social security and its valuation in the studied areas, indicates that regions 1 and 2 have a high level of social security, regions 3 and 8 have a medium value of social security, and regions 5, 6, and 7; are ranked as having unstable social security.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the state of the Tabriz metropolis with an emphasis on the indicators of an elderly-friendly city in formal and informal settlements.

The research method is descriptive-survey, and the data were collected based on questionnaires and field studies. Cronbach's alpha method was used to evaluate the reliability of the research tool, and to determine the validity of the research, the factor analysis technique was used, using the KMO index and Bartlett's test. The statistical population with a sample size of 384 people contains residents of areas 2, 8, and 10 of the Tabriz metropolis, as well as 27 managers and experts in urban affairs. Data analysis was done in an SPSS software environment.The geographical scope of the research: The area under study is districts 2, 8, and 10 of Tabriz city.

The findings of the research showed that among the eight indicators analyzed, from the point of view of the elderly, the indicators of "public and religious buildings and places" (13/53) and " "Cultural-Recreational" (9/85) have the highest and lowest points, and from the point of view of city managers, "public and religious buildings and places" (16/52) and " "Intra-city transportation" (14/56) were ranked first and last. There is a significant difference in the indicators of the elderly-friendly city among the studied areas. Also, other research findings indicate no significant difference between the satisfaction of the elderly with life in the metropolis of Tabriz and their education.

In general, Tabriz metropolis is lower than the average index of an elderly-friendly city and is not in a favorable situation.

Urban planning has undergone significant transformations throughout history marked by distinct eras characterized by shifts in planning principles, approaches, and objectives. In recent years, citizens’ participation and democratization of urban management have gained considerable attention and importance. It has become evident that imposing large-scale urban projects on communities without their input or involvement can lead to severe backlash. Traditional methods, such as offline consultations, co-design workshops, and surveys, have facilitated architects and planners in understanding and engaging with communities. However, advancements in technology and online platforms have opened up new avenues for harnessing the collective intelligence of entire cities and communities in the urban planning and design process. The presence of strong democratic institutions, respect for human rights, and participatory accountable governance are essential for enhancing people's lives in a sustainable manner. In an increasingly urbanized world, these factors contribute to unlocking the potential of cities, particularly through improved urban service delivery. Well-managed cities with enhanced services promote peace, security, and greater investment in human capital, thereby driving economic growth. Municipal governments that possess adequate resources and are accountable are more likely to provide timely and efficient services. Collaborative efforts among different levels of government and civil society contribute to optimizing service delivery. Transparent, accountable, and democratic institutions play a vital role in facilitating community participation in demanding and designing improved service delivery. Various models have been developed to expand citizen engagement in urban management. Cities should strive for systemic changes in decision-making processes related to urban planning, incorporating deliberative and democratic procedures. This paper introduced a novel model for citizen participation in urban management. 

This study adopted a qualitative, interpretive, applied, and cross-sectional research design. The statistical population consisted of municipality managers, NGO managers, and urban scholars in Isfahan City. A total of 15 experts were selected from this population using the snowball sampling technique and were subsequently interviewed. The collected data were analyzed inductively using a content analysis approach. To ensure the reliability of the analysis, 5 interviews were randomly selected and subjected to thematic analysis once again. This process aimed to validate the findings.To further enhance the robustness of the results, a fuzzy Delphi method was employed, involving 10 municipality managers and 5 academicians. The participants were requested to evaluate the relevance and significance of the identified themes, aiming to achieve a fuzzy consensus. Their suggestions and feedback were incorporated into the final model, thereby strengthening the overall quality of the findings. 

The data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis revealed 55 basic themes, 15 organizing themes, and 5 global themes. The content validity ratio, which exceeded the threshold of 60%, confirmed the validity of the results. Furthermore, the results of the fuzzy Delphi method, after defuzzification, indicated unanimous agreement among the experts, thus affirming the reliability of the findings.Based on the research outcomes, a spiral-fractal model for citizen participation in urban governance was proposed. The model comprised 5 key elements: citizens, cituards, citgentsia, citally, and cityors. Cituards were citizens, who demonstrated slightly higher levels of engagement than the average citizen. They actively monitored the city, provided reflections, and followed up on their suggestions. Citgentsia were individuals, who contributed novel ideas and offered original recommendations to benefit the city. When the ideas of the Citgentsia were put into practice, they were referred to as citally within this model. The final level of the spiral-fractal model was occupied by cityors, who were involved, either officially or unofficially, in the theoretical and practical dimensions of all aspects of urban management.

Development has a socio-cultural structure; Thus, examining the understanding structure of development among the marginalized areas can provide the benefit of the majority of the society from the effects of development and distribution justice, which means the fair distribution of opportunities and benefiting from its effects and consequences, and make it possible to prioritize the provision of minimum needs for the marginalized areas. In order to understand the meaning of development and the lived experience of people among marginalized people, an in-depth and semi-structured interview was conducted with 43 marginalized people (reached the stage of theoretical saturation) using the phenomenological method. The findings of the research show that the marginal residents understand the meaning of development among the marginal residents as development-centered, ethics-centered, transparent-centered, quality-centered, and psycho-centered. Also, the rotation of intermediate components through a theoretical extension of the structure of the formation of powerful urban character was identified and adjusted based on this research. According to the findings of the research, it is suggested that the components of benefiting the majority of the society, acquiring knowledge, raising the level of people's information, and increasing social responsibility based on the participatory approach, should be put on the agenda in order to balance the marginalized settlements.

Since 1989, Tehran city management has had extensive and different experiences in the social and cultural fields. The extent to which these experiences and cultural policy-making have been aligned with the cultural issues of the city and urban management is a question that this article seeks to address. Based on the initial ideas of the article, the cultural policy agenda is not in line with the cultural issues of the city and urban management of Tehran and has a disorder. This issue has been followed by analyzing and reconstructing the history of actions and structures involved in shaping urban cultural policy.In response to the question of article, Bourdieu's three levels of analysis which are the relationship between the policy field and the power field, the relationship between field agents and the habitus of field agents and effective streams on agenda setting, including issue formation, policy, politics, strategic evaluation and Possible choices, prioritization and ideology; Has been studied. For this purpose, the data of semi-standard interviews with 15 urban policy maker in the years 1990 to 2017 have been coded and thematic analysis.Based on the 39 main themes of the interviews, the habitus of the agents of the urban cultural policy-making field, the current of ideology, the political current and changes and the greed’s of the broad field of power as influential factors in the subject of urban cultural policy have continued throughout the three decades. This effect is considered as weakness of urban management independence and formal and informal institutional mechanisms for setting agenda.

The performance of urban management before the existing and future development policy has become one of the effective methods in dealing with crises and their effects, and studies show the effect of these methods in improving the governance and responsiveness of local communities to crises and tensions, especially in coastal areas. Is. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. By reviewing the basics and extracting 70 key governance factors, the Delphi technique was used and opinion polls from 30 experts based on consensus and certainty, priority and importance indicators were used. According to the results, there is a significant difference between the average indicators of urban governance at the significance level of 0.000. The results of Tukey and Duncan's post hoc test show that the indicators of legality, efficiency and effectiveness, accountability, justice and social orientation are in poor condition. According to the evaluated items, the participation index has a relatively good condition from the experts' point of view. Finally, the indicators of participation and responsibility have a more appropriate situation in relation to the realization of good governance in the Rasht metropolis. In an integrated assessment, it can be concluded that not only the understanding of the concept of urban governance in the management process of coastal cities has not occurred sufficiently, but also due to the superficial insight and lack of proper understanding of the fundamental concepts and the two-way relationship of this approach with integrated management indicators, the need for a deeper study in this There is a field. In a general judgment, it can be claimed that achieving governance based on the integrated goals of the coastal areas is a long-term process that is now at the beginning and is far from the set goals.

The article reveals social PR campaign particularities aimed at raising awareness of the citizens in the urban environment. For the first time PR campaigns dealing with the urban environment decoration devoted to commemorative events, environmental protection measures, and social issues are investigated from the position of education for sustainable development. The urban area implies the encouragement of refashioned, renovated, changed, restructured and reconstructed environments necessary for edutainment of the citizens. It means that the analysis of the urban area focuses on the study of themes dealing with history, art, urgent domestic social issues and the problems of the natural environment. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a perfect opportunity to give knowledge in the ‘soft’ way to the citizens, in addition to traditional ‘hard’ education within the urban environment. The methods used during the work on the article are comprehensive. They include observation, analysis, synthesis, description and interview. As a result of the study of the stated issues, the following conclusion was made. Urban area is an ideal platform to arouse the interest of its citizens by means of the thematic adornment of the city that expands their knowledge, makes them more persuasive and thus fosters the improvement of their behaviour. Information perceived laterally is better remembered and stored longer in memory. The citizens become more susceptible to any information offered to them by the officials of the city.

Nowadays management of discharged materials is considered as one of the factors influencing sustainable urban development plans and recycling waste materials is very important in the areas of environment and urban management, and source separation of waste itself is the main pillar of recycling.The purpose of this study is to identify and examine social factors and practical conditions for participation in source separation of waste. The study also is going to determine the roles of each factor and the ratio of their share portions. The methodology used for this research is cross-sectional surveying. The society of the research is composed of 15-75 years old Tehranian citizens. The statistical sample also includes 384 persons. Multi-stage clustered random sampling is used and data were collected by questionnaire. The general framework of the research model includes three groups of variables including social factors (social capital, socio-economic status, satisfaction of the municipality), practical conditions and economic benefits of source separation of waste. Results showed that trust in the Municipal Organizations, economic benefits of source separation of waste and practical conditions are associated with participation in source separation of waste. Multivariate regression analysis showed that 47% of the variance of participation at source separation of waste is explained by the model. Results showed that practical conditions have an important role in participation in source separation of waste in Tehran city.

In recent years, the social and cultural field of urbanmanagement in Municipality Tehran has always faced the challenge of critics the adaptation of activities, description of the duties due to deviation from its basics. Accordingly, in the present study, the pathology of social activities of Tehran Municipality has been studied. In this study, in accordance with the theoretical framework of the subject, three main categories include conceptual adaptation; legal compliance and organizational compliance were considered for pathological measures. The research method was such that the list of social and cultural activities of the municipal organization in the form of a Delphi questionnaire was given to 10 experts and they were asked to evaluate each activity in three separate scales. According to the results, the most important challenge in the field of social and cultural activities of Tehran Municipality in the first place is the entry of this organization into some fields and activities that are outside its inherent and legal duties. In the second place, there is parallel work and overlap of some of these activities with other organizations, and finally, in the third level, the dominance of the theatrical approach is in some activities of Tehran Municipality. Accordingly, the application of the present study relies on a comprehensive review of activities in terms of the combination of three indicators. This revision shouldperform on the base of final score calculated for each activity and as a result, the activities of each area were classified into three categories: "continuity", "adjustment" and "change".

In the post-revolutionary years, the development of the malls has begun as a distinct trend from Karbaschi municipality period, gained a significant acceleration in Qalibaf period, and reached its peak in the 90s. The acceleration of mall building in Tehran after the revolution has indicated a change in the executive policies of the urban management complex, headed by the Tehran Municipality. Nowadays, the problems resulting from the irregular development of the malls are being revealed in Tehran. The present study compares the real performance of Tehran urban management in mall building and its consequences with the content of urban policy documents and high-level documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and tries to highlight the inconsistency lines between the two. In this study, a combination of interviews with experts and a documentary study has been used. Content analysis has been used to analyze and summarize the data. The findings are presented in five headings: "The relationship between mall building and urban speculation in Tehran", "The relationship between mall building and the spread of consumerism in Tehran", "Environmental consequences of mall building in Tehran", and "Social consequences of mall building in Tehran" and "Consequences of mall building for architectural patterns and landscape of Tehran city". Results suggest that the policy of unprincipled and overmuch development of the malls in Tehran, in terms of its consequences, have had serious contradictions with the goals and vision of policy documents.

One of the important issues in the field of urban management and planning at the global level is the discussion of citizenship right, which in this study is focused on examining its status. Therefore, the purpose of examining the status of citizenship rights in urban management with emphasis on the law of municipalities in the city of District 2 of Shiraz city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection in the field through a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and its reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.70. The statistical population ody is the citizens of District 2 of Shiraz city. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens over 20 years of age in District 2 of Shiraz city, which amounted to 1382112 people. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was 384 people. The validity of the research was confirmed by the elite community and the reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.81 which is acceptable. The analyzes were performed in SPSS software. The result of the test showed that the situation of social, political and legal-civil rights of citizens in the management of District 2 of Shiraz city is unfavorable. Studies show that in the field of using healthy and standard facilities and facilities with an average of 4 and the formation of associations and trade unions in the city with a value of 3.45 are appropriate conditions. Correlation analysis indicates a direct and significant relationship of less than 0.000 between civil rights of urban management. The highest correlation is related to the index of social rights of citizens with urban management with a coefficient of 0.850. The result is that citizenship rights are not emphasized in the management of District 2 of Shiraz city

Cultural policy is an interdisciplinary field that is relevant to public policy on the one hand and has a social approach on the other hand, and can be studied at the municipal level. The issue raised in this paper is the formation of the concept, which has not been addressed in scientific sources. In other countries, municipalities are constantly working on cultural policies and plans. Tehran municipal management has also put this issue on its agenda. The lack of a concept of municipal cultural policy has led to some confusion among scholars in light of the plans offered by the municipality. This paper details not only the formation of this concept, but also its expression. Documents examined include reports such as research reports, statistical reports, press reports, and city rules and regulations. The creation of the original concept of urban cultural concepts can be evaluated in terms of eight different types: Idea promotion and stabilization, urban development, per capita income promotion, public space development, time policy, cultural industry, civic education, and urban indication. Analyzing the experiments carried out from 1989 to 2017 in four different construction phases, the reformist, the developmentalist and the fundamentalist, it was found that four more agendas must be added to the previous ones, including creation of structures and organizations for cultural management, networking and social vitality, leisure and support for cultural institutions.

The rapid growth of urban population has caused many problems in cities, including the occurrence of various social anomalies, so that today the increase in crime threatens the security and well-being of citizens. Usually criminal acts in Parts of the city happen more. Because criminals are very careful in choosing a place and choose places for their criminal acts where it is possible to commit a crime with less risk and more speed. The same urban planners should pay special attention to the issue.

The research method was analytical and descriptive that the data were collected through NAJA organizational resources and then the results were presented to law enforcement experts by preparing a questionnaire and presented in the form of research findings. Then after receiving comments and summarizing their results in the form A model was presented for use by city managers.

With the analysis done in this research, it can be pointed out that the effect of spatial conditions in each of the urban areas that receive a certain population of the city causes the creation of a specific type of urban space.

In this study, we were able to study and predict correctly how the physical urban environment changes and crimes committed during this period, one of the most important aspects of urban management principles, which is to create a safe environment and thus increase the sense of security for citizens based on the design model. Provide environmental security.

The sense of belonging to the city indicates the existence of a positive mentality of individuals towards the place of residence and other citizens, and the continuity of belonging to the city inevitably involves a form of commitment for citizens to the surrounding social environment. Participation in the social life of the city has always been an important issue in the field of urban sociology. Therefore, this article seeks to examine the role of the sense of belonging to the city in the social participation of citizens in urban management and to play a role in the practical way of establishing a lasting relationship between citizens and the institution of urban management. Therefore, in a survey study using stratified sampling and simple random sampling method, a sample of 334 heads of households was selected and the data were analyzed using SPSS and Liserl software. The results of the study showed that the level of citizens' social participation (2.04), civic participation (2), participatory spirit (1.92), trust in managers (2.01) and also the degree of feeling of belonging to the city (2.46) were moderate. therefore, the mentioned social factors are effective in social participation in city management and in the test of structural equations, the relationships of these variables with the dependent variable were confirmed. In general, the results indicated moderate social participation of citizens, but due to immigration, mainly rural and intra-provincial, and the combination of urban neighborhoods, it has the necessary potential for urban management to benefit from the participatory capacities of citizens.

What leads a city towards the right structure of smart urban management is how the main Beneficiaries of the smart city plan for urban management, the most important of which is to improve the quality of life of citizens. The purpose and innovation of research is the theoretical design of organizational architecture in the field of information and communication technology based on the logic of citizenship and comparative study in order to identify and evaluate the performance of other smart cities. This research has studied the organizational architecture of this field in the urban management of Shiraz Municipality according the comparative studies of smart city of Amsterdam, with a fundamental work approach and using a descriptive-analytical method. The main question examined in this study is how the Amsterdam Smart City has evolved closer to the appropriate organizational architecture of the Smart City? By answering this question, the organizational architecture of the field of information and communication technology in Shiraz has been defined with the smart city approach and according to the obtained results.

Participating in city management, increases citizens perception on affairs about their issues and themselves and helps to create a better society and development . But the participation of real people ( citizens ) and legal people (crafts, guilds, humanism organizations and … ) face a lot of official, historical , social and cultural obstacles in city management . Therefore, this study has been done with the goal to identify obstacles in Tehran’s citizens participation . After a review on sources and developing a conceptual frame about participation in city management, semi-structured interview ( deep ) technic have been used for collecting data and interviewees have been located in 4 groups : former and present members of Islamic City Council if Tehran , Senior managers of Tehran Municipality , members of science committee in public universities and city councils experts . In choosing former and present members of City Council of Tehran , Rey , and Tajrish it has been tried to have equal members of two of the major political orientation: Reformist party and Principlist party . In the choosing of the second group ( former and present Senior managers of Tehran Municipality ) top managers (former mayors, former and present deputies of municipality ) have been interviewed and because they had experience in interacting with Islamic City Council and governmental and public institutions And the third group are people who are members of science committee of city management related fields and have had experience in researches and some had executive experiences and at the end city councils expert that have had the experience to attend committees and council commissions have answered the questions of this study . For choosing the samples, targeted and theoretical sampling technic with the most diversity has been used. Data have been analyzed and coded with qualitative content technique and Maxqda-12 applications. The result of analyzing the qualitative data showed 3 main categories and 7 sub-category as obstacles in participating in city management including the city texture ( urban structure, neighborhood-base weakness ), macro city management challenges ( inefficient management, conflict of interest) , legal-political obstacles ( negative approach to participation, apolitisme, weakness of the law ). Then the result of the study got adapted to the studies similar to this one and they had many similarities. Overall, if conditions for participating are provided, we could see strong presence of urban inhabitants in city management.

Expansion, reproduction and remain of marginalization is one of obstacles of civil sustainable development. Marginalization patterns are too multiplied and affected by local components which make it impossible to prescribe macro policy programs. One of the unique representations of marginalization in Tehran is residential communities which although being grown in city context, are formally and structurally exotic and alien to the city surrounded with. This kind of communities are usually called "colony" that implies the island-like, deprived feature of these scenes. Sa'eedabad district, of Shadabad region, has embodied famous yet neglected colonies. It’s been a while that this district has been a place for visitors of Politician, men and women, and news reporters and journalist who observe less than what should. We have tried in this research to present a sympathetic, ethnographic description from different economic dimensions and power relations and urban management under the circumstance of marginalization experience of residents. The results indicate that the residents are practically deprived of chance of a fundamental change by the structural condition. Improvement in lives or escaping from this Accommodation is an infrequent and rare occurrence. The only opportunity left is implementing the programs to make the change possible by the formal institutions. The institutions' and Urban Management agents' attitude to these colonies which considers them temporal residences, results in "collusion based on mutual distrust and pessimism" mechanism that eliminates the possibility of making fundamental change by these actors.