معادلات ساختاری

The present study aims to investigate the body image status of students and its relationship with social media and social comparison. The current research is quantitative and survey-type. 346 students were selected as the research sample through Cochran's formula and stratified random method. The data collection tools were the Body Image Questionnaire Short Form, the Social Comparison Questionnaire of Gibbons and Bonk (1999), and the researcher-made questionnaire on social media. Variance extracted and diagnostic validity were estimated. Data analysis was done on two descriptive levels through SPSS software and inferential through the partial least square method. Descriptive findings showed that students were concerned about their body image. Inferential findings indicated that the variables of social media, social comparison, and gender have a significant relationship with body image. In addition, social comparison mediates the effect of social media on body image to a large extent. According to the research results, educational institutions and policymakers should try to educate and develop media literacy and critical thinking skills, as well as hold training courses for students in the conscious use of social media.

One of the most valuable assets of any organization  is the women who work in , and their participation is considered a factor key in the growth and development of organizations. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the role of women in organizations and the limitations caused by the phenomenon of the glass ceiling, which is essential for advancement in the organization to leadership positions. The present study investigates the relationship between the glass ceiling and career advancement of female employees in the industrial units of Bafq Central Iron and Steel Company with the mediating role of the variable self-concept

The research method used is correlational and based on structural equations. The data was collected using a questionnaire prepared by the researcher. For validity, the questionnaires were presented to the experts, expert opinions and factor analysis were used and reliability was checked using Cronbach's alpha. The results of the simultaneous structural equation tests in the PLS software indicated that the components of the glass ceiling, career advancement, and the self-concept of female employees are interdependent. 

The effect of the glass ceiling on career advancement was found to be well-matched by the mediating variable of self-concept. The glass ceiling has an inverse and significant effect on career advancement through the element of self-concept of female employees.

In order to increase the job motivation and job advancement of women, it is suggested that more time and attention should be given to deal with the obstacles of women's job promotion to higher positions. In addition, attention should also be given to create the sense of their self-concept and strengthen it.

Purpsoe:

 The present study was conducted to investigate the mediating effect of the quality of aesthetic experience on the relationship between spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction in teachers.

This study was practical in terms of purpose& in terms of method was descriptive-correlation with emphasis on structural equations. The statistical population of the research consisted of all teachers working in education in Qom province in the academic year of 1402-1401 in the number of (12549 people). To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used and 372 people were selected as a sample, which was selected using available sampling method. Data collection was based on three spiritual intelligence questionnaires, SISRI 24, King (2008), aesthetic experience questionnaire AEQ Wenzer (2018) and life satisfaction questionnaire (SWLS) Diener et al. (1985). Data analysis was done with SPSS25 and AMOS 26 software.

There is a positive and meaningful relationship between all the components of spiritual intelligence and the quality of aesthetic experience and life satisfaction. There is also a significant relationship between aesthetic experience and life satisfaction. The findings of the path analysis also confirm the mediation of the quality of aesthetic experience in the relationship between spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction.

Finally, it can be concluded that spiritual intelligence and the quality of aesthetic experience are important variables in teachers' life satisfaction.

Social capital is a collection of norms and networks that facilitate people's participation in collective actions to achieve mutual benefits and shape the social relationships within a community. Previous research has indicated that social capital, with dimensions such as trust, cohesion, and social relationships, was evaluated regarding other variables, and the precise evaluation method of these variables has not been clearly elucidated. The main objective of the current study is to design a measurement model for the social capital variable. To achieve this, and for the sake of comprehensiveness and conceptual inclusiveness, four aspects, including materiality, mentality, agency, and structure, were considered for this concept along the two axes of material-mental and structural-agential. Finally, based on the Nahapiet and Ghoshal theory, social capital was operationalized according to the aforementioned four aspects in three structural, normative, and cognitive dimensions.

A questionnaire was designed using three structural, cognitive, and normative dimensions. Considering that in the city of Kermanshah, the presence of transit axes in some parts of the city has led to social ruptures in addition to physical changes, after determining the validity and reliability of social capital, a sample of 384 citizens of Kermanshah was selected using cluster multistage sampling method, and the questionnaire was completed. The collected data were then analyzed and subjected to confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS software to draw a measurement model.

Finally, a model consisting of three dimensions and 63 items was designed, and its final validity and reliability were examined and confirmed based on relevant indices.

This research provides a validated model for measuring and evaluating a construct of social capital, which can be employed in future sociological studies.

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between media consumption and psychological well-being of young Instagram users. This research was of correlation type and was done using the survey method. Young people aged 18 to 25 who use the social network Instagram have formed the statistical population of this research. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 384 people. In order to measure the variable of media consumption, the Trifiro (2018) questionnaire and the Jerson et al. (2017) questionnaire were used, and the Riff (1989) questionnaire was used to measure the psychological well-being variable. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling approach was used by partial least squares method. The obtained results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the amount of media consumption and positive relationships with others of young Instagram users with a path coefficient of 0.431 with 95% confidence. There is a negative and significant relationship between the amount of media consumption with the variables of self-acceptance, mastery of the environment and autonomy with path coefficients of -0.305, 0.277 and -0.252 with 95% confidence. No significant relationship was observed between the amount of media consumption with the targeted life variables of users and the personal growth of young Instagram users. onflict of interest: According to the authors, the article did not have any conflict of interest. Keywords: media consumption, psychological well-being, Instagram, structural equations Keywords: media consumption, psychological well-being, Instagram, structural equations

Urban social security and social participation in sports interact with each other and have a mutual impact on leisure time and community health. To improve urban and social conditions, it is important to pay serious attention to creating safe environments and promoting social participation in sports activities. Hence, the present study aims to develop a model for the development of leisure time and sports participation with a social security approach.

The research method of the present study is descriptive-correlational in the form of structural equation modeling. The statistical population includes all 18+ adults living in the cities of Iran, and the sample size of 450 people was selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data was collected using a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale, the reliability of which was obtained using Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91, which was a proper value. The proposed model was evaluated using structural equation modeling and using SPSS and AMOS.

The results of the statistical analysis showed that with 99% confidence, not only is there a positive and significant relationship between urban social security and leisure time, but urban social security is also indirectly related to leisure time and its components by influencing social participation in sports. Based on the empirical findings of the present study, it is suggested that to increase social participation levels in sports and fill leisure time, the necessary surrounding conditions with security and peace, as well as social support, should be provided.

By examining the relationships between the research constructs, the present study provides a framework that increases the tendency to fill leisure time through social participation in sports, by considering strategies for enhancing citizen security.

Studying and analyzing the quality of life is one of the most important areas of social studies in different countries, and extensive studies have been conducted in different parts of societies. Based on this, this research seeks to develop a structural equation model for predicting the quality of life of social security retirees in Ilam province. The research method was survey type. The statistical population included all the retirees of Ilam province, 374 people were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula, and statistical information was collected from them with the help of medical records. The results of the research showed that the relationship of all extracted components on the quality of life of retirees was significant, and in the structural equation modeling section, all effects were significant with acceptable coefficients. The effect of the influencing factors (confusion of work identity with retirement identity, analysis of independence and competence and reduction of the meaning of life) on the disordered quality of life of retirees has the greatest effect with a coefficient of 0.49, followed by the causal conditions with the components (financial disorder, poor health and policies weak government) has a direct and significant effect on the disorderly quality of life of retirees with a coefficient of 0.35 and strategies; Lack of protection of pensioners' rights, poor funding, weak pension funds and irregular meal plan together have been able to affect the disorderly quality of life of retirees with a factor of 0.30. At the same time, the effect of outcomes and intervening conditions with coefficients of 0.16 and 0.13 have been able to have a significant effect on the quality of life of retired retirees.

The purpose of this research is to identify and provide solutions to increase income sources in education in Ilam province. In this research, the statistical population consists of two parts, the qualitative part which includes 15 university professors and experts in the financial field of education and training and the quantitative part which includes all the experts of the financial unit of education and training in Ilam province (N=45). In this survey, sampling was not done and the census method was used. Based on the purpose, this research is practical and from the point of view of how to collect information, it is a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) type of research. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, which has face validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine reliability. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated for the questionnaire (0.91), which is statistically acceptable and indicates the reliability of the questionnaire. For the confirmatory factor analysis of the questions, the structural equation test has been used. In this research, KMO statistics, Bartlett's test, Sobel's mediation hypotheses test were used to determine the appropriateness of the data for factor analysis. Finally, SPSS and Lisrel software were used for data analysis. The research results showed that causal factors (functional, structural, systemic), categories (technical, economic, legal), background factors (financial, urban, organizational), intervening factors (organizational and organizational, administrative, regulatory and legal), strategies ( legal), consequences (organizational consequences, individual consequences, social consequences),is one of the effective factors in increasing income sources in education in Ilam province.

Ensuring citizens’ societal security is one of the most important benefits and impacts of lighting in the urban space, which has been noticed and emphasized by urban designers. In this regard, citizens’ security feeling is influenced by the characteristics of urban lighting, which is discussed in this article.

The statistical population of the research includes the passerby citizens of Qom city, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula, and according to the limitations of the research, 384 people were randomly selected as sample. The research questionnaire was developed and distributed among the members of the statistical sample. The research method is quantitative and in a descriptive-analytical process. The resources were collected using the library method and data collection via the field approach. The analysis of data achieved from the questionnaire was made using the statistical tests of confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis in the software environment by SPSS 16.0 and Amos.

While enhancing the fields of vitality and social vitality, substantive lighting can provide citizens with a security feeling. On the other hand, the visibility of the urban space is an issue that should be taken into account due to the influence of the light angle factor, which in most cases, the presence of obstacles such as vegetation may prevent the creation of a visible space, and these factors cause the insecurity feeling. Therefore, in the first place in urban lighting plans it is necessary to pay attention to the priorities of light angle and light intensity, then light color and light temperature.

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of visual elements of advertising (color, image, logo) on customers’ loyalty with the mediating role of the organization's brand identity (case of study: customers of Sepah Bank of Ilam). The research method is applied in terms of objective and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection, and structural equation modeling was used to investigate the relationships of variables. The statistical population of the research was all customers of Sepah Bank of Ilam, whose number is unlimited, and the sample size of this research is 384 people according to Morgan's table. Sampling was done by simple random sampling. The tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire derived from three questionnaires of the visual elements of advertisements by Askari Far et al. The validity of the research was obtained through a panel of experts (12 people) and reliability through Cronbach's alpha, which includes the visual elements of advertising (0.948), customer loyalty (0.939) and brand identity (0.952). In order to analyze the data and test the hypotheses of the research, the structural equation modeling test was used in SPSS 26 and Lisrel 8/80 software, and the research results showed that the visual elements of advertisements both directly and through brand identity have a significant effect on customer loyalty.

Despite the high quality of medical services and cheap prices, health tourism in Iran has not yet been able to gain its position in the market due to several factors, including the lack of proper use of media and communication tools. Of course, about the nature of health tourism, significant and relatively extensive researches have been done so far, but the issue of identifying the role of media in attracting health tourists has been neglected. In this research, which deals with the same issue, in-depth interviews were conducted with experts in the field of health and media. The data was collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (qualitative method). The main factors in this research were divided into 4 groups: message type, audience, communication channels, and the message transmitter based on the communication model. Classification and sub-components were presented with more explanation and based on current issues in the form of health tourism model. The results showed that the audience is the most important factor for the development of health tourism in the country, and after that, the factors of communication channels, message type and message transmitter are ranked third and fourth respectively.

Wireless technology introduced itself enjoying its high-speed as a significant feature with its emanation on mobile phones, and the global market was keen on using them as marketing tools. The present study is an applied survey, while its methodology is descriptive and analytical. Questionnaires were distributed among 284 students of Tehran University. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling using Lisrel and Expert Choice software. Descriptive methods and inferential statistics such as Kolmogorov Smirnov, Binomial and Friedman tests and factor analysis were in this study. Tests findings showed that easy applicability, being knowledge-based and technology-based, positive and negative purchase variables make a significant impact on customer behavior in mobile marketing which are not considered as effective variables. The confirmation of all study assumptions indicates the significance of analyzing consumer behavior in mobile services

the direction of social investment is used in response to many organizational issues, and with its increase, one can witness the lowering of the level of society as well as the organizational costs of organizations. This research has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the effect of social capital based on the evaluation criteria of structural, communicative and cognitive role in order to strengthen the performance of organizations related to goods smuggling.

This research is based on the research on the practical purpose and based on the descriptive survey method. The statistical population of the research is the residents of the border areas and the headquarters of the fight against goods smuggling. The sampling method in the resident section is available sampling (154 people) and in the simple probability survey section (38 people).The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed before implementation. The structural equation model (multivariate analysis) was used to analyze the data.

The results of the research show that social capital has an effect on preventing the phenomenon of smuggling; Therefore, based on the results of the research, strengthening the structural, cognitive and communication social capital has a positive effect in preventing the phenomenon of trafficking.

AbstractToday, life satisfaction is one of the most important constructs which has important implications for most people. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a model of life satisfaction of middle-aged women in Arak city based on the Maslow needs hierarchy. This research was practical and conducted by structural equation modeling (path analysis). Among all middle-aged women in Arak, 408 were selected by non-random sampling method. They all completed health status, financial distress, social support, self-esteem, positive thinking and life satisfaction questioners. Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling using SPSSV19 and AMOSV20 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the variables of health (0.12, 0.15 and 0.38), financial distress (-0.18, -0.36 and -0.11) and social support (0.46, 0.55 and -0.18) had direct and significant effects on self-esteem, positive thinking and life satisfaction, respectively. In addition, the variables of self-esteem (0.14) and positive thinking (0.10) had direct and significant effects on life satisfaction. The results also showed that the three variables of health (0.15), financial distress (-0.10) and social support (0.16) have an indirect and significant effect on life satisfaction of middle-aged women. Therefore, this model can be used to strengthen the life satisfaction of middle-aged women. I t is worth to highlight, the principles of life satisfaction, types of social support, health status, financial distress, self-esteem and positive thinking and effective antecedents could be highlighted in educational, social.

Context: 

The low participation rate of women in economic activities has caused the entrepreneurship rate of women to be lower than that of men. Without the economic participation of women in starting SMEs, it will be challenging for developing countries to achieve the 2030 sustainable development goals and reach their full economic and social potential. Recent studies show that the gender difference in the rate of economic participation and entrepreneurship is not only due to the low success rate of female entrepreneurs, but the main reason is that few women are able to start a business. Therefore, try to promote entrepreneurial businesses among rural women is very important. The starting point for launching a business is opportunity recognition, and the process of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities is different for women than for men. Therefore, it is very important to carry out researches with the aim of identifying factors that influence the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities among women. Considering that in many developing countries, women have less access to financial resources than men, so this is one of the reasons for the low level of economic participation of women. In this regard, the project of microcredit funds for financial support of women in order to start entrepreneurial businesses has been implemented in different countries, including Iran.Object: Now, after many years have passed since the establishment of these funds in Kermanshah province with the aim of financing the rural women of this region to start entrepreneurial businesses, the present study was conducted with the main aim of analyzing factors influencing the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah.

This paper in terms of the paradigm, purpose and method of data collection is quantitative research, applied research and field research study. The study population in this study were all women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah (N = 626) that according to the table of Bartlett et al., 201 of them using stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment Were selected as research samples. The main data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed using content validity and convergent validity and combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha. SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the collected data.

Findings of the study showed that entrepreneurship education, social capital and entrepreneurial skills were the effective factors on entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah. According the results About the trainings provided by the microcredit fund, most of the respondents (34.3%) stated that they participated in these trainings once or twice. Also, 35.3% of them stated that they have participated in the training provided by the agricultural extension between 1 and 2 times. In relation to receiving informal entrepreneurial training, as the results of the distribution of respondents in terms of the index of standard deviation distance from the mean show, the majority of respondents (91%) were in the lower and weak middle class. The average opportunity recognition ability of the respondents is 3.41 with a standard deviation of 0.60. Among the dimensions of the ability to recognize the opportunity, creating innovative solutions from the opportunity had a higher average (3.51) than other dimensions. Also, the findings of the study indicated that the average entrepreneurial skills of rural women members of the fund are 3.15 with a standard deviation of 0.63. As the findings, more than half of the respondents (56.7 percent) were in the lower middle class in terms of entrepreneurial skills. Overall the results of the study showed that rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah are at an average level in terms of the ability to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities. Also findings of the study showed that entrepreneurship education, social capital and entrepreneurial skills were the effective factors on entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah.

The results of the present study indicated that, in addition to the direct effect, entrepreneurial education has an indirect effect through social capital on the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities by rural women who are members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah. The results of the present study indicated that entrepreneurial skills have a positive and significant effect on recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah. Therefore, it can be concluded that by improving entrepreneurial skills, the ability to recognize opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds can be improved. In fact, entrepreneurial skills such as planning and setting work goals, designing and developing a business plan, financial and accounting issues, analyzing problems and providing solutions help rural women to better address the gaps in the society and in fact to identify entrepreneurial opportunities.

Urban regeneration projects, especially in dis-functional textures, face many bottlenecks, and one of the most important reasons is the lack of funding and the slow implementation process. The limited successful projects that have been carried out in this area show that constructive interaction between the people and the government can solve this problem. To this end, great emphasis is placed on people's participation. But efforts to persuade people to participate have not been very successful. For this reason, it is necessary to pursue the reasons for this problem and the areas for encouraging people to participate. For this purpose, the current research was conducted on factors that influence people's participation in the regeneration of disfunctional textures in Mashhad. The research method was descriptive and analytical and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The required data were collected from 900 citizens living in urban dysfunctional places. The determined samples were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were evaluated using correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, Friedman test, structural equations and path analysis. The results showed that social participation and all its four dimensions (tendency to social order, sense of responsibility, sense of security and mobilization of groups) had an effect on the presence and participation of residents in recreation and the designed model has a suitable fit. According to the designed model and the effects of each factor on different dimensions of regeneration, this process can be followed more quickly.

Considering the importance of driving and the resulting injuries, we can point to the relationship between human characteristics and driving behaviors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a structural model of driving behaviors on the basis of aggression mediated by emotion regulation.  

This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of quantitative methods of data collection. The statistical population of this study includes 917 drivers from Tehran, West Azerbaijan, and Kurdistan provinces who were selected and evaluated by cluster sampling method. Data collection tools were Manchester (1990) driving behavior questionnaire, aggression 30 factors (1379) and   Grass and John’s (1998) emotion regulation.

The results of the analysis structural equation showed that the measurement models of the studied variables and the final model of the research had a good fit. Aggression also had a direct effect on driving behavior of drivers. The emotion regulation variable was able to mediate between aggression and driving behavior.

the structure of emotion regulation can be used to explain the relationship between aggression and driving behaviors. It is suggested that in order to improve the driving situation and reduce the number of accidents, the criteria and rules for obtaining a driver’s license should be reviewed in accordance with the topics of aggression and emotional behaviors. Accordingly, ounseling and training programs should be developed and introduced to Drivers.

Although planning theorists’ opinions vary, most communicative process criteria can be summarized in three principles: inclusiveness of participating parties, openness and transparency for debating process, and consensus building for constructive and practical solutions. According to these three principles, the shortcomings of the rural development plans of East Azerbaijan province in the field of communicative planning approach were analyzed qualitatively-quantitatively by research method mixed with the tool development approach. A total of 40 people were selected to participate in in-depth interviews and answer multiple-choice questions, of which 25 participated in qualitative interviews. In the first phase of the research, the "guided introspection" method was used. Due to the nature of this approach, MAXQDA software was used for data management in secondary coding. The extracted indicators and pivotal concepts became a researcher-made questionnaire for tool development in quantitative sections. The SEM method in PLS software environment was used for quantitative data analysis. Thirty sub-themes were identified as local development planning deficiencies in three options as communication planning process criteria, which were classified into eight main themes. The results show A) as long as the participation of stakeholders in all stages of planning is not; B) there is no clear definition of local rural development; C) the type of attitude towards development is not communicative and bottom-up; D) Local capacities, needs and expectations are not used properly; F) how to access information is not enough; No consensus can be reached on constructive and practical solutions through indigenous knowledge, creativity and executive guarantee.

This research was conducted with the aim of the impact of culture shock on the interpersonal relationships of physical education students in Mazandaran province in order to present a model.

The research method was practical in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of data collection and was carried out in a field form. The statistical population of this research included all the physical education students of the free and state universities of Mazandaran province, who were selected as a statistical sample according to the criteria of the minimum sample size required in the factor analysis, based on stratified random method. In order to collect the data, the questionnaire made by the cultural shock researcher and the interpersonal relations questionnaire of Mahmoudi et al. (2015) were used. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in terms of content and structure. Composite reliability, divergent and convergent validity were used for the reliability test. Also, in order to analyze the data, spss and Amos software were used.

According to the results of culture shock, there is a significant negative direct effect on the interpersonal relationships of Mazandaran university students (Sig=0.001, t=-6.896) with the path coefficient (β=-0.703).

The results showed that the interpersonal stress component, the cultural distance component, the interpersonal distance component, the sadness component, the moral distance component, the psychological-physical pressure component and the confusion component have a significant negative effect on students' interpersonal relationships, but the effect of the rejection component Stress, anxiety, and fatigue were not significant on students' interpersonal relationships.

Humans always adopt behaviors in all situations of life that can have very different results. Researchers in the field of high-risk driving behaviors have investigated the role of emotions prevalence rate as well as the root causes and factors related to this important issue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a structural model of driving behaviors on the basis of sensation seeking mediated by emotion regulation.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of quantitative methods of data collection. The statistical population of this study includes 917 drivers from Tehran, West Azerbaijan and Kurdistan provinces who were selected and evaluated by cluster sampling method. Data collection tools were Manchester (1990) driving behavior questionnaire, Arnett sensation seeking questionnaire (1992) and Grass and John (1998) emotion regulation.

The results of the analysis of structural equation showed that the measurement models of the studied variables and the final model of the research had a good fit. Excitement also had a direct effect on driving behavior in drivers. The emotion regulation variable was able to mediate between sensation seeking and driving behavior.

The structure of emotion regulation can be used to explain the relationship between sensation seeking and driving behaviors. It is suggested that in order to improve the driving situation and reduce the number of accidents, the criteria and rules for obtaining a driver's license should be reviewed in accordance with the topics of emotional behaviors.