نظریه داده بنیاد

Population dynamics and childbearing are among the most pressing social issues in Iran today. Childbearing is a critical factor in population studies and holds significant importance in social and cultural discourse. Fertility is one of the three key elements driving demographic change, which is influenced by various economic, social, and demographic factors that shape couples' decisions about childbearing and women's reproductive behaviors. Throughout history, fertility trends have evolved from traditional to modern societies shaped by numerous influences. As a social phenomenon, fertility occurs within a specific socio-cultural context where culture and institutional frameworks establish the values and norms surrounding it. Iranian society has experienced profound transformations across social, cultural, economic, and demographic dimensions. One notable development is the rapid decline in fertility rates, which has been observed across all provinces, both urban and rural. These demographic shifts, particularly the decline in fertility, have significant implications for the age structure of the population. A decreasing total fertility rate may diminish the economic and social vitality of society by reducing the overall population and increasing the proportion of elderly individuals, thereby posing challenges to the labor force. Iran is one of the few countries, which has undergone a demographic transition in a remarkably short period, with a significant decline in overall fertility rates in recent decades. This study was qualitative in nature and was conducted in Yazd City during 2022-2023. Its objective was to explore and identify the motivational and restrictive factors influencing childbearing decisions among citizens.

To conduct this research and gather participants' insights for theoretical analysis, a data-based theory approach (drawing on Charms' structuralist methodology) was utilized as a qualitative and interpretive framework. The study involved 25 women from Yazd, with whom semi-structured interviews lasting between 80 and 120 minutes were conducted. The collected data were subsequently coded and organized to develop key concepts.

 Data analysis revealed that participants expressed a desire to have children; however, their current life circumstances had hindered them from achieving this goal. From the analysis, 6 subcategories emerged: "childbearing as an opportunity to escape challenges", "creating meaning in life", "parental gender preference", "educational concerns", "rapid lifestyle changes among the younger generation", and "viewing children as an economic burden". These subcategories were subsequently grouped into 2 main categories: "significant implications of childbearing" and "obstacles and risk perceptions". The findings indicated that the intention to bear children was influenced by the social context, in which individuals lived, affecting their subjective beliefs. Additionally, this intention faced various challenges and concerns, which diminished the participants' motivation and negatively impacted their aspirations. Addressing the challenges of childbearing requires a multifaceted approach, considering factors, such as unstable economic conditions, social pressures, and cultural frameworks. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers and family planning strategists develop population policies that reflect the demographic realities of Iranian society, analyze the shortcomings of existing family planning programs, and assess their impacts. Such an approach would empower women to make informed decisions regarding their preferences and aspirations for childbearing. Policymakers should leverage the capabilities of media and mass communication to promote population policies that encourage childbearing through compelling messaging, fostering positive perceptions among the public. Furthermore, they must remain steadfast in their commitment to implementing the promised incentives. Policies should also address economic inequalities, emergence of unstable employment conditions, evolving gender roles, increasing economic responsibilities of mothers, and the rising housing costs that many families find unaffordable. Additionally, they should consider the diverse preferences individuals have concerning the timing and number of children they wish to have. Future research should explore the effectiveness of policies aimed at encouraging childbearing and protecting the population, particularly from the perspectives of stakeholders and implementers in Iran.

Partisanship, as one of the key elements of political systems, serves different functions within various intellectual and ideological frameworks. In Islamic thought, unlike common Western models that are based on competition for power, a political party is considered an institution for organization, social guidance, and the strengthening of political and cultural solidarity.This study employs the Grounded Theory method and a qualitative analysis of the statements of Ayatollah Khamenei from 1979 to 2024 to present a conceptual model of desirable partisanship within the discourse of the Islamic Revolution. The research findings indicate that, in his view, desirable partisanship rests on four fundamental pillars:Organizational Cohesion and Independence,Transcending Electoral Competition and Assuming an Awareness-Raising Role, Possessing an Islamic Ideological Identity, Playing an Educational and Epistemic Role in Society. Additionally, this study examines the fundamental differences between the Islamic model of partisanship and the prevalent Western models of political parties, demonstrating that within the framework of the Islamic Revolution, parties must not only fulfill a political role but also serve as instruments for advancing social justice and laying the groundwork for a new Islamic civilization.The results suggest that applying this conceptual model can help reform existing party structures in Islamic countries and establish an indigenous framework for political participation based on Islamic values.

The horticulture industry, particularly citrus production, plays a pivotal role in diversifying Iran’s non-oil revenues. This research aimed to elucidate a sustainable exploitation model for lime orchards in Rudan County, Hormozgan province, Iran. Employing a qualitative research design was established in the Strauss and Corbin systematic approach to grounded theory. The studied population comprised lime production experts and specialists, selected via snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved (after 16 interviews). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using three-stage coding (220 open codes, 77 axial codes, and 23 selective codes). the research validity was confirmed through expert validation, and reliability was established using the test-retest method. The findings identified five core components: causal conditions including environmental and ecological challenges, infrastructural and technological deficiencies, managerial and knowledge-related problems, and economic, supportive, and social challenges; contextual conditions encompassing environmental-climatic, socio-economic, agricultural management, institutional-governance frameworks, and resource-related factors; intervening conditions including economic and financial challenges, institutional and governance barriers, socio-cultural issues, supportive and technical weaknesses; strategies including optimizing agricultural management, developing markets and value-added products, providing institutional and financial support, and enhancing knowledge and participatory planning and implementation; and consequences including sustainable development of lime orchards, strengthening local and social identity, environmental protection, and local economic development. The proposed model underscores the need for integrated solutions such as developing modern irrigation systems, strengthening the value chain through processing industries, and establishing participatory local institutions.

The objective of this study was to identify the strategies and outcomes of teachers' professional learning community. 

The present study employed a qualitative method based on grounded theory using the Glaserian approach. The research population included the Director General of Education of Khuzestan Province, the Deputy for Educational and Cultural Affairs, the Deputy for Planning and Educational Innovation, the Deputy and Expert in Technical and Vocational Education, the Head of the Education Department, and school principals in Khuzestan Province in 2024. Purposive sampling was conducted using sequential sampling until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in 18 interviews. Data obtained were analyzed using thematic analysis through MAXQDA software. 

Ultimately, 8 categories and 22 axial codes related to teachers' professional learning community were identified. Based on the results, individual strategies, group strategies, organizational strategies, and social strategies were recognized as strategies for the teachers' professional learning community, while individual outcomes, group outcomes, organizational outcomes, and community outcomes were identified as the outcomes of the teachers' professional learning community. 

In this regard, teachers should be involved in school decision-making processes, provided with opportunities to implement changes, encouraged to undertake innovative actions, supported in collaborating to acquire new knowledge, and provided with financial resources and necessary facilities for their professional growth and development.

The present study aims to identify the factors influencing the implementation of the STEM curriculum from the perspective of teachers, using a qualitative approach and the grounded theory method. The participants included 13 teachers, principals, and educational experts from primary schools in Sarpol-e Zahab County, selected through purposive theoretical sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The results showed that the factors influencing the implementation of the STEM curriculum can be categorized into three groups: antecedent conditions (the need for continuous improvement), contextual conditions (effective teaching skills), and intervening conditions (environmental factors). Additionally, various strategies and implications were proposed for the successful implementation of the STEM curriculum, including optimizing the curriculum, addressing students' needs, enhancing participation and interpersonal interaction, implementing inquiry-based teaching, holding questioning sessions, encouraging individual exploration, applying practical content, fostering creativity, improving critical thinking and problem-solving skills, advancing academic performance, self-assessment, having a holistic view, using skills in the real world, developing teamwork skills, increasing responsibility, nurturing ethical values, and adapting to the environment. The results indicated that the successful implementation of this program depends on environmental conditions and requires empowering teachers through professional training, improving teaching skills, and providing supportive frameworks within schools.

This study aimed to develop a theoretical model of sex education based on Islamic thought and to assess its validity. This research employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative section, relevant texts were collected using 48 related keywords, resulting in the selection of 2873 verses, hadiths, and statements from Muslim scholars after the screening stages. Grounded theory was used for text analysis. Through purposeful sampling, 766 codes were identified in the open coding stage, 78 axial codes in the first stage, 13 axial codes in the second stage, 4 selective codes as major categories, and 1 core category, leading to the development of the theoretical model of sexual education based on Islamic thought. In the quantitative section, the content validity index of the model was evaluated by 11 experts using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. The findings indicated that the theoretical model of sexual education based on Islamic thought includes five foundations (God-centeredness in thoughts, desires, and sexual behaviors, selectivity with the possibility of unconscious influences, continuity, adherence to social norms, and regulation of sexual matters), two strategies (control and foresight), four components (emotion-centered sexual behavior,  eudemonic pleasure taking, committed sexual behavior, and observance of sexual boundaries), and one outcome ( eudemonic pleasure taking health). The results of this study provide a suitable basis for developing sexual education programs and designing educational packages for developmental stages.

The purpose of this article was to present a model and identify factors affecting the urban tourism culture of Isfahan. In order to achieve this goal and achieve the model, the method of grounded theory (database) has been used. The statistical population of the current research is experts in the field of tourism, tourism industry, managers and experts of Isfahan tourism, tourists, business of Naqsh Jahan Square, Isfahan. According to the theoretical saturation, the sample size is 12 people. Categories and concepts have been extracted to identify factors in three stages of open, central and selective coding. The findings of the research showed that three categories of causal factors (budget, destination branding and destination cultural branding) are the factors of improving and welcoming tourism in Isfahan city. Environmental conditions and linking old and new contexts are facilitating factors whose convergence will lead to the improvement of urban tourism culture in Isfahan city. Also, the results show that the improvement of the tourism industry does not take place in a vacuum and it is not separated from the cultural context of people, whether it is a destination or a source. Therefore, five categories of interactive, defensive, infrastructure development, and marketing of cultural and historical capacities can be used to improve the tourism culture of Isfahan city. All the mentioned categories in a coherent link will lead to the cultural and economic development of urban tourism in Isfahan.

AbstractStudying academic procrastination among students can provide scientific support and necessary decision-making strategies for higher education institutions to promote students’ mental health. This study aimed to model academic procrastination among graduate students and identify strategies for dealing with it, through a qualitative approach and using data-based theory. A total of 15 faculty members participated in this study and were interviewed purposefully and based on the rule of theoretical saturation. Data analysis was conducted based on three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Scientific and research incompetence, inefficiency of the university system (weak mechanisms of the student recruitment system, ineffective management and educational laws, weak effective communication between the university and industry and society, and lack of justification education), the labor market and job opportunities are among the causal conditions for the formation of procrastination. In contrast, students use passive or active strategies (adaptive strategy and illegitimate opportunity strategy) against procrastination. Social beliefs, the existence of shortcuts, family support, and academic alienation of professors as intervening conditions, and the nature of academic disciplines (in the humanities and basic sciences), lack of scientific and research equipment, multiple roles, and in-person or virtual education as background conditions affect strategies. The consequences of this behavior are the weakening of scientific credibility and professional ethics, and the weakening of the cultural capital of society. In general, continuous procrastination behavior can be a meaningful response to social, cultural, and organizational conditions. This behavior is not only a result of individual factors, but also a reaction to macrostructures and social expectations, which at the same time indicates individual agency in managing the situation.

The purpose of this research was to develop a model for the development of a sport enterprise that would be beneficial to women in the Tehran province. The Grounded Theory (GT) method was employed to conduct this qualitative study. The research population consisted of all elites and specialists in the field of employment, entrepreneurship and sports businesses, among whom 18 individuals were selected using theoretical and snowball sampling methods. Semi-structured interviews were implemented as part of the data capture tool until theoretical saturation was achieved. In the final model of the research, which was formed based on coding and data analysis, the causal factors (need for self-actualization, clear vision, development of women’s productivity, income generation, appropriateness of sports businesses and achieving standards) shows the need to pay attention to the central phenomenon (self-employment and improvement of the business environment and strategies of self-employment and improvement of the business environment policy and planning, entrepreneurship education, legal support, encouragement of entrepreneurship, promotion of entrepreneurship and development of entrepreneurship ecosystem) in terms of intervening factors (legal-lawful obstacles, inappropriate business, insufficient financial support, insufficient support for entrepreneurship) and existing contexts (cultural limitations, social limitations, individual limitations, insufficient sports participation, talented manpower and capital advantage), which it will lead to consequences (development inevitably, economic development, women’s sports participation, improvement of women’s sports performance and women’s health). The findings of this study can serve as a model for the implementation of measures and programs to advance the careers of women in sports by policymakers, planners, experts, and sports managers.

Resilience is the ability to return to the initial level of functioning, persistence in the absence of disturbance and positive reconstruction of experienced conditions. The current research was designed with the aim of identifying the psychological components of religious resilience based on Islamic teachings. The research method is qualitative, based on the Grounded Theory. The main source of research was the Holy Quran and Islamic hadiths. The research sample included descriptive and explanatory religious propositions related to the semantic domain of resilience, which were selected purposefully. The research sample was collected through three categories of tools: Books containing the Holy Quran and authentic hadith books; Software includes Jame al-Tafaseer, Jame al-Ahadith, and the comprehensive library of Shia and Sunni hadiths; and Website includes reliable scientific databases in the field of resilience. After extracting data related to religious resilience from Islamic teachings, by coding in the data analysis process, 950 "open codes", 53 "concepts", 20 "categories" and 5 "dimensions" were extracted. Based on the findings of the research, "components of religious resilience" is one of the extracted dimensions, which is out of six categories; it has "courage", "self-control", "flexibility", "stability", "acceptance" and "wisdom.

The development of green entrepreneurship as an emerging entrepreneurship revolution is an effective factor in reducing environmental pollution in doing green business affairs. The aim of the current research is to identify and prioritize effective strategies on the development of green entrepreneurship in the field of urban waste management. The research method is applied in terms of results, descriptive in terms of purpose, and quantitative-qualitative in terms of data. The strategy of the research method in the qualitative part is the foundational data theory and in the quantitative part, EDAS multi-criteria decision making. The statistical population of this research consists of the owners of urban waste management businesses, city managers and academic experts in this field, and the data were collected by purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews. Two researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect information. The first questionnaire deals with the recognition of the strategies, and the related data was collected using the foundation data theory method and the Atlas.ti9 software, and the second questionnaire deals with the prioritization of the identified strategies using the EDAS multi-criteria decision making technique. Supportive, corrective, executive (functional), structural, educational and cultural strategies are among the main strategic categories of this research. The results show that education and culture building strategies are the most important strategies, therefore, it is recommended that different stakeholders, especially policy makers and planners, take steps on these strategies to better recognize and exploit green entrepreneurship opportunities so that they can quickly achieve their desired goals and results

Medicinal plants play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life for users due to their therapeutic properties and high economic value. This study aimed to identify the antecedents and consequences of the medicinal plant value chain in order to empower the users of Nadushan rangelands in Yazd province, Iran. The research method was applied in terms of its purpose, exploratory in nature, and utilized the database method and Glazerian approach. Data was collected from 30 theoretical and experimental experts with more than 5 years of work experience, related research activities, as well as users of medicinal plants in the Nadushan region of Yazd province. Purposeful sampling and theoretical judgment were used to select the participants. The results revealed 4 final codes for antecedents and 7 final codes for consequences. The antecedents include climatic factors, cultivation potential, funding and initial capital, and maintaining the value chain. The consequences of this chain include improving people's health, supporting production, market development, environmental protection, productivity of medicinal plants, economic development, and cultural and social development. According to these findings, strengthening the medicinal plant value chain and optimal use of rangelands can contribute to sustainable development and improve the quality of life in the region. This study emphasizes the importance of cooperation between operators, government, and educational institutions to efficiently utilize the potentials in this field. Identifying and analyzing these antecedents and consequences can serve as a model for other similar regions in the country.

Today, military organizations need managers who can make correct decisions, provide creative solutions to problems, and be accountable for the work and responsibilities they undertake; Because it is the managers who make decisions about organizational events and conditions and allocate resources. In this sense, identifying, selecting and employing competent and efficient managers should be considered one of the main challenges and concerns of organizations, especially military organizations. Based on this, the current research was conducted with the aim of compiling the competency model of AJA managers and validating it. The design of the research is qualitative and the research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of how to collect information, it is a case study type. The participants included 15 experienced managers and commanders with excellent resumes from the AJA Command and Staff University. Sampling was done with a purposeful snowball method and a semi-structured interview. The data was analyzed and coded with the help of MAXQDAv2020 software and by thematic analysis method, and to validate the research model, the acceptability indices of Strauss and Corbin; The technique of visiting by members and the approach of self-review by the researcher have been used. The findings of the research show that the competence model of AJA managers includes 56 components and 8 dimensions; Behavioral competencies (individual-personality), military leader, professional ethics, managerial, value, economic, knowledge and networking.

Self-knowledge and its functionality has always been the focus of the scholars of humanities, especially in the field of philosophy. The objective of this paper is to study Imam Khomeini's approach to the subject of self-knowledge and its functions. Grounded theory has been applied in this qualitative study. The statistical population included all sources such as books, lectures, texts and letters of Imam Khomeini. The statistical sample included a total of 62 texts collected through purposeful method from different sources produced by Imam Khomeini related to self-knowledge. From source 48 onwards, the content within the text was repetitive and the data reached theoretical saturation. The data were analyzed through textual analysis within the framework of a conceptual model including the Causal conditions (causes and opportunities); Pivotal factors; Strategies; Underlying factors; Interference factors, facilitators (backers) and inhibitors (barriers), and ultimately consequences (results of self-knowledge). The findings show that a lifestyle consistent with true knowledge of the message of revelation and the program of primordial nature, turn of attention from acquired knowledge to intuitive knowledge and self-purification lead to self-knowledge. As a result of establishing a connection between knowledge of the self and the knowledge of the Lord, the potential talents inherent in human primordial nature are actualized. Hence, the rational soul will be attained and all the powers of the soul, including imagination, anger and lust, will surrender to the sane reason and the prophets’ messages and will turn to merciful armies, and eventually, the position of vicegerency of Allah and eternal happiness (felicity) will be achieved.

Self-differentiation is a contextual phenomenon and dependent on environmental and social conditions that is formed and experienced in a dynamic process under the influence of various conditions. This qualitative study aimed to explore the formation process of self-differentiation in families using the grounded theory approach (systematic type). The population included married people aged 30 to 45 living with their own families in the city of Tabriz, and 17 of them were selected by the judgmental sampling until theoretical saturation was reached through semi-structured interviews. The data analysis was done simultaneously with the data collection using the theoretical approach (during three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding). Finally, 461 initial codes were extracted and categorized into 117 subcategories and 18 categories, which were classified into six sections of the paradigmatic model, resulting in the development of a middle-range theory. The findings suggested that progress motivation and challenging conditions lead people to intellectual independence, identity seeking, and social dignity, which are the central phenomena of the formation process of self-differentiation. Additionally, if people are influenced by intermediary conditions, such as gaining different experiences in life, self-determining characteristics, communication with successful models, social and cultural structures, contexts, and events in the family, as well as the cooperative/supportive atmosphere of the family, they will carry out strategies, like responsible, cooperative, and considered behaviors, and will try to control emotions, which these strategies lead to success and progress in life, satisfaction, self-reliance, and the improvement of the quality of relationships.

The present study aimed to identify the factors contributing to the attraction of young people in the Tehran metropolis to synthetic drug use.

The present research is a qualitative study. The strategy used in this research is the classic grounded theory. The research population included all young people aged 18 to 30 in the Tehran metropolis of both genders (male and female) with a record of synthetic drug use. Sampling was conducted based on purposeful judgmental sampling and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 participants (12 men and 5 women), and the results were extracted using coding in three stages: open, axial, and selective.

A total of 184 codes were extracted from interviews with participants. The extracted codes were organized into 41 concepts and 6 categories. The extracted categories include individual- psychological, friends and acquaintances, family, social, economic, and community. The individual-psychological and family categories, with 14 and 12 concepts, respectively have the most concepts.

The results of the research showed that the extracted concepts have a significant impact on the attraction of Tehran metropolis young people to synthetic drug use. Among these categories, the individual-psychological and family have the greatest impact on the synthetic drugs used by young people in Tehran.

Media todays, especially television, in addition to the entertainment and information functions, are considered a tool for modeling and promoting lifestyle in societies. The Islamic Republic of Iran TV has always tried to promote the Islamic-Iranian lifestyle, which emphasizes on strengthening the family institution as much as possible, through media programming in the society, and is influential in the institutionalization and socialization of this style. This research was conducted with a qualitative and grounded theory method and with in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 21 experts in the field of media, family and lifestyle. The purpose of this research is to answer the question that what drawbacks have there been in the TV programming in the field of Islamic-Iranian family life style in the past years and what appropriate strategies should be considered for it. The results of the research with the number of 7 main categories, 11 general concepts and 67 final codes showed that extra-organizational factors such as not having a national message management center in the field of Islamic-Iranian lifestyle for cultural institutions, the tendency of the audience towards the home network TV, and Some intra-organizational factors such as: reduction of behavioristic drama programs, increasing gap between the media and the new generation audience and the like, cause the media programs to have little influence in the field of Islamic-Iranian lifestyle. Also, suitable strategies are provided with the approach of grounded theory method and determining the background conditions, facilitating, limiting and consequences.

One type of criminal theft is petty theft, in which thieves in the capacity of measuring the cost-benefit of the crime, are led to commit it by obtaining financial benefit in the fastest possible time and with minimal risk. Today, petty theft has become a critical phenomenon in the country and its statistics are increasing. In this way, the objective of this work is to investigate the social factors effective in committing petty thefts in Mazandaran province.

This work is conducted via qualitative design and systematic grounded theory. The participants included all petty thieves imprisoned in Tonekabon, Amol, and Sari prisons who met the criteria for this article. Using targeted and available sampling until reaching theoretical saturation, the interviews were analyzed with 15 male prisoners. Then, based on the findings, the conceptual model of the underlying crime factors is determined.

According to the findings of the research, the causal conditions for committing crimes are: "addiction to drugs and their continuous usage" and "long-term and continuous association with abnormal and delinquent friends". Intervening factors in committing crimes include "unfavorable family structure", "inappropriate parenting methods", "low social status of family" and "deterioration of the individual's bond with society". The background conditions of the crime include "life in the prison environment", "poverty and poor economic status", "criminal label", "unemployment" and "low risk of petty theft and ease of selling stolen property". The response or strategy of criminals in dealing with these conditions is "adopting a criminal lifestyle". Finally, the consequences of crimes are: "individual, family and social consequences".

The results of the research indicate that social factors play a significant role in the occurrence of petty theft and identifying these factors facilitates the prevention of the mentioned criminal phenomenon.