همسری

Today, with the occurrence of divorce, an important issue that women face after separation is the custody of their children. In fact, according to the existing laws (Article 1170 of the Civil Code), if a woman who is divorced and has children from her first husband remarries, she will be deprived of custody of her children; Therefore, understanding the experience of women in two positions of motherhood and wife, what decisions they make and what challenges they face, are the goals of this study. Therefore, with the help of the qualitative method of thematic analysis, an interview was conducted with 20 divorced women of Tehran who took custody of the child, who were selected purposefully. The findings about the experiences of the divorced mothers participating in the research can be analyzed in the form of three types of child custody encounters, which in turn are associated with experiences and consequences: the first type, child custody with an emphasis on the role of the mother with consequences such as Expressing regret for accepting custody, reconsidering child custody and diminishing the role of femininity; The second type: acceptance of custody along with the social role with consequences such as fear of being divorced, exhausting arguments in a male environment and the challenge of emotional and biological needs; The third sign: accepting custody and maintaining the role of wife with the result of feeling satisfied with the role of mother and wife.

The Messenger of God  has interacted according to the conditions in different times and places as well as with different strata. During his stay in Madinah, the actions of His Holiness can be examined and modeled in a special way and from various dimensions. One of these dimensions is the interaction of the Prophet  as the ruler and leader of society with women as a stratum of society. This article tries to answer the question that "What kind of interactions did the Messenger of God have with women in Medina?" to obtain the principles governing them by analyzing these interactions. The information required for this work has been collected from historical documents and reports, and while using historical analysis methods, sociological approaches have also been used.
The findings of the research indicate that in his interactions with women, the Prophet  sought to make Muslims pay attention to human rights, status and values, and to stabilize the position and status of women. Women, in their interactions with the Prophet9, sought to gain knowledge and rights that were neglected in the Jahili society and emphasized by Islam.
The governing principles of these interactions are: the principle of family placement and compliance with the laws governing it, women's focus on housekeeping and raising a healthy generation, providing the conditions for women's presence in society, eliminating the grounds of immorality, emphasizing respect for privacy between men and women, and prohibition Mixing and paying attention to the influence of time and place play a significant role in these interactions.

Virtual space- as a recent media- is capable of changing culture and presenting a new redefinition of cultural affairs within a deep and vast scale. Gender roles and especially the marital role of women are recognized as one of the most prominent cultural components in our country which has been challenged by the virtual space. Employing relevant theories, this article aims to reach an understanding of the nature of virtual space in order to address the question that how virtual space persuades women to refuse performing the roles they have so far undertaken. For this purpose, after presenting theories and defining the concepts, selected messages from the sample are analyzed based on the thematic analysis, and the main themes of the telegram networks’ activities against the marital role are extracted. The findings imply that these networks are trying to change the concept of spouse in two realms of “behavior” and “thought”. In the latter realm, they focus on the components of “housekeeping”, “obedience”, “betrayal” and “separation” in order to overshadow women’s behavior in the family. In the field of thought, these networks emphasize “fantasy meaning-making of women”, “representing spouse role as contemptuous”, “inequality induction” and “the stereotype of the cruel husband”. Moreover, by constructing a new identity for women, they try to dissuade Iranian women from performing the roles they have so far undertaken.

Due to a lack of historical resources in the field of women and gender, women’s journalistic texts are invaluable sources which mirror women’s general conditions, situations, concerns, and demands in different time periods in Iran’s contemporary history. In order to investigate their social positions, the obligatory and necessary expectations due to their roles and also their role characteristics – as sociological categories in women’s journalistic texts during the era of modernization in Iran – the present study has examined the well-known and well-established monthly journal of Zaban-e Zanan in the period of the years 1942-1946, coincident with the onset of the second Pahlavi reign. Although the data of a few variables has been collected through a quantitative method, the main method of the study has been qualitative content analysis. The results show that although the writers of the journal had modernist orientations, the social status of women was only defined in the private sphere. The roles of motherhood, wifehood and maidenhood were each accompanied by obligatory expectations and role characteristics which were emphasized by the journal, and motherhood and wifehood were the preferred main roles for women. Furthermore, having these three-dimensional roles during that period, women were required by the sociopolitical conditions of the country to meet expectations such as receiving education and learning skills in line with patriotism and in order to raise men who were worthy and who would protect their homeland.

Since 1960s the feminist theory has criticized the centrality of men in the traditional families and the role of women as housewives. Sex revolution _ the ratification of the law of divorce without culpability _ resulted in fundamental changes in the family. The feminists, claiming to give a better life and various freedoms to women, ignored humiliated their maternal instincts and emotions. Encouraging women to work out of the house, assimilating them to men, and ignoring their differences with men were considered as the ideals of the different branches of feminists and are still disseminated. At the same time, some Western intellectuals have deeply criticized this theory, putting forward the detrimental consequences of feminism to the family foundation. The writer of the book “Domestic Tranquility” is among the critics of feminism and this paper is a translation of a part of his book.