گردشگری

Cultural and artistic capacities are enhanced by utilizing the talents of vulnerable individuals, which strengthens their social skills and creates employment opportunities at both individual and community levels. Cultural and artistic empowerment programs have been successfully implemented in various vulnerable urban and rural areas worldwide, transforming these regions into well-known tourist destinations. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing available data and information to examine two case studies: one international and one domestic. The international example is La Rambla street in Barcelona, Spain, where the talents of marginalized individuals are showcased through live art performances. This initiative not only empowers vulnerable groups but also establishes La Rambla as one of the most attractive tourist centers. In Iran, similar initiatives have been observed, such as the empowerment of local women on Hormoz Island, who create art using the island’s colored sands. Additionally, the Yamal startup event on Qeshm Island has leveraged the region's environmental and cultural resources, fostering social participation among the local population and generating employment, particularly for women. As a result, these efforts have transformed the area into a popular tourist destination.

Conflict is a prevalent issue in protected areas in Iran, presenting a significant challenge for planners. Tourism development can be a major factor exacerbating conflicts in protected areas. Focusing on the Miankaleh Wetland in Iran, the present study aimed to identify the nature and causes of conflicts associated with tourism development in protected areas, and to explore ways to overcome them. First, a meta-synthesis approach was used to analyze the qualitative findings of previous studies. Articles, books, and theses published between 2000 and 2024 were identified and selected from the databases using purposive sampling. The analysis helped present a thematic network along three dimensions: the nature of conflict (what), the causes of conflict (why), and the methods of conflict management (how). According to the findings, conflicts in protected areas are often intergroup and inter organizational. The main causes of conflict include poor communication and lack of collaboration, injustice and power dominance, and faulty governing structure. Additionally, managing conflicts requires six stages: social capital, compromise and consensus, creating social organizations, communicative action, gradual co-evolution, and conflict improvement. The results of the research not only contribute to the expansion of knowledge about conflict reduction methods in tourism but also provide a basis for future studies in this field.

One of the objectives of this field is to foster the empowerment of women and the development of local economies through a variety of methods, such as social entrepreneur​ship, within the framework of sustainable development. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the role of Bakhtiari women in the development of the local economy and tourism in Iran, with a particular focus on the significance of social entrepreneurship and the production of traditional Bakhtiari clothing as critical factors in this development. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies were implemented in this investigation. Questionnaires and field interviews with residents of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces, as well as library research, have been implemented to gather data. The statistical population consists of Bakhtiari women, with a sample size of 389 individuals, and data analysis was conducted using statistical methods and analytical models. The results of this study indicate that the Bakhtiari women have a significant impact on the tourism and local economy. Through social entrepreneurship, they address the creation of employment opportunities and the development of local economic activities. The primary occupation of the Bakhtiari people is the production of traditional apparel, which plays a unique role in the empowerment of women and the promotion of cultural and historical tourism in the designated regions. Based on the findings, the development of social entrepreneurship and the production of traditional apparel can contribute to the improved welfare of individuals in these communities and local areas. A suitable step toward attaining sustainable development goals can be taken by considering this matter and taking appropriate measures to support and develop these activities in local policy-making and planning.

Today, the tourism industry plays a crucial role in the development of various countries, whether developed or developing. This industry is significantly influenced by the tourism culture, with one essential component being "cultural distance." This article, based on field studies conducted in the two provinces of West Azerbaijan and Gilan, emphasizes the value system in the tourism culture of these regions. It explores the cultural distance between the host and the guest society (domestic/foreign tourists) and, in this regard, introduces the concept of environmental distance as an alternative to cultural distance based on the sense of belonging or non-belonging to the environment.

This study, in the cultural and field domains of West Azerbaijan and Gilan, is based on a qualitative anthropological method, using field studies, participatory observation, and interviews with key informants conducted from 2019 to 2021. The study's cognitive approach relies on multiple stakeholders in cultural areas.

In the field and the first case, contrary to what Razinger suggests in his findings, a different phenomenon is encountered where some elements in the value system and norms of the host society and guests are closer to each other. In the field and the second case, the theories of Anthony Oliver-Smith, Birgit Mosgöller and colleagues, Jeremy Boissevain and colleagues, Qingqin Wang and Carl Cater, Brent Ritchie, and Alfonso Vargas Sanchez are exemplified to understand and comprehend the conditions of tourism in crises.

One interesting result of this research is that there is less cultural and environmental distance between the host society and foreign tourists, especially in the face of vandalism in the first field (West Azerbaijan). In the second field (Gilan), the pattern of brotherhood based on pain in the tourism crisis (pandemic) situation expands, and the host-guest relationship seems more influential.

The tourism industry, as an industry that provides women access to job opportunities and economic participation, has played an important role in empowering women. Qeshm Global Geopark, as a tourism destination that has expressed cooperation with economic activists of local community as one of its goals, has been able to create many opportunities for women's employment. According to this issue, the present research examines whether the development of tourism in the village of Borke Khalaf has empowered the women of the village through their active participation in handicraft production cooperatives, and what evidence and documentation are there in relation to the empowerment of women in the village of Borke Khalaf can be identified.The method used in this research is a combination of observation methods, qualitative interview and memory protocol.The results of the research show that the development of tourism activities in Qeshm Geopark has been effective in empowering women in various economic, social, psychological and political dimensions.Due to the positive performance, this cooperative was able to act as a model for women in other villages of the island. Also, the managers of the Geopark emphasized the alignment of the activities of these cooperatives with the fifth goal of development, which deals with the issue of gender equality, and in this regard, they implemented educational programs for women in other villages.

Tourism is one of the indicators of social and economic development in accordance with its expected principles and foundations. The purpose of this research is sociological study and prioritization of social security indicators in the tourist areas of Kermanshah city.

This study was conducted with a quantitative approach, a descriptive-survey method, and a statistical population of 7,681 tourists in Kermanshah city in 1401, of whom 360 were randomly selected. Correlation, analysis of variance, and regression were used for data analysis and SPSS software was used for data processing.

The results show that the satisfaction with police presence (45/80), life and financial security (31/52), satisfaction with the treatment of local residents (25/85), comfort and health facilities (17/19), and communication security (15/54) are, respectively, the most important security indicators in the tourist areas of Kermanshah according to the respondents. The results of multiple regression show that the social class of tourists (T = 8.47), level of income (T = 7.325), marital status (T = 3/823), employment status (T = 3.321), ethnicity (T = 2.740) and gender (T = 2.085) explain the value of 0.545 of tourists' social security.

The safety of tourists is related to components such as satisfaction with the treatment of local residents, life and financial security, communication, the level of satisfaction with the presence of the police, regional amenities and health security, and planning for these components is possible with inter-departmental cooperation. It is necessary to provide suitable conditions in the country in order to gain our place in the world according to the capacities we have in the tourism industry.

The phenomenon of tourism has a positive and negative effect on the life of the host communities in economic, social, and cultural dimensions, which has been investigated in many studies. This phenomenon also affects the health status of residents, which has been considered in previous studies with indicators such as quality of life and residents' perception. This study aims to investigate the impact of inbound tourism on the health of the host community using the life expectancy index. Therefore, the effect of tourism on life expectancy with an emphasis on the food production index as a representative of food security in 30 OIC and Oil Exporting selected countries (based on the maximum available data) during the period of 2004-2018 through using of the GMM method has been investigated. The results reveal that there is a cointegration and long-term relationship between the variables. The variables of inbound tourism, GDP per capita, health expenditures per capita, and food security have a positive and significant effect on life expectancy at birth. The variable of carbon dioxide emission has a negative and significant effect on life expectancy. According to the results, it is recommended that governments pay more attention to the effective attraction of international tourists by controlling the adverse effects of tourism. Food security as an effective factor in increasing the life expectancy should be considered by policymakers.

Tourism as an effective and influencing industry has been able to attract the attention of policy makers and planners. This industry is a broad activity that brings with it important economic, social, cultural and environmental effects, and each can be discussed in its place.The purpose of this research was to analyze the pattern of tourism destination branding with an emphasis on social networks with a sociological approach. The research method is a qualitative case study and the participants are elites. By using the purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation technique, key informants (including 16 people) were selected to identify the framework of the research model and interviews were conducted with them. The tool used to identify the factors of the research model is a semi-structured interview. (with focus groups) and the study of documents. To ensure validity and reliability of the study, the assessment method of Linuklen and Goba was used. The paradigm model of this research was designed based on the paradigm model of Strauss and Corbin. After conducting research interviews, there were 43 codes. It was determined in general. Table 2 shows the results related to these codes. According to the results of the present research, it was determined that the variables influencing tourism destination branding include audience attraction, sustainable development, brand knowledge, regional needs, and support. Localization, public trust and human resource management and individual and group interactions.

The primary aim of this study is to identify the antecedents and the consequences of medical tourism development based on modern health communications. To achieve this goal, Grounded theory, a qualitative research method, has been utilized which enhanced the research model. 18 subjects, who are qualified noted figures in health tourism and health communications in Tehran, constitute the sample size of this study. Data collection has been conducted through semi-structured interviews which continued up to the point of theoretical saturation. The interviews were implemented and coded and eventually, by identifying the antecedents and the consequences, led to the identification of 78 axial codes and 15 selective codes. ATLAS.ti software was used for coding. The antecedents (effective component) in the development of medical tourism based on modern health communications are: value-based health tourism, the provision of security for tourists, the cost of the services offered to tourists, modern facilities, psychological factors, behavioral factors, demographic factors, modern technology, content marketing, and smart transportation. The process includes using social networks, working in the field of health tourism, and skilled human capital. The consequences (effective component) are: organizational results for tourism industry, tourists' results and host community. A general model was presented as the science of health communications entered medical tourism industry for the first time in order to create and improve the theory of medical tourism industry development taking modern health communications approach. The aforementioned model is considered the innovative aspect of this study.

This qualitative research has been carried out in a systematic way with an exploratory approach. The statistical population includes two parts of human resources (teachers and managers) and information sources (books, articles, documents and media) and sampling has been done in a sufficient number and with a judgmental (purposeful) method based on reaching theoretical saturation. The data collected through systematic library study and semi-structured exploratory interviews, and the validity of the collecting tool has been evaluated and confirmed based on the validity of the sample, the opinion of experts, and the agreement between the proofreaders. To analyze the findings, a multi-stage conceptual coding method with a system analysis approach was used, which included 7 categories and 26 open codes based on the extracted conceptual codes. The results of selective coding showed that political factors are present as a factor in the macro environment and planning has an impact on the content, financial obstacles, human resources and facilities; Also, the attitude factor affects the facilities, planning and human resources, the financial factor affects the content and human resources, and the facilities factor affects the content.

The aim of this study was to identify the challenges and opportunities of employing people seeking addiction treatment in the tourism industry.

The present study was qualitative and based on a phenomenological approach. The statistical population of the study included the individuals seeking addiction treatment and the employers in the tourism industry in Fars province, from which 22 individuals were selected using the snowball sampling and applying the technique of data saturation. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data.

The results show that the challenges in recruiting individuals seeking addiction treatment included two organizational and extra-organizational, four individual, interpersonal, administrative and institutional main themes and seventeen sub-themes. In addition, opportunities in hiring these individuals included two organizational and extra-organizational dimensions, 2 major themes including opportunities related to human resource management and social competitive opportunities, and 8 subthemes.

Having a job and a profession is one of the most important factors that prevent travelers from returning to substances and addiction. If a society wants to combat this social problem, it should not only recognize the challenges and opportunities in this area, but also appropriately provide employment and jobs for those recovering from addiction.

Traveling to Karbala and other religious sites in the last decade has made Ilam a tourist destination. Meanwhile, cultural and ecological attractions have led to nature tourism along with religious tourism. The purpose of this research is to study ecotourism in Ilam villages and its compliance with sustainable tourism. In this regard, the benefits and disadvantages of the residents of Ilam province are considered. The research method in this paper is based on the correlation-survey method. In order to evaluate ecotourism in Ilam, based on previous studies as well as field observations, 31 indices were compiled and 600 questionnaires were distributed based on cluster sampling and Cochran method in the targeted cities of Ilam province. The findings show that the development of nature tourism in Ilam is based on a combination of economic and developmental factors that lead to unequal power relations and reduced interactions between the human-host environment and the guest. The results show that from the viewpoint of the local people, ecotourism in Ilam has not been able to achieve the principles of ecological and cultural sustainability. The current approach has mainly affected the natural and cultural areas of the province's tourism target areas.

Every development requires change and the development process Without profound changes in cultural and social structures, Will not be realized. The cultural dimension is not just one component of development, Rather, it is a key factor in tourism development Affects economic and cultural activities. Tourism is one of the major sources of income And creating jobs in the world. But unfortunately we make the least use of it, so we need to fully understand this area and study its factors Cultural tourism will have positive consequences if planned and managed. Therefore It is necessary to study the performance and consequences of tourism. This article aims at the consequences of cultural development on tourism in Shiraz And with a qualitative approach and with a grand theory method And open and in-depth interview techniques And study of related articles and documents And analyzed the data in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding using maxqd software.

Rural tourism is a topic of considerable debate within the tourism industry, primarily due to its objectives. These include empowering local communities, fostering social and economic development, preserving natural and cultural resources, and providing high-quality visitor experiences. This is achieved through the integration of all stakeholders in the planning and development process of tourism, with the aim of creating resources for the local community. Such initiatives have garnered support from various international organizations, including the World Bank (2013). Rural tourism not only helps protect local communities from the pervasive influence of globalization, but also contributes to the well-being of local residents. This is achieved through the development of infrastructure (such as transportation networks, water, electricity, communications, and superstructures), legal and institutional structures, health, safety, security, civil rights, and the conservation of the environment, heritage, and culture. These developments cater not only to the needs of tourists but also ensure the preservation of localities (Goodwin & Santilli, 2009). Furthermore, rural tourism provides, expands, and improves livelihood resources and opportunities to earn income. These earnings are often used for essential life necessities, such as education, medical care, clothing, and housing. The province of Razavi Khorasan, located in the northeastern part of the country, receives a significant number of religious tourists. Given the large number of rural areas in this province that are suitable for tourism and ecotourism, it can be considered a dominant spatial model of rural tourism. This research seeks to answer the question: What are the indicators that influence the state of rural tourism in Razavi Khorasan Province?

The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and causal in terms of its nature. The statistical population of this study includes the villages that had the most tourist destinations in 2023. As such, 19 villages have been selected based on this criterion. Next, the total number of households in the sample population (N = 3808 households) was considered, and using Cochran’s formula (with an error of 0.05%), a sample size of 339 households was obtained. The number of households in each village was determined first, and then the number of samples was distributed among each of the sample villages according to the number of their households. For this purpose, initially, 10 questionnaires were distributed in equal proportions for each village as a basis, and the rest of the sample size was distributed among the sample villages according to the number of households in the village. The selection of samples was done using a systematic random method. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the corrective opinion of university professors and experts, and necessary corrections were made in several stages. The Cronbach’s alpha method was used in SPSS 22 to comply with the work principles and technique and to measure the level of reliability in the formulation and setting of the questionnaire. The Structural Equation Model through Smart PLS has been used to measure the collected data.

This study aims to investigate the impact of tourism development indicators on rural tourism from the perspective of villagers, using a structural equation modeling approach. The case study was conducted on the target villages of Razavi Khorasan province. The development of rural tourism was evaluated using four components as scales: socio-cultural, economic, planning-management, and infrastructural-service indicators. To test the conceptual model of the research and examine the impact of these dimensions on rural tourism, a partial least squares (PLS) technique was used. This was done after confirming the positive and significant correlation of these variables with Pearson’s correlation test. The results obtained from the Smart PLS software confirmed the external test of the model (divergent and convergent validity values, Cronbach’s alpha, and composite reliability). It showed that the t coefficients between the main constructs of the research were above 2.58, indicating a significant and direct relationship between the variables. The economic dimension, considering both direct and indirect effects, had a greater impact on the development of rural tourism with a coefficient of 0.89. Planning and management indicators also had a relatively large impact on the development of rural tourism in the study area, with an impact factor of 0.449. Infrastructure and service indicators were in the third stage with a factor of 0.197. It should be noted that socio-cultural indicators had the least impact on the development of rural tourism in the studied area. In general, the value of R2 for the change variable of rural tourism development was 0.843. This suggests that the achievement of social, economic, planning, and managerial indicators, as well as infrastructure and services, had a significant impact on the development of rural tourism in the study area. In fact, 94.3% of the changes in tourism development in the study area are predicted by these four indicators. The value obtained for the GOF index (0.861) also confirms the excellent fit of the structural model of the research.

The management of ways to prevent the destruction of homes is the second approach to reducing unwanted effects and maximizing the establishment of rest house houses. The issue of this research emphasizes the prevention of theft of villa-recreation homes in Urumia, and in this regard, the identification and analysis of the most important preventive measures from the start in the focal purpose.

The present study is applied in terms of its purpose and is of a mixed type (qualitative-quantitative) methodological process. The statistical community at the quantitative stage of a set of experts and specialists in the field of law enforcement, security specialists, local managers and second homeowners in Urmia Is. Using a targeted sampling method, 40 people were used to complete the Delphi panel members. The data of the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Delphi and Friedman tests, and Kendal's agreement coefficient.

Based on the findings of the qualitative stage, 13 statements were identified as situational prevention approaches and 7 propositions as situational prevention approaches. The findings of the data show that in the precautionary aspect of targeting police patrols and strengthening them during the night, especially in cold months, when the owners of the villa houses are less present, they have the highest and the observance of security considerations in locating Housewives have the lowest average, and in the area of social prevention, engage the local population in introducing the most suspected and known people to the police, and to educate and promote preventive methods of villagers' theft to the people with the lowest average for the respondents.

The results of the research show that the internal challenges of law enforcement, human factors,

Tourism is a category that has existed for a long time with its own forms in human societies and hasgradually evolved through historical stages until the present day. There is commercial tourism in Bushehr city.The statistical population related to this research includes all citizens over 18 years old and under 60 years oldin the city of Bushehr, as well as organizations active in the field of tourism in 1402, the number of citizensaccording to the latest housing census of Bushehr city is 275,678. to be (Housing Population Statistics System,1402). The statistical sample was 381 people using Cochran's formula, who were selected as available. Theresearch method is descriptive-correlational in nature and practical in terms of purpose, and researcher-madequestionnaires were used to measure the research variables. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSSsoftware and hypothesis testing was done with structural equation method available in SmartPLS software. Theresults of this research showed that the factors affecting sustainable tourism in Bushehr city have beenconfirmed in terms of theoretical analysis, and the standardized regression coefficient of the effect of marketsociological factors on tourism in Bushehr city as a dependent variable is equal to 0.141. The coefficient ofdetermination (R^2) for the variable of influence of market sociological factors on sustainable tourism inBushehr city and its components is equal to 0.177 and also the t values related to the variables and componentsare more than the basic and standard value of 96. is 1 and it is significant at the level of 0.05, and according tothe R2 values, it can be mentioned that among the variables, the greatest impact is related to the commercialmarket and stores from the components of the sociological factors of the market, and the least impact is relatedto demographic power.