accident

Road accidents and the resulting casualties are one of the current challenges of human societies that have imposed significant economic costs on countries. In Iran, an average of 17,000 people die each year due to road accidents. Among them, human factors have been mentioned as the main cause of accidents, The aim of this study was to find challenges and provide solutions to prevent accidents and reduce casualties. In this study using literature review and interviews with relevant experts , a questionnaire with 24 questions that included human factors affecting accidents was developed and given to the statistical population, which after analyzing the results, the possibility of identifying challenges and providing various solutions to prevent accidents caused by human factors was created. Using document analysis method and basic principles regarding accident prevention were statistically analyzed, and through interviews with experts, the factors affecting the challenges of traffic police in preventing accidents caused by human factors were identified, and after necessary analysis in this field and using the methods of forming IFE and EFE matrices, the necessary environmental analysis was done, and 7 threats and 3 weaknesses were identified, which with the identification of challenges in this regard, the possibility of providing solutions to prevent accidents caused by human factors was created with the help of expert opinions and finally, after being raised in the expert meeting and discussion in this regard, 12 solutions were identified and presented to overcome these challenges

Road accidents and the resulting casualties are one of the current challenges of human societies, which have imposed a lot of economic costs on the economies of countries. In Iran, on average, 17 thousand people die each year due to road accidents. In the meantime, the human factor has been mentioned as the main cause of accidents, and many conditions such as fatigue, sleepiness, lack of skills, consumption of alcoholic beverages, drugs, etc. affect the human factor. In this research, the aim was to find challenges and provide solutions in order to prevent accidents and reduce casualties.

This research is of an applied type and the method of collecting information in it is mixed exploratory. In this research, using a review of the research background, theoretical foundations and interviews with experts in this field, a questionnaire with 24 questions that includes human factors affecting accidents was compiled and applied to a statistical population of 63 people, which includes Experts and experts in this field were given. Then, the data obtained in this stage were analyzed using SPSS software and quantitative description results were obtained. Then, by using the SWOT method, the four roles of these factors were determined, which was obtained after the analysis of the results (the necessary analysis in this field was carried out using the IFE and EFE matrix formation methods and the necessary ecology was also addressed).  It was possible to recognize the challenges and provide different solutions in order to prevent accidents caused by human factors.

The guiding elements in the prevention of accidents caused by human factors were obtained by the foundation data method, and 24 effective factors in the prevention of accidents caused by human factors were determined by the content analysis method; Using the SWOT method, four roles were calculated, which were 3 weakness factors, 7 strength factors, 6 opportunity factors and 7 threat factors (one factor was ineffective and was removed). By identifying the challenges in this regard with the help of expert opinions, it became possible to provide solutions to prevent accidents caused by human factors. According to the phases that were taken in this research, the challenges of IRI Traffic Police in preventing accidents caused by human factors were identified in the form of weaknesses and threats, and finally after being brought up in the expert meeting and discussion. In this context, the number of 19 solutions to solve these challenges were counted and presented.

The results of this research show a plan with 19 solutions whose main goal is to prevent accidents caused by human factors and considering that the human factor is the most important and influential factor in the occurrence of traffic accidents. By implementing the 19 solutions listed by the IRI Traffic Police, an effective step can be taken to reduce human casualties caused by road accidents.

Road accidents are killing a large number of citizens every year and it is actually considered one of the serious issues of the country and Lorestan province. The main goal of this research is to analyze the vulnerability of the Khorram Abad-Boroujerd axis road transport network under climate change conditions.

The method used in the present study is double mass test, temporal-spatial analysis using Gis software and forecasting future conditions under the scenario and global climate model in a 30-year statistical period, which temporal and spatial analysis of data has been investigated by weighting method. In addition, linear regression has been used to investigate the relationship between accidents.

It showed that the most effective climatic indicators in this axis, which is the longest and most important axis of Lorestan province, are the maximum daily precipitation in the month and cold days. Also, the trend of indicators in the middle and end parts of this axis is decreasing and the amount of accidents shows the same trend. Unlike the beginning and end areas of the axis, two indicators affecting this axis in the middle areas show an increasing trend. The number of accidents during the statistical period affected by these two indicators is increasing.

The fit of the regression model for the studied axis is significant at the P 0.05 level and the most effective climatic indicators are the maximum one-day rainfall and cold days respectively. In the forecast estimates, the highest amount of accidents in the central parts of the axis is about 5-6% for two RCP scenarios of 4.5 and 8.5. The results of this research have been consistent with the research conducted under the headings related to climate and road accidents by Francois, Stoker et al. and Amlong and Wiener.

Drug use and its consequences are among the major social and economic problems of societies. The phenomenon of road accidents and its causes and the consequences are also considered as other problems of our current society. The aim of this study was to explain the causes of drivers' tendency to use drugs and alcohol and its consequences.

The approach of this research is qualitative and the method of data theory of the foundation is used as the research method. The statistical population of this study includes interviews with 20 truck drivers in Kerman province. Instead of testing the theory and approving or rejecting it, the theory is presented in a limited way so that a theoretical (analytical) model of the relationship between the family and participants' addiction can be presented in the manner of the Foundation's data processing theory.

The research findings showed that having an addicted person in the family is a condition for intervention and recreational consumption, companionship with addicted people and role modeling, is one of the causes of participants' tendency to use drugs.

The results indicate the effective role of the family in people's tendency to use drugs and alcohol.

Traffic accidents are inevitable, but post-accident conflicts need to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the conflict of drivers after accidents in Kermanshah.

The population of the study consisted of all drivers of Kermanshah City (n=280) who were selected by convenience sampling. The study was a quantitative survey. Researcher made questionnaires were employed to collect the data the reliability and validity of which was good (73%). Sample T test, linear regression ، and Frequency and Percentage were used to analyze the data.

the analysis of the data indicated that financial, social security; psychological, character, legal, educational, social-cultural factors and variables influenced quarrels and conflicts among drivers after car accidents.

conflicts or quarrels after car accidents are among inappropriate social behaviors’ which are the result of various factors and causes including social-cultural environment, economical status, and educational system, personal features of people, regulations or norms of the society. This implies the necessity of modification of educational processes, noticing the behavioral dimensions in academies, improving and stabilizing the economy, revising regulations of fines, on time attending of the police, revising the regulations of penalty for quarrels, limitations for driving, and increasing the awareness across the society via media especially about how to cope with accidents, can reduce the negative effects.

The term "Ma‘nā" is one of the most important and key technical terms in the classical Islamic theology, which has been used extensively in various theological issues and discussions. Despite the importance and widespread use of this term in islamic theology, its meaning and concept has been involved with much ambiguity and obscurity, and its real meaning has become a controversial question in contemporary theological research. In response to this question, remarkable articles and research have been published so far, and various opinions and theories have been put forward about the meaning of the term. In the present article, in addition to a brief review of previous research on this issue, points are made about the meaning of this term and then the arguments of the believers in the theory of Ma‘ānī and the questions raised by the opponents of the theory are explained.

Using drugs and its consequences are included in one of the major social and economic problems in societies. The phenomenon of road accidents and also its causes and consequences, is considered as another problem in our current society. Regardless of the factors such as safety and standard of cars and roads, the human factor is considered as one of the most prominent causes of road accidents. So The purpose of doing this study was to determine the causes of Kerman truck driver’s tendency to drug abuse and also its consequences. The research method is qualitative and the method of gathering information is through interviewing with 20 truck drivers who works in Kerman province that is done through purposeful selection until the conceptual saturation stage is reached. The findings of this study showed that there are such feelings that in this case is a kind of business affinity between drug use and truck driving. This proximity reinforces stereotypes about the need to use drugs to overcome fatigue and increase physical strength. Among the consequences of job proximity in drug use are fatal road accidents, occupational problems and imprisonment.

Improving operational efficiency and safety on freeway segments has long been recognized as a priority in traffic communities. The variable speed limit (VSL) has received increasing attention and is recognized as one of the most promising tools to manage traffic flows in freeway. Because of its ability to properly respond to real-time traffic fluctuations, VSL control has shown that it can replace conventional static speed limit strategies. The VSL was initially designed to reduce speed differences and harmonize traffic flow on hazardous freeway segments, to lower rear-end collision rates, and to improve traffic safety.

This study used data collected from Qom-Tehran freeway for its case study, according to the driver behavioral parameters in Iran to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed VSL control system by AIMSUN.

Considering the speed of 70 km/h as the maximum speed at kilometre 5 by the VSL, due to blockage in the upstream, there is a 4-hour reduction in vehicles total travel time over the modeling period. In other words, based on the simulation results (single VSL), the Delay, Stop, Travel time and Pollutant Production Respectively was fell by 3.5%, 19%, 1.5% and 1.5%.

Using VSL system in accident prone routes has positive effects on the indicators of Latency, Travel time, Stops and Pollutant emissions. As increasing productivity is important in all systems, it can be seen that the using this system in accident prone routes is very important to increase safety and improve the route performance due to reducing Travel time, Fuel consumption, Secondary accidents and Pollutant emissions.

The number of traffic accidents in the country is very worrying compared tomany countries in the world; Although the road factor has a lowerpercentage than the rest, but reducing road defects can reduce a significantnumber of accidents and, it should be noted in new studies that the aim ofthis study is also focused on identifying the effect of road structure failure onthe likelihood of traffic accidents. Due to the restriction of accurateinformation on traffic accidents and the possibility of removing the damagesand examining their cause, it has been tried to examine the effects ofroughness surface of the pavements on the behavior pattern and thedisplacement amount of urban bus drivers and the possibility of trafficaccidents from statistical point of view. In this study, in order to collect therequired information of drivers of public transport, using the opinions ofconsultants and also to study the research of the ancestors, a questionnairewith 4 scenarios was designed to analyze the factors affecting the probabilityof accidents and asked Yazd bus drivers to evaluate them based on theimportance of each parameter. Finally, in order to determine the effectivefactors and the relationships between these factors, is used factor andexploratory analysis. Application of this modeling provides analysis andstudy of the effect of various factors on the occurrence of accidents in thepublic vehicles. The results of this study show that the area and dimensionsof the damage (the amount of Ups and downs) has major effects fordetermining how drivers behave. The first reaction of drivers in the face offailure is not paying attention to the damage and crossing it. Damagesituation also with having the most factorto extent of 0/72 is one of one ofthe effective cases in the performance of public vehicles drivers. The mostinteraction effect between the variables, between the two options of suddenline change and save the line by changing the direction suddenly is with thecoefficient of interaction effect of 0/82.

Road accidents are one of the most important causes of death in the world,especially in Iran. . Annually, many people in the world are killed and injuredas a result of accidents caused by human error on the suburban roads. Giventhe increasing population growth and the increase in road accidents in thecountry, finding the most effective accident factors can lead to a reduction indamages and casualties resulting from these accidents and a proper basis forroads accident management practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study wasto identify the factors affecting the incidence of accidents resulting humanerror leading to injury or death, as well as to present a model for predictingaccidents due to the impact of human error in suburban roads of Hamadanprovince during 2012-2017. To collect the data, the data collected were usedusing the accidents unprepared form. From 1345 accidents registered in thecase study, 940 accidents were selected in the incident parts, out of which 610accidents due to carelessness in 97 plots were selected for use in the model. Inthe modeling process, were used accident data, traffic and geometry of theincident parts of the case study that the geometrical data of the identifiedincident parts were collected as field and using two-frequency GPS. Findingsshowed that Poisson model is the best model in terms of accident predictionand ability to present formula. Five factors were effective in this model that theindicator factor of proximity to population centers with the coefficient of1/13081 had the most effect in car accidents caused by carelessness and factorssuch as slope and curvature composition, crash hour traffic, segmentationlength and slope are next hierarchy. The results of this study can be a properbasis for management disaster management practices caused by human error.Also the factors affecting accidents, will be used as a suitable tool at themiddle level of road safety management.

Drowsiness is one of the most important factors in road accidents insuburban areas of the province Semnan is due to drivers not getting enough rest and fatigue along the way.This study seeks to examine the extent to which welfare servicescomplexesHave they been effective in preventing suburban accidents in the axes ofSemnan province? Method The research of this research has been donequantitatively and with the survey technique. Statistical community in thisstudy The two groups are different. The first group are all drivers whodrive in the summer of 1398They travel outside the city of Semnanprovince. And the second group of all Rahvar police (traffic police)officers They are Semnan. The research tool includes a researcher-madequestionnaire that uses the method Its reliability was confirmed by theCronbach's alpha test. Findings obtained The study found that the numberof service-welfare complexes was appropriate Welfare complexes, theamount of access to service-welfare complexes and the amount ofnecessary places required by welfare service complexes are effective inreducing road accidents. the door Comparing the opinions of drivers androad workers, we can also point out that employees Rahvar hypothesesrelated to the adequacy of the number of suburban welfare complexes inSemnan province Also, the hypothesis of a suitable place for welfarecomplexes in suburban axes of Semnan province If these two hypothesesare approved from the drivers' point of view.

Roads, humans, vehicles and the environment have a significant role in accidents. Undoubtedly, road and its geometric and technical condition as an important part of traffic control plays an important role in the occurrence of accidents. Studies show that the correction or removal of accidental points has a significant impact on safety improvement and reduction of traffic accidents and reduction of damage. The present research is aimed to identify the incidental points in the roads of Moeslati in Qom province. The axis studied in this research is the freeway Qom-Tehran, which is one of the important axes of these two provinces and countries. This axis is 130 kilometers long and connects two centers of Qom province and Tehran province. In this research, VASPAS method, which is a multi-criteria decision-making technique, is used to identify the accidental points from among the 11 points of Qom-Tehran axis. Accidental points are prioritized according to three criteria: damage accident, injury accident and futile accident. All calculations have been done using MATLAB software that the relationship between the method of the VASPASS is written in its environment, and it is able to detect incident points with respect to input data. The obtained results show that the range of 0 to 5 km is the most accidental area in the Qom-Tehran axis, and areas 50 km up and 16-20 km are the second and third accidental areas, respectively, and the rest areas also are ranked. Finally, the index method was used for the validation of the proposed solution method of this research, and at the end Spearman correlation test was used to examine the similarity of the results. The test output shows high correlation of results (0.9). According to the analysis done, the points and areas wheretheir crash statistics are higher, it has more priority to carry out safety reforms and projects.

Development is a linguistic issue, and developing action(s) is a kind of language game with many forms. Language is the essence of culture and "mother tongue" is the essence of humanity (being human). With such a potential that empirical paleontology studies, bio-anthropology, linguistics, and sociology reaffirm it, every human being, with a linguistic basis, is a linguistic issue. Human life is not conceivable for human being without language. This article, from the perspective of postmodern is sociology, and with the reverence of Heidegger, who said: "language is the home"; language is as the home of development and mother tongue is its spirit and soul. Development and under-development are not inherent in a particular language. Each language has a form of development game (s) in itself and its actualization is the kind of way in which culture (Interlingual, inter-language games) will be its home. This mode is not necessarily western and modern, and development is not necessarily a modernization. In this context, security and institutionalized freedom are structural and development will eventually be an "accidental". With this framework and theoretical elements, the development of Japan in the “Japanese language” was evaluated. Citing the epistemic characteristics of the Japanese language, as well as the findings of the language games of the two leading Japanese developers (Sony and Honda), we come to introductory elements of the interplay games in the identity of the Japanese development as a recovering. In the research process, the consistency of findings with the linguistic components of development in the Japanese context, with the components of the language of postmodernity, and the theory of Max Weber, was guessed that came to a positive result in an introductory test. Based on the microeconomic narratives of development, in some parts of the Japanese companies, the present study sought to draw on a lively development of Japanese language development games, as well as a new development style. And the design and implementation of other research in this area will reflect a realistic picture of Japanese language development games.

Expression of the problem and main goal: The research seeks to provide an expert and practical look at the link between the participation of railroad margins and the prevention of rail accidents and whether this partnership can help the police and roadblocks to reduce crime.Therefore, the main goal of this thesis is to establish a practical, logical and practical relationship between the extent of the participation of rail mariner and the increase or decrease of rail accidents so that it can be used to reduce human and human costs and costs. The resulting material boosts the safety factor in the rail industry, and as a result, users of the rail network (including train passengers and owners of the goods) use it more safely and safely.

The present research is descriptive in terms of its nature and method, and it is in terms of the purpose of the research, in order to meet the needs of the organization and society, and to improve the well-being and well-being of members of the community. The population of this study includes all employees and residents of the railroad in the field of railroads in the northwest of Iran from the needle exit of Garmsar railway station to the railway station in the province of Mazandaran and about 70,000 people. To determine the sample size, the Cochran formula has been used, with a volume of 383 people calculated. Simple random method is used for sampling. In order to collect information on theoretical foundations and research literature, from the bookshelves, articles, books, and also from the global information networks (Internet), and to collect data about the variables of the research, the questionnaire was used. To analyze the data obtained from descriptive statistics methods (computing central and distribution indices such as Mywin, standard deviation and percentage of frequency and plotting) and inferential (statistical samples including Kolmogorov-Smirnov monogram samples And Friedman).

The results are consistent with the findings of the research on participation, indicating that with the participation of the police, railway workers and railroad users can reduce the financial loss of the financial burden of rail accidents. Therefore, the use of components Participation in this research and its application in both the sectoral and in the macro area could increase the security factor.

The massive human and financial losses in accidents resulted in recognizing the effective factors on accidents occurrences. Thus, this study tried to recognize the effective factors on suburb roads accidents of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari. The method of research was a descriptive-analytical one. The statistical sample of this study consisted of all Croquises in Shahrekord-Khuzestan road since the first of 1393 to the end of 1395 year and a conducted opinion poll on 60 persons of accident experts of Traffic Police and the experts of Road Maintenance and Transportation Organization of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province. After gathering the data, they were analyzed by SPSS software and the results showed a positive and significant relationship between the occurrence of an accident, Croquise and the automobile. Also, the results indicated that the most current vehicles involved in accidents were motorcars and the trucks stood in the second place and the vans, pickups and the other vehicles in next places. Regarding the accident black spots, it was found that the either closer to the extent of the Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province roads or the police stations, the bigger the accident rates would be. Thus, it was suggested that the focus should be shared equally between the controlling of automobiles and their role in accidents. Also, regarding the accident black spots, it was recommended that not only the number of police traffic teams in roads should not be reduced, but in comparison with other roads they should be increased.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pathways on pedestrian accidents in Borujen city (1391 till 1394). In the present study, the library method was used to formulate the outlines related to theoretical foundations and research backgrounds. Also, descriptive-survey method was used as a field type and a questionnaire was used to collect information. For this reason, this research can be referred as descriptive-survey study. Also, the present study is a cross-sectional study in terms of time criterion. The statistical population of the study consisted of Traffic Police experts and the municipality of Borujen city. The data gathering tool was also collection of 50 questionnaires distributed among Traffic Police experts of the Borujen city. Statistical analysis of t-test, Fisher and Chi-Square was used to analyze the data. The results showed that, 5% of pavement (pathway) width, Ruggedness and disregarding safety tips in pathways, stopping vehicles and motorcycles, and littering the pathways by merchants and shopkeepers at the level of significance play a key role in accidents. So pathways played an important role in pedestrian accidents.

the present study aimed to recognize and prioritize the factors affecting road accidents in Semnan province. the present study is an applied research by nature and a descriptive_survey based on the data collocation procedures. having determined the influential factors on road accidents, a paired researcher-developed questionnaire was used to collect the data. the data were analyzed using Chang hierarchical analysis. the findings show that among the four influential factors, the vehicles proved the most effective (0.723) and the environment proved the least effective (0.0000) on accident in Semnan province. moreover, among 19 sub-factors affecting road accidents in semnan province, 7 factors were reported to have the least effect and lack of safety within the vehicles was reported the most effective factor.

The number of decedents of road accidents within a year in Iran is equal to the population of one or some small cities. In these accidents, besides losing a large number of people and occurring serious injuries and disabilities for many individuals, other negative economic, social and psychological consequences will happen. Considering the frequency and the intensity of accidents occurred in Iran’s road transportation, thisstudy investigated the effect of transportation development indicators on frequency of road accidents in provinces of Iran.
It was a descriptive-analytical and a practical study. It investigated Iran’s provinces’ conditions with regard to transportation indicators applying the composite indicators of development and deprivation. Moreover, the effects of these indicators on road accidents variables such as the number of the dead and injuries were studied using Pearson correlation coefficient and Regression analysis.
The results showed that the provinces of Tehran, Isfahan and Mazandaran have better conditions in respect of indicators of road transportation development and the provinces of Ardebil, Sistan & Baluchestan and Southern Khorasan are less developed. More than 50% of changes in variable “Number of dead people” and more than 85% of changes in variable “Number of injured people” caused by road accidents were determined by linear combination of indicators under study. Moreover, those provinces with a high demand rate of transportation have less favorable conditions with regard to traffic safety.
Indicators regarding demand for travel such as ‘transportation companies and institutions’, ‘safety’ and “transportation of passengers and goods” have a significant effect on accident casualties. In fact, more demand for travel leads to more risky behavior exhibition by drivers which, along with the poor quality of road safety lead to more road casualties.

The present study aims to investigate the causes of women's tendency toward opioid drugs from students' point of view in Semnan Azad University. To this end, 100 female students of Islamic Azad University of
Road accidents are one of the main problems in the country and each day it increases the number of casualties caused by it. Unfortunately, in developing countries especially Iran due to the lack of attention to factors affecting road accidents, such as climatic phenomena, the damage caused by road accidents is very high. This research is also due to the importance of road accidents and impacts. The climatic and topographical phenomena in traffic accidents investigate the relationship between accidents and atmospheric conditions in one of the important axis of the province both in terms of traffic and in terms of the location of roads in the city of Mahdishahr. In this research, using the climatic features of the city, road hazard points were identified in adverse weather conditions. In studying the effect of topographic principles on the severity of accidents caused by climatic elements, the accidents occurred in adverse weather conditions and topographical conditions of the site The crash has been dealt with. Finally, it was determined that accidental accidents during the statistical period in unpredictable conditions were directly related to the topography of the study area and this factor as an aggravating factor can be of importance to planners in order to correct the incident areas and place the mark A warning to reduce the crashes occurred due to this factor.

Accident statics show that the share of pedestrians killed in 92-93 Mazandaran province is about 26 percent of total casualties in suburban roads.The aim of this study is to identify factors in reducing pedestrian road fatalities in Mazandaran province and priorities of action for elimination of these factors.this research is functional in terms of type and purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and in gathering information from library and field methods have been used.In the field , the questionnaire is used that in the set of items the Likert scale is used.In order to assess the internal validity , the content validity method was used to increase the credibility of the questionnaire , and in order to determine the validity of the questionnaire and the analysis and evaluation of the appropriate level of analysis tools , using analysis of reliability , coefficient alpha of all questions was calculated.To analysis the data , descriptive statistics method including tables , frequency distribution mean and standard deviation were used that by analyzing various parameters ranging from types of pedestrian fatalities and place of death , age , education , etc deceased , hn recognition of the important factors in this fatalities effective steps were teken.For data analysis and generalization of the results the one-sample T-test by Spss software is used that the influence of effective factors in reducing pedestrian road fatalities has identified and enamined the finding suggest important factor in reducing pedestrian casualties comprehensively in the from of engineering principles , education and enforcement are enpressed.The results of the analysis of the one-sample T showed that recognizing of these three parameters plays a significant impact on the priotization of action to reduce pedestrian fatalities.